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Permeability Estimation From Fracture Calibration Test Analysis In Shale And Tight Gas
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Book Synopsis Permeability Estimation from Fracture Calibration Test Analysis in Shale and Tight Gas by : Han Xue
Download or read book Permeability Estimation from Fracture Calibration Test Analysis in Shale and Tight Gas written by Han Xue and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Permeability estimation in tight and shale reservoirs is challenging because little or no flow will occur without hydraulic fracture stimulation. In the pressure falloff following a fracture calibration test (FCT), radial flow after the fracture closure can be used to estimate the reservoir permeability. However, for very low permeability, the time to reach radial flow can exceed any practical duration. This study shows how to use the reservoir pressure to estimate the maximum reservoir permeability when radial flow is missing in the after-closure response. The approach is straightforward and can also be used for buildup tests. It applies whenever the well completion geometry permits radial flow before the pressure response encounters a real well drainage limits. Recent developments have blurred the boundary between fracture calibration test analysis and classic pressure transient analysis. Adapting the log-log diagnostic plot representation to the FCT analysis has made it possible to perform before and after closure analysis on the same diagnostic plot. This paper also proposes a method for diagnosing abnormal leakoff behavior using the log-log diagnostic plot as an alternative method for the traditional G-function plot. The results show the relationship between reservoir permeability and pressure can be used effectively for both estimation of the permeability upper bound when there is no apparent radial flow and for confirming the permeability estimated from apparent late time radial flow. Numerous field examples illustrate this simple and powerful insight. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148318
Book Synopsis Well Test Analysis for Fractured Reservoir Evaluation by : G. Da Prat
Download or read book Well Test Analysis for Fractured Reservoir Evaluation written by G. Da Prat and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-11-19 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the behaviour of fractured reservoirs, using evaluation techniques based on processing pressure and flow-rate data resulting from production testing.It covers the fundamental reservoir engineering principles involved in the analysis of fluid flow through fractured reservoirs, the application of existing models to field cases, and the evaluation and description of reservoirs, based on processed data from pressure and production tests. The author also discusses production decline analysis, the understanding of which is a key factor influencing completion or abandonment of a well or even a field.The theoretical concepts are presented as clearly and simply as possible in order to aid comprehension. The book is thus suitable for training and educational purposes, and will help the reader who is unfamiliar with the subject acquire the necessary skills for successful interpretation and analysis of field data.One of the most important features of the book is that it fills the gap between field operations and research, in regard to proper management of reservoirs. The book also contains a computer program (FORTRAN language) which can be incorporated in existing software designed for reservoir evaluation; type curves generation, test design and interpretation, can be achieved by using this program.Petroleum engineers, reservoir engineers, petroleum geologists, research engineers and students in these fields, will be interested in this book as a reference source. It can also be used as a text book for training production and reservoir engineering professionals. It should be available in university and oil company libraries.
Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracturing by : Michael Berry Smith
Download or read book Hydraulic Fracturing written by Michael Berry Smith and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-12-16 with total page 793 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing effectively busts the myths associated with hydraulic fracturing. It explains how to properly engineer and optimize a hydraulically fractured well by selecting the right materials, evaluating the economic benefits of the project, and ensuring the safety and success of the people, environment, and equipment. From data estimation
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Geomechanical Studies of the Barnett Shale, Texas, USA by : John Peter Vermylen
Download or read book Geomechanical Studies of the Barnett Shale, Texas, USA written by John Peter Vermylen and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents five studies of a gas shale reservoir using diverse methodologies to investigate geomechanical and transport properties that are important across the full reservoir lifecycle. Using the Barnett shale as a case study, we investigated adsorption, permeability, geomechanics, microseismicity, and stress evolution in two different study areas. The main goals of this thesis can be divided into two parts: first, to investigate how flow properties evolve with changes in stress and gas species, and second, to understand how the interactions between stress, fractures, and microseismicity control the creation of a permeable reservoir volume during hydraulic fracturing. In Chapter 2, we present results from adsorption and permeability experiments conducted on Barnett shale rock samples. We found Langmuir-type adsorption of CH4 and N2 at magnitudes consistent with previous studies of the Barnett shale. Three of our samples demonstrated BET-type adsorption of CO2, in contrast to all previous studies on CO2 adsorption in gas shales, which found Langmuir-adsorption. At low pressures (600 psi), we found preferential adsorption of CO2 over CH4 ranging from 3.6x to 5.5x. While our measurements were conducted at low pressures (up to 1500 psi), when our model fits are extrapolated to reservoir pressures they reach similar adsorption magnitudes as have been found in previous studies. At these high reservoir pressures, the very large preferential adsorption of CO2 over CH4 (up to 5-10x) suggests a significant potential for CO2 storage in gas shales like the Barnett if practical problems of injectivity and matrix transport can be overcome. We successfully measured permeability versus effective stress on two intact Barnett shale samples. We measured permeability effective stress coefficients less than 1 on both samples, invalidating our hypothesis