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Author : Xiyi Li
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane to C2 Products in a Flow Reactor written by Xiyi Li and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Xiang Yu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)
Download or read book Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane and Reduction of CO2 with H2O written by Xiang Yu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photocatalysis is one of the key technologies for clean energy and environmental applications. The number of applications based on photocatalysis has increased dramatically for the past two decades. Photocatalytic activation of C-H bonds is an emerging field. Methane is a promising source of energy with a huge reserve and is considered to be one of the alternatives to non-renewable petroleum resources because it can be converted to valuable hydrocarbon feedstocks and hydrogen through appropriate reactions. However, due to its high stability, high energy is usually consumed for its conversion, which remains a problem to be solved. Methane conversion and reaction mechanism occurring on metal-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites were investigated in Chapters 3 and 4. Oxidation of methane has been carried out for more than a century. Since oxygen is a very reactive molecule, methane can react very rapidly with molecular oxygen and is prone to total oxidation till CO2. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain a desired product with high yield and high selectivity. We report here direct and selective photocatalytic highly-selective oxidation of methane to carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The composite catalysts on the basis of zinc, tungstophosphoric acid and titania exhibit exceptional performance in this reaction, high carbon monoxide selectivity and quantum efficiency of 7.1% at 362 nm. The reaction is consistent with the Mars-Van Krevelen type sequence and involves formation of the surface methoxy-carbonates as intermediates and zinc oxidation-reduction cycling. In the past few decades, extensive research has focused on the direct conversion of methane to alcohols or higher hydrocarbons. The current processes of converting methane to alcohols or olefins are complex and expensive, because they require an intermediate step of reforming methane to syngas. Although the direct conversion of methane to more valuable products has significant environmental and potential commercial value, there is no commercial scale process available. We uncovered highly selective (>90%) quantitative photochemical direct conversion of methane to ethane at ambient temperature over silver-heteropolyacid-titania nanocomposites. The ethane yield from methane reaches 9 % on the optimized materials. High quantum efficiency, high selectivity and significant yield of ethane combined with excellent stability are major advantages of methane quantitative synthesis from methane using the photochemical looping approach. The rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves have raised serious concerns about the subsequent impact of CO2 on the global climate and future energy supply. The use of abundant solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into fuel, such as carbon monoxide, methane or methanol, solves both problems simultaneously and provides a convenient method of energy storage. Chapter 5 addresses a new efficient catalyst for selective CO2 to CO conversion. The zinc containing phosphotungstic acid-titania nanocomposites exhibited exceptional high activity reaching 50 μmol CO/g·h and selectivity (73%) in the CO2 photocatalytic reduction to CO in the presence of water. The in-situ IR experiments suggest that reaction involves zinc bicarbonates containing hydroxyl groups. The decomposition of these zinc bicarbonate species under irradiation leads to the selective production of carbon monoxide and oxygen. In photocatalytic reactions, the difference in catalyst morphology usually has a significant effect on the photocatalytic performance. Chapter 6 studied the effect of monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) crystals with controlled ratio of {010} and {110} facets for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O. The reaction under irradiation is significantly enhanced by selective photo-deposition of Cu and Co co-catalysts over different facets providing Z-scheme charge flow.
Author : D.M. Bibby
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080960707
Total Pages : 759 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Methane Conversion written by D.M. Bibby and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1988-03-01 with total page 759 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings volume comprises the invited plenary lectures, contributed and poster papers presented at a symposium organised to mark the successful inauguration of the world's first commercial plant for production of gasoline from natural gas, based on the Mobil methanol-to-gasoline process. The objectives of the Symposium were to present both fundamental research and engineering aspects of the development and commercialization of gas-to-gasoline processes. These include steam reforming, methanol synthesis and methanol-to-gasoline. Possible alternative processes e.g. MOGD, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons, and the direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons were also considered.The papers in this volume provide a valuable and extremely wide-ranging overview of current research into the various options for natural gas conversion, giving a detailed description of the gas-to-gasoline process and plant. Together, they represent a unique combination of fundamental surface chemistry catalyst characterization, reaction chemistry and engineering scale-up and commercialization.
Author : Wolf
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401574499
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)
Download or read book Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes written by Wolf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reasonable case could be made that the scientific interest in catalytic oxidation was the basis for the recognition of the phenomenon of catalysis. Davy, in his attempt in 1817 to understand the science associated with the safety lamp he had invented a few years earlier, undertook a series of studies that led him to make the observation that a jet of gas, primarily methane, would cause a platinum wire to continue to glow even though the flame was extinguished and there was no visible flame. Dobereiner reported in 1823 the results of a similar investigation and observed that spongy platina would cause the ignition of a stream of hydrogen in air. Based on this observation Dobereiner invented the first lighter. His lighter employed hydrogen (generated from zinc and sulfuric acid) which passed over finely divided platinum and which ignited the gas. Thousands of these lighters were used over a number of years. Dobereiner refused to file a patent for his lighter, commenting that "I love science more than money." Davy thought the action of platinum was the result of heat while Dobereiner believed the ~ffect ~as a manifestation of electricity. Faraday became interested in the subject and published a paper on it in 1834; he concluded that the cause for this reaction was similar to other reactions.
