Pharmacology Of Itch

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Itch

Author : E. Carstens
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466505435
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Itch by : E. Carstens

Download or read book Itch written by E. Carstens and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-25 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in itch research have elucidated differences between itch and pain but have also blurred the distinction between them. There is a long debate about how somatic sensations including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity are encoded by the nervous system. Research suggests that each sensory modality is processed along a fixed, direct-line communication system from the skin to the brain. Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment presents a timely update on all aspects of itch research and the clinical treatment of itch that accompanies many dermatological conditions including psoriasis, neuropathic itch, cutaneous t-cells lymphomas, and systemic diseases such as kidney and liver disease and cancer. Composed of contributions from distinguished researchers around the world, the book explores topics such as: Neuropathic itch Peripheral neuronal mechanism of itch The role of PAR-2 in neuroimmune communication and itch Mrgprs as itch receptors The role of interleukin-31 and oncostatin M in itch and neuroimmune communication Spinal coding of itch and pain Spinal microcircuits and the regulation of itch Examining new findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms, the book is a compendium of the most current research on itch, its prevalence in society, and the problems associated with treatment.

Pharmacology of Itch

Author : Alan Cowan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662446057
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmacology of Itch by : Alan Cowan

Download or read book Pharmacology of Itch written by Alan Cowan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-10 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic research on the pharmacology of itch has exploded in the wake of two very influential papers that were published in Nature (2007) and Science (2009). Long overlooked as a milder form of pain, itching has rapidly gained a new appreciation in both research and clinical communities because of its complexity and its negative effects on the quality of life of the distressed patients. Like pain, not all itches are the same. Unlike pain, there are no standard drugs equivalent to aspirin and morphine. Epidemiological studies emphasize the high incidence and economic costs of itch (pruritus). It is the most prevalent symptom of a wide variety of allergic and inflammatory skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis), is associated with several systemic diseases (e.g., chronic kidney and liver disease), and occurs in patients undergoing hemodialysis, spinal administration of opioids, and in those suffering from AIDS. The reader will learn about the multiple pathways for itch and their interactions with pain. The relationship between these closely related, yet distinct sensory phenomena, will be emphasized. Both itch and pain use several common molecules to send signals to the brain. Thus, drugs that have been, and are being, developed as analgesics may also attenuate intractable itch. This has been an exciting and very necessary turn of events since traditional H-1 receptor antagonists are ineffective in blocking the pruritus associated with kidney failure and cholestasis. The clinical chapters will provide insights into contemporary treatment regimens for pruritus in different human scenarios.

Histamine in Inflammation

Author : Robin Thurmond
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441980563
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Histamine in Inflammation by : Robin Thurmond

Download or read book Histamine in Inflammation written by Robin Thurmond and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 2010 marks the centennial for the identification of histamine and the first glimpse of its many physiological functions. From these initial findings a rich tapestry of research has uncovered roles for histamine in almost every physiological process with new findings emerging every year. These diverse roles of histamine have made for fertile ground for the discovery of novel therapeutics, and these drugs have been so successful that the term “antihistamine” has entered the common lexicon. This volume is an attempt to give a snapshot in time as to the current understanding of the role of histamine in just one important therapeutic area—inflammation. The first three chapters provide some background context for the rest of the book starting out with a historical perspective by Figueroa and Shankley. Bongers et al provide an overview of the pharmacology of the four histamine receptors and the chapter by Hiroshi Ohtsu describes how histamine is synthesized as well as the insights derived from mice where this synthesis is disrupted. The next several chapters discuss disease areas where histamine is known to be involved. Chapter 4 by Thomas Taylor-Clark outlines the role of histamine in allergic rhinitis, an area were antihistamines are commonly used. This is also true for ocular allergy as discussed by Ohbayashi et al. Both of these chapters highlight aspects of these conditions that are still not well-controlled and suggest the utility of new antihistamines targeting other histamine receptors.