Author : Eduardo E. Wolf
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Methane Conversion by Oxidative Processes written by Eduardo E. Wolf and published by Springer. This book was released on 1992 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reasonable case could be made that the scientific interest in catalytic oxidation was the basis for the recognition of the phenomenon of catalysis. Davy, in his attempt in 1817 to understand the science associated with the safety lamp he had invented a few years earlier, undertook a series of studies that led him to make the observation that a jet of gas, primarily methane, would cause a platinum wire to continue to glow even though the flame was extinguished and there was no visible flame. Dobereiner reported in 1823 the results of a similar investigation and observed that spongy platina would cause the ignition of a stream of hydrogen in air. Based on this observation Dobereiner invented the first lighter. His lighter employed hydrogen (generated from zinc and sulfuric acid) which passed over finely divided platinum and which ignited the gas. Thousands of these lighters were used over a number of years. Dobereiner refused to file a patent for his lighter, commenting that "I love science more than money." Davy thought the action of platinum was the result of heat while Dobereiner believed the ~ffect ~as a manifestation of electricity. Faraday became interested in the subject and published a paper on it in 1834; he concluded that the cause for this reaction was similar to other reactions.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF METHANE USING INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS. written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research is to study the oxidative coupling of methane in catalytic inorganic membrane reactors. A specific target is to achieve conversion of methane to C2 hydrocarbons at very high selectivity and higher yields than in conventional non-porous, co-feed, fixed bed reactors by controlling the oxygen supply through the membrane. A membrane reactor has the advantage of precisely controlling the rate of delivery of oxygen to the catalyst. This facility permits balancing the rate of oxidation and reduction of the catalyst. In addition, membrane reactors minimize the concentration of gas phase oxygen thus reducing non selective gas phase reactions, which are believed to be a main route for the formation of CO(subscript x) products. Such gas phase reactions are a cause of decreased selectivity in the oxidative coupling of methane in conventional flow reactors. Membrane reactors could also produce higher product yields by providing better distribution of the reactant gases over the catalyst than the conventional plug flow reactors. Membrane reactor technology also offers the potential for modifying the membranes both to improve catalytic properties as well as to regulate the rate of the permeation/diffusion of reactants through the membrane to minimize by-product generation. Other benefits also exist with membrane reactors, such as the mitigation of thermal hot-spots for highly exothermic reactions such as the oxidative coupling of methane. The application of catalytically active inorganic membranes has potential for drastically increasing the yield of reactions which are currently limited by either thermodynamic equilibria, product inhibition, or kinetic selectivity.
Author : Jennifer Strunk
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344640
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)
Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalysis written by Jennifer Strunk and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-23 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the latest research in photocatalysis combined with foundational topics in basic physical and chemical photocatalytic processes In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: From Fundamentals to Applications in Energy Conversion and Depollution, distinguished researcher and editor Jennifer Strunk delivers a rigorous discussion of the two main topics in her field—energy conversion and depollution reactions. The book covers topics like water splitting, CO2 reduction, NOx abatement and harmful organics degradation. In addition to the latest research on these topics, the reference provides readers with fundamental information about elementary physical and chemical processes in photocatalysis that are extremely practical in this interdisciplinary field. It offers an excellent overview of modern heterogeneous photocatalysis and combines concepts from different viewpoints to allow researchers with backgrounds as varied as electrochemistry, material science, and semiconductor physics to begin developing solutions with photocatalysis. In addition to subjects like metal-free photocatalysts and photocarrier loss pathways in metal oxide absorber materials for photocatalysis explored with time-resolved spectroscopy, readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: Thorough introductions to kinetic and thermodynamic considerations for photocatalyst design and the logic, concepts, and methods of the design of reliable studies on photocatalysis Detailed explorations of in-situ spectroscopy for mechanistic studies in semiconductor photocatalysis and the principles and limitations of photoelectrochemical fuel generation Discussions of photocatalysis, including the heterogeneous catalysis perspective and insights into photocatalysis from computational chemistry Treatments of selected aspects of photoreactor engineering and defects in photocatalysis Perfect for photochemists, physical and catalytic chemists, electrochemists, and materials scientists, Heterogeneous Photocatalysis will also earn a place in the libraries of surface physicists and environmental chemists seeking up-to-date information about energy conversion and depollution reactions.