Itch and Pain

Author : Gil Yosipovitch
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975153057
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis Itch and Pain by : Gil Yosipovitch

Download or read book Itch and Pain written by Gil Yosipovitch and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2020-03-20 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing for the first time a comprehensive overview of the common and different pathways and mechanisms of itch and pain, this unique title explores these two distinct and still somehow similar sensory experiences and utilize the cross-fertilization between the two fields to develop better treatments for patients. Itch and Pain: Similarities, Interactions and Differences is the only available, up-to-date guide to current information in this important area, ideal for basic scientists as well as clinicians in dermatology, pain, neurology, medicine, psychology, or other specialties.

The Patient History: Evidence-Based Approach

Author : Mark Henderson
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071624945
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (716 download)

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Book Synopsis The Patient History: Evidence-Based Approach by : Mark Henderson

Download or read book The Patient History: Evidence-Based Approach written by Mark Henderson and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive evidence-based introduction to patient history-taking NOW IN FULL COLOR For medical students and other health professions students, an accurate differential diagnosis starts with The Patient History. The ideal companion to major textbooks on the physical examination, this trusted guide is widely acclaimed for its skill-building, and evidence based approach to the medical history. Now in full color, The Patient History defines best practices for the patient interview, explaining how to effectively elicit information from the patient in order to generate an accurate differential diagnosis. The second edition features all-new chapters, case scenarios, and a wealth of diagnostic algorithms. Introductory chapters articulate the fundamental principles of medical interviewing. The book employs a rigorous evidenced-based approach, reviewing and highlighting relevant citations from the literature throughout each chapter. Features NEW! Case scenarios introduce each chapter and place history-taking principles in clinical context NEW! Self-assessment multiple choice Q&A conclude each chapter—an ideal review for students seeking to assess their retention of chapter material NEW! Full-color presentation Essential chapter on red eye, pruritus, and hair loss Symptom-based chapters covering 59 common symptoms and clinical presentations Diagnostic approach section after each chapter featuring color algorithms and several multiple-choice questions Hundreds of practical, high-yield questions to guide the history, ranging from basic queries to those appropriate for more experienced clinicians

Moderate to Severe Psoriasis

Author : John Koo
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429585985
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Moderate to Severe Psoriasis by : John Koo

Download or read book Moderate to Severe Psoriasis written by John Koo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts in the dermatology field, this new fourth edition of Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis discusses the current use of biologics and other pharmacologic and phototherapy treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Illustrated with high quality color figures, this standalone text emphasizes safe and effective treatments for the psoriasis

Glutamate and GABA Receptors and Transporters

Author : Jan Egebjerg
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780748408818
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Glutamate and GABA Receptors and Transporters by : Jan Egebjerg

Download or read book Glutamate and GABA Receptors and Transporters written by Jan Egebjerg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-10-04 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ubiquitous presence of glutamate and GABA receptors in the nervous system makes these receptor systems pivotal to our understanding of neurotransmission. Cloning of the molecular components of these receptor systems has provided insights to the selectivity of many drugs and detailed characterisation at the molecular level is emerging. Moreover, continuous development of novel and selective drugs has revealed detailed information on the mechanism of receptor activation and regulation. However, the rapid development of different aspects of glutamate and GABA receptor research makes it increasingly difficult to establish a general view of the field. Studies of the receptors are a multi-disciplinary task employing many specialised techniques. This book conveys recent discoveries in a framework of the basic concepts in the field of glutamate and GABA receptor research. Glutamate and GABA Receptors and Transporters: Structure, Function and Pharmacology is suitable for postgraduate students studying ligand gated channels but also beneficial for industrial and academic research scientists in both the glutamate and GABA field. Universities offering programs in neuroscience, molecular pharmacology or medicinal chemistry will find this a valuable reference.

Anatomy of an Epidemic

Author : Robert Whitaker
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0307452433
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Anatomy of an Epidemic by : Robert Whitaker

Download or read book Anatomy of an Epidemic written by Robert Whitaker and published by Crown. This book was released on 2010-04-13 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated with bonus material, including a new foreword and afterword with new research, this New York Times bestseller is essential reading for a time when mental health is constantly in the news. In this astonishing and startling book, award-winning science and history writer Robert Whitaker investigates a medical mystery: Why has the number of disabled mentally ill in the United States tripled over the past two decades? Interwoven with Whitaker’s groundbreaking analysis of the merits of psychiatric medications are the personal stories of children and adults swept up in this epidemic. As Anatomy of an Epidemic reveals, other societies have begun to alter their use of psychiatric medications and are now reporting much improved outcomes . . . so why can’t such change happen here in the United States? Why have the results from these long-term studies—all of which point to the same startling conclusion—been kept from the public? Our nation has been hit by an epidemic of disabling mental illness, and yet, as Anatomy of an Epidemic reveals, the medical blueprints for curbing that epidemic have already been drawn up. Praise for Anatomy of an Epidemic “The timing of Robert Whitaker’s Anatomy of an Epidemic, a comprehensive and highly readable history of psychiatry in the United States, couldn’t be better.”—Salon “Anatomy of an Epidemic offers some answers, charting controversial ground with mystery-novel pacing.”—TIME “Lucid, pointed and important, Anatomy of an Epidemic should be required reading for anyone considering extended use of psychiatric medicine. Whitaker is at the height of his powers.” —Greg Critser, author of Generation Rx

Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating Women E-Book

Author : Carl P. Weiner
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323508707
Total Pages : 1043 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating Women E-Book by : Carl P. Weiner

Download or read book Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating Women E-Book written by Carl P. Weiner and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-10-17 with total page 1043 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logically organized and easy to use, Drugs for Pregnant and Lactating Women, 3rd Edition, is your #1 resource for details on how virtually all of today's drugs and herbal supplements interact with pregnancy and lactation. More than just a dosing manual, this unique title by Dr. Carl P. Weiner fully explains whether each drug is FDA-approved for use by expecting or nursing mothers, is known to be safe for use, or is known to pose a danger. With up-to-date coverage of nearly 2,000 substances, it provides the thorough details you need to choose the most effective course of treatment. - Uses a consistent, easy-to-follow format for each substance: generic and trade name • class • indications • mechanism of action • dosage, with contraindications and cautions • maternal considerations • fetal considerations • drug interactions • breastfeeding safety • references • and summary information. - Describes over-the-counter drugs and alternative medications as well as prescription drugs. - Uses an eye-catching icon to highlight known teratogens. - Includes international drug names to give this reference a global perspective. - Features new letter thumb tabs for easier navigation. - Includes dozens of new drugs and thorough updates throughout. - Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, images, videos (including video updates), glossary, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Understanding Drug Action

Author : Peter J. Rice
Publisher : Amer Pharmacists Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781582121123
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (211 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Drug Action by : Peter J. Rice

Download or read book Understanding Drug Action written by Peter J. Rice and published by Amer Pharmacists Assn. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding Drug Action: An Introduction to Pharmacology provides readers with a survey of the scientific understanding of drug action. This readable introduction to pharmacology is simple enough to be understood without having to take a class to follow the material, but can also be used to complement a course in pharmacology. The approach to pharmacology is at a basic scientific level to build a framework of how drugs work supplemented with information on some representative drugs that are used clinically. Each chapter includes review questions and many chapters include tables of important drugs with brand and generic names.

Davis's Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals

Author : Charles D. Ciccone
Publisher : F.A. Davis
ISBN 13 : 0803640048
Total Pages : 1217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Davis's Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals by : Charles D. Ciccone

Download or read book Davis's Drug Guide for Rehabilitation Professionals written by Charles D. Ciccone and published by F.A. Davis. This book was released on 2013-03-21 with total page 1217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A one-of-a-kind guide specifically for rehabilitation specialists! A leader in pharmacology and rehabilitation, Charles Ciccone, PT, PhD offers a concise, easy-to-access resource that delivers the drug information rehabilitation specialists need to know. Organized alphabetically by generic name, over 800 drug monographs offer the most up-to-date information on drug indications, therapeutic effects, potential adverse reactions, and much more! A list of implications for physical therapy at the end of each monograph helps you provide the best possible care for your patients. It’s the perfect companion to Pharmacology in Rehabilitation, 4th Edition!

Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner

Author : Leslie Neal-Boylan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118277856
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner by : Leslie Neal-Boylan

Download or read book Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner written by Leslie Neal-Boylan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-11-28 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Case Studies for the Family Nurse Practitioner is a key resource for advanced practice nurses and graduate students seeking to test their skills in assessing, diagnosing, and managing cases in family and primary care. Composed of more than 70 cases ranging from common to unique, the book compiles years of experience from experts in the field. It is organized chronologically, presenting cases from neonatal to geriatric care in a standard approach built on the SOAP format. This includes differential diagnosis and a series of critical thinking questions ideal for self-assessment or classroom use.

Geriatric Rehabilitation Manual

Author : Timothy L. Kauffman
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0443102333
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Geriatric Rehabilitation Manual by : Timothy L. Kauffman

Download or read book Geriatric Rehabilitation Manual written by Timothy L. Kauffman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual gives step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and treatment of geriatric diseases and disorders. It covers incidence of disorders, diagnostic tests, associated diagnoses, clinical implications for mobility, and rehabilitation techniques. It offers a broad overview of the effects of aging on all body systems. Special geriatric considerations for laboratory assessment, thermoregulations, and pharmacology are also discussed. This manual is a resource for all training clinicians in geriatric care and is a quick-reference guide for students and practitioners in this field.

Bile Acids and Their Receptors

Author : Stefano Fiorucci
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030220052
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Bile Acids and Their Receptors by : Stefano Fiorucci

Download or read book Bile Acids and Their Receptors written by Stefano Fiorucci and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on the latest results related to the field of bile acids as signaling molecules and describes how these receptors have become a major pharmacological target. It covers all major areas of research in this field, from genetics, chemistry, in silico modeling, molecular biology to clinical applications, offering a cross-country view of the functional role of bile acids as signaling molecules, virtually acting on all major areas of metabolism. While FXR and GPBAR1 are essential bile acid sensors that integrate the de novo bile acid synthesis with intestinal microbiota and liver metabolism, in a broader sense, BARs play a pathogenic role in the development of common human alignments including liver, intestinal and metabolic disorders, such as steatosis (NAFLD) and steato-hepatitis (NASH), diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis.

Pharmacology of Immunotherapeutic Drugs

Author : Clinton B. Mathias
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030199223
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmacology of Immunotherapeutic Drugs by : Clinton B. Mathias

Download or read book Pharmacology of Immunotherapeutic Drugs written by Clinton B. Mathias and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-18 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medicine has entered a golden age in which therapeutic agents are becoming widely available due to advances in basic science and technology. As such, many drugs have been developed that target inflammatory processes and/or the immune system. This book is intended for health professionals examining the modulation of inflammation by immunotherapeutic drugs. The immune system fills the primordial role of host defense and resistance to infections with pathogenic microorganisms. Several hematopoietic-derived cells constituting the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate to provide barriers for microbial colonization and/or promote pathogen destruction within the host. Conversely, many immune cells are also involved in the pathogenesis and propagation of chronic inflammatory diseases. The beginning of this book details various components of the immune system including the cell types, lymphoid tissues, soluble cytokines and surface molecules that are essential for host defense. Breakdowns in immune tolerance, or dysregulated immune responses to antigens derived from self tissues or innocuous sources, can lead to the development of autoimmunity or chronic inflammatory diseases. Pathophysiologic roles for the immune system are detailed in corresponding chapters on autoimmunity, epithelial surfaces (lungs, skin, intestine), and transplantation, with special emphasis placed on immunotherapeutic drug targets. The last section of the book focuses on treatments that stimulate our immune system to specifically target and fight infectious diseases and cancer. In each chapter, the medications used to treat various diseases/conditions in terms of their mechanism of action and other pharmacologic properties are detailed. Chapters begin with a table showing drug names and classifications. The importance of basic science and clinical trials cannot be understated in the context of drug development. As such, the discovery of certain medications that had a lasting impact in medicine and pharmacy are highlighted in chapter subsections named “Bench to Bedside.” Several clinical applications of immunotherapeutic drugs are described within end-of -chapter case studies including practice questions. The Pharmacology of Immunotherapeutic Drugs is a reference for immunologists and clinicians (medical doctors, pharmacists, nurses) examining the modulation of inflammatory processes by a variety of medications targeting the cells and mediators of our immune system.