Author : Hua Song
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030884239
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (842 download)
Download or read book Methane Activation and Utilization in the Petrochemical and Biofuel Industries written by Hua Song and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses effective and alternative uses for natural gas (NG) and highlights the utilization of NG in the field of methane activation and chemical production. It details the techniques used during the reforming process of petrochemical and bio-derived fuels and it presents cutting-edge research that describes the utilization of NG that enables it to be more cost-effective and eliminate the expensive greenhouse gas emitting process of hydrogen production. The book addresses three major topics: NG use in upstream heavy oil and bitumen upgrading, NG and its use in downstream oil refining through co-aromatization of various feeds in the petrochemical industry, and NG use in the upgrading of bio-derived fuels and discusses alternative uses of NG. In-depth chapters demonstrate uses for NG beyond heating homes, through catalysis and in-situ hydrogen donation, and its potential applications for the petrochemical and biofuel industries.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book Methane Coupling by Membrane Reactor. Quarterly Technical Progress Report, September 25, 1995--December 24, 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of the third type of catalytic membrane reactor configuration, with catalyst deposited in the membrane and no catalyst or inert materials in the tube side, was evaluated. The C2 selectivity obtained was about 10% due to the gas phase reaction in the empty tube side of the reactor. The membrane reactor with an oxygen-permeable dense membrane has been built. The use of a dense membrane will eliminate the loss of hydrocarbon from the tube side to the shell side, as observed in the Vycor glass membrane reactor. Also, air can be used as the oxygen source without contaminating the product. La/MgO was synthesized and will be used as the catalyst for the dense membrane reactor. This catalyst was reported in the literature to show significant improvement of C2 selectivity and yield for oxidative coupling of methane in a packed-bed reactor by using the operation mode of staged-feed of oxygen. A reactor mode for methane oxidative coupling in reactors with both distributed oxygen feed and C2 product removal was developed based on the general model of cross-flow reactors reported in the last quarterly report. A distributed oxygen feed could give rise to much higher C2 yield than the co-feed reactor as long as the space time is long enough. In the case of a two-membrane reactor, where oxygen is supplied by one membrane and products are removed through the other membrane, a high separation factor of C2 product to methane for the product-removal membrane is critical to achieve high C2 yield.
Author : Stefano Crespi
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 183916526X
Total Pages : 507 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)
Download or read book Photochemistry written by Stefano Crespi and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing critical analysis of emerging and well-established topics, this book is essential reading for anyone wanting to keep up to date with the literature on photochemistry and its applications. Volume 49 combines reviews on the latest advances in photochemical research with specific highlights in the field. The first section includes periodical reports of the recent literature on physical and inorganic aspects, including reviews of the molecules employed as dyes in art, light induced reactions in cryogenic matrices, photobiological systems studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and photophysics, and photochemistry of transition metal complexes. This selection is completed by reviews of the literature on solar photocatalysis for water decontamination and disinfection and for water splitting/hydrogen production. Coverage continues in the second part with highlighted topics, from the use of aromatic carbonyls as photocatalysts and photoinitiators in synthesis, photoinduced and photocatalysed decarboxylation reactions, development of dye-sensitized solar cells, design of luminescent water-soluble systems, and applications of plasmonic nanoparticles. This volume also includes a third section entitled ‘SPR Lectures on Photochemistry’, where leading scientists in photochemistry provide examples to introduce a photochemical topic to academic readers, offering precious assistance to students in this field.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (871 download)
Download or read book Method for the Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The invention relates to a method for converting methane and water to methanol and hydrogen using visible light and a catalyst.