History of Allergy

Author : K.-C. Bergmann
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3318021954
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis History of Allergy by : K.-C. Bergmann

Download or read book History of Allergy written by K.-C. Bergmann and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-27 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased dramatically over recent decades, both in terms of the number of sufferers and the number of allergies. This is a trend that has frequently been referred to as 'the epidemic of the 21st century'. As described in ancient texts, allergies have been known for over 2,000 years, but the term 'allergy' was only coined at the beginning of the 20th century when doctors began to understand their pathophysiological basis. This book presents a detailed and varied historical overview of the field of allergology. Beginning with insights on allergy from antiquity to the 20th century and the development of the associated terminology, it compiles historical reflections on the understanding of the most common allergic diseases. Important milestones in the discovery of mechanisms of allergy are described, followed by historical accounts of the detection of allergens such as pollen, dust mites, peanuts and latex, and of environmental influences such as pollution and the relationship between farmers and their environment. Several chapters illustrate the progress made in allergy management to date. Particular highlights of this book are the personal reflections of and interviews with a number of pioneers of allergy, including F. Austen, J. Bienenstock, K. Blaser, A. de Weck, A.W. Frankland, K. Ishizaka, and many more. Concluding with portrayals of allergy societies and collections, as well as being supplemented by two films, this book represents a veritable treasure trove of fascinating and richly illustrated information. Not only researchers, physicians and medical historians, but also students and even non-scientists will find History of Allergy a scientific adventure well worth reading.

Kirk & Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment

Author : Richard B. Ford
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1437707998
Total Pages : 787 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Kirk & Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment by : Richard B. Ford

Download or read book Kirk & Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment written by Richard B. Ford and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 787 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provide expert care for cats and dogs! Kirk and Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment, 9th Edition covers not only the management of emergency conditions, but also strategies for dealing with hundreds of routine diagnostic and treatment challenges in small animals. Its user-friendly format provides instant access to vital information -- making it an ideal resource in emergency situations -- and it is conveniently organized by both body systems and presenting signs to help you easily reach a diagnosis and determine a treatment plan for all clinical situations. Written by veterinary experts Richard Ford and Elisa Mazzaferro, Kirk and Bistner's Handbook of Veterinary Procedures and Emergency Treatment provides current guidelines for small animal emergency care and the diagnostic procedures most commonly performed in a busy, team-oriented practice. - Step-by-step instructions and illustrations are provided for all major emergency and non-emergency clinical procedures. - A logical, easy-to-use format lists all emergency conditions in alphabetical order, and includes quick reference boxes calling out key information such as clinical tips and cautions. - Clear, concise guidelines help you evaluate clinical signs and laboratory test data. - Clinical algorithms make it easier to identify and treat abnormalities. - Guidelines for assessment and treatment include practical advice and solutions, how to examine the small animal patient using a body systems and problem list approach, and a review of basic diagnostic procedures used in daily practice. - Coverage of toxicological emergencies describes how to manage exposures and poisonings. - A quick reference guide to the management of the emergency patient is conveniently located on the inside cover. - A comprehensive drug formulary makes lookup easy, and includes proprietary names, actions/use of each drug, formulations, recommended dosages, and special precautions, with emergency medications highlighted for fast reference - This all-in-one reference includes practical coverage of emergency procedures, physical assessment in sickness and health, routine and advanced testing procedures, diagnostic tests sampling, preparation, procedures, and interpretation. - Quick Reference boxes include potential causes of each clinical abnormality and associated signs, step-by-step diagnostic plans, and clinical algorithms. - The latest vaccination guidelines include protocols for dogs and cats at low, medium, and high risk of exposure to infectious diseases. - Updated coverage keeps you current with the latest on pain assessment, prevention, and treatment.