Author : R. T. K. Baker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Strong Metal-support Interactions written by R. T. K. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Steven L Suib
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444538739
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)
Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Steven L Suib and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Catalysis is a package of seven books that compile the latest ideas concerning alternate and renewable energy sources and the role that catalysis plays in converting new renewable feedstock into biofuels and biochemicals. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic processes will be discussed in a unified and comprehensive approach. There will be extensive cross-referencing within all volumes.The use of solar energy during various catalytic chemical processes for the production of an array of chemical products is the theme of this volume. Photocatalysis is a topic of increasing importance due to its essential role in many of today’s environmental and energy source problems. The use of solar energy for catalytic reactions results in a carbon dioxide–neutral process. All photocatalytic processes and the future developments in this area are discussed, including an economic analysis of the various processes. Offers in-depth coverage of all catalytic topics of current interest and outlines future challenges and research areas A clear and visual description of all parameters and conditions, enabling the reader to draw conclusions for a particular case Outlines the catalytic processes applicable to energy generation and design of green processes
Author : Wipada Dechapanya
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (42 download)
Download or read book Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane to Methanol written by Wipada Dechapanya and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Methane Oxidation Over Dual Redox Catalysts. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic oxidation of methane to partial oxidation products, primarily formaldehyde and C2 hydrocarbons, was found to be directed by the catalyst used. In this project, it was discovered that a moderate oxidative coupling catalyst for C2 hydrocarbons, zinc oxide, is modified by addition of small amounts of Cu and Fe dopants to yield fair yields of formaldehyde. A similar effect was observed with Cu/Sn/ZnO catalysts, and the presence of a redox Lewis acid, Fe{sup III} or Sn{sup IV}, was found to be essential for the selectivity switch from C2 coupling products to formaldehyde. The principle of double doping with an oxygen activator (Cu) and the redox Lewis acid (Fe, Sn) was pursued further by synthesizing and testing the CuFe-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. The Cu{sup II}(ion exchanged) Fe{sup III}(framework)-ZSM-5 also displayed activity for formaldehyde synthesis, with space time yields exceeding 100 g/h-kg catalyst. However, the selectivity was low and earlier claims in the literature of selective oxidation of methane to methanol over CuFe-ZSM-5 were not reproduced. A new active and selective catalytic system (M=Sb, Bi, Sn)/SrO/La2O3 has been discovered for potentially commercially attractive process for the conversion of methane to C2 hydrocarbons, (ii) a new principle has been demonstrated for selectivity switching from C2 hydrocarbon products to formaldehyde in methane oxidations over Cu, Fe-doped zinc oxide and ZSM-5, and (iii) a new approach has been initiated for using ultrafine metal dispersions for low temperature activation of methane for selective conversions. Item (iii) continues being supported by AMOCO while further developments related to items (i) and (ii) are the objective of our continued effort under the METC-AMOCO proposed joint program.
Author : Kimberly Tam Dinh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)
Download or read book Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Partially Oxidized Products Over Copper-exchanged Zeolites written by Kimberly Tam Dinh and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The selective conversion of methane to liquid oxygenated compounds is a grand challenge in catalysis. Although natural gas can be processed industrially in large-scale facilities, new catalytic processes are required that economically directly convert methane to liquid products in small-scale units to exploit highly abundant but difficult-to-access gas reserves. Our group recently reported the first instance of a continuous, gas phase catalytic process for the direct conversion of methane to methanol using copper-exchanged zeolites by feeding only methane, water, and oxygen at 473 K. While this continuous system is an attractive route for the mild conversion of methane to value-added products, fundamental understanding of the reaction pathway and active site is necessary to engineer improved catalysts and an improved process. Thus, my thesis has investigated the fundamental kinetics and active site requirements for continuous partial methane oxidation and using this knowledge to design an improved process. First, a reaction pathway and a [Cu-O-Cu]2+ motif as the active site were identified for the selective catalytic conversion of methane to methanol. Kinetic analysis on copper-exchanged SSZ-13 zeolites across a range of Cu loadings and Al spatial distributions revealed the reaction pathway is initiated by rate-limiting C-H bond scission of methane. Water is kinetically inconsequential, but required for methanol desorption. Carbon dioxide is generated from the sequential over oxidation of partially oxidized intermediates and downstream methanol oxidation. Selective partial oxidation was achieved with catalyst samples of high Al content and moderate Cu content (Cu/cage
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (871 download)
Download or read book Direct Catalytic Conversion of Methane and Light Hydrocarbon Gases. Final Report, October 1, 1986--July 31, 1989 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project explored conversion of methane to useful products by two techniques that do not involve oxidative coupling. The first approach was direct catalytic dehydrocoupling of methane to give hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The second approach was oxidation of methane to methanol by using heterogenized versions of catalysts that were developed as homogeneous models of cytochrome-P450, an enzyme that actively hydroxylates hydrocarbons by using molecular oxygen. Two possibilities exist for dehydrocoupling of methane to higher hydrocarbons: The first, oxidative coupling to ethane/ethylene and water, is the subject of intense current interest. Nonoxidative coupling to higher hydrocarbons and hydrogen is endothermic, but in the absence of coke formation the theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium yield of hydrocarbons varies from 25% at 827°C to 65% at 1100°C (at atmospheric pressure). In this project we synthesized novel, highly dispersed metal catalysts by attaching metal clusters to inorganic supports. The second approach mimics microbial metabolism of methane to produce methanol. The methane mono-oxygenase enzyme responsible for the oxidation of methane to methanol in biological systems has exceptional selectivity and very good rates. Enzyme mimics are systems that function as the enzymes do but overcome the problems of slow rates and poor stability. Most of that effort has focused on mimics of cytochrome P-450, which is a very active selective oxidation enzyme and has a metalloporphyrin at the active site. The interest in nonporphyrin mimics coincides with the interest in methane mono-oxygenase, whose active site has been identified as a [mu]-oxo dinuclear iron complex. We employed mimics of cytochrome P-450, heterogenized to provide additional stability. The oxidation of methane with molecular oxygen was investigated in a fixed-bed, down-flow reactor with various anchored metal phthalocyanines (PC) and porphyrins (TPP) as the catalysts.