that there might be throughgoing flow paths within the soft, porous organic kerogen that would lead the permeability effective stress coefficient to be greater than 1. The results suggest that microcracks are likely the dominant flow paths at these scales. In Chapter 3, we present integrated geological, geophysical, and geomechanical data in order to characterize the rock properties in our Barnett shale study area and to model the stress state in the reservoir before hydraulic fracturing occurred. Five parallel, horizontal wells were drilled in the study area and then fractured using three different techniques. We used the well logs from a vertical pilot well and a horizontal well to constrain the stress state in the reservoir. While there was some variation along the length of the well, we were able to determine a best fit stress state of Pp = 0.48 psi/ft, Sv = 1.1 psi/ft, SHmax = 0.73 psi/ft, and Shmin = 0.68 psi/ft. Applying this stress state to the mapped natural fractures indicates that there is significant potential for induced shear slip on natural fracture planes in this region of the Barnett, particularly close to the main hydraulic fracture where the pore pressure increase during hydraulic fracturing is likely to be very high. In Chapter 4, we present new techniques to quantify the robustness of hydraulic fracturing in gas shale reservoirs. The case study we analyzed involves five parallel horizontal wells in the Barnett shale with 51 frac stages. To investigate the numbers, sizes, and types of microearthquakes initiated during each frac stage, we created Gutenberg-Richter-type magnitude distribution plots to see if the size of events follows the characteristic scaling relationship found in natural earthquakes. We found that slickwater fracturing does generate a log-linear distribution of microearthquakes, but that it creates proportionally more small events than natural earthquake sources. Finding considerable variability in the generation of microearthquakes, we used the magnitude analysis as a proxy for the "robustness" of the stimulation of a given stage. We found that the conventionally fractured well and the two alternately fractured wells ("zipperfracs") were more effective than the simultaneously fractured wells ("simulfracs") in generating microearthquakes. We also found that the later stages of fracturing a given well were more successful in generating microearthquakes than the early stages. In Chapter 5, we present estimates of stress evolution in our study reservoir through analysis of the instantaneous shut-in pressure (ISIP) at the end of each stage. The ISIP increased stage by stage for all wells, but the simulfrac wells showed the greatest increase and the zipperfrac wells the least. We modeled the stress increase in the reservoir with a simple sequence of 2-D cracks along the length of the well. When using a spacing of one crack per stage, the modeled stress increase was nearly identical to the measured stress increase in the zipperfrac wells. When using three cracks per stage, the modeled final stage stress magnitude matched the measured final stage stress magnitude from the simulfrac wells, but the rate of stress increase in the simulfrac wells was much more gradual than the model predicted. To further investigate the causes of these ISIP trends, we began numerical flow and stress analysis to more realistically model the processes in the reservoir. One of our hypotheses was that the shorter total time needed to complete all the stages of the simulfrac wells was the cause of the greater ISIP increase compared to the zipperfrac wells. The microseismic activity level measured in Chapter 4 also correlates with total length of injection, suggesting leak off into the reservoir encouraged shear failure. Numerical modeling using the coupled FEM and flow software GEOSIM was able to model some cumulative stress increase the reservoir, but the full trend was not replicated. Further work to model field observations of hydraulic fracturing will enhance our understanding of the impact that hydraulic fracturing and stress change have on fracture creation and permeability enhancement in gas shales.
Book Synopsis Development of Unconventional Reservoirs by : Reza Rezaee
Download or read book Development of Unconventional Reservoirs written by Reza Rezaee and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-16 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for energy is increasing and but the production from conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions, the most reasonable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies, different and challenging approaches are required to characterize and develop these resources. This Special Issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.
Book Synopsis Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics by : Mark D. Zoback
Download or read book Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics written by Mark D. Zoback and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.
Book Synopsis Numerical Investigation of Transient Flow Responses in Fractured Tight Oil Wells by : Min Yue
Download or read book Numerical Investigation of Transient Flow Responses in Fractured Tight Oil Wells written by Min Yue and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing demand of global energy and limited conventional resources force the petroleum industry to shift their focus towards the low permeability reservoirs such as shale or tight rock reservoir. Multi-fractured horizontal wells have economically unlocked the massive hydrocarbon resources from unconventional reservoirs. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing create a complex fracture network that could enhance reservoir contact area to achieve economic production rates. In this study, we compute the transient response in a segment of a hydraulically fractured horizontal well using a triple-porosity model. Impacts of capillary discontinuity (fracture face-effect) and some limitations in analytical models such as sequential flow, single-phase flow and fully-connected symmetric fractures are investigated. We find that the uncertainty in model history-matched parameters and assumptions associated with analytical models could potentially over- or under-estimate production by up to 30%. History-matching with analytical models alone and the assumption of uniformly-spaced fracture stages would tend to overestimate long-term production forecast. In contrast, the assumption of no solution gas in tight oil reservoir leads to underestimation of reservoir properties such as length of fracture and permeability. Moreover, the simulated production data indicates that fracture face-effect results in rapid production decline. Lower capillary contrast between fracture and matrix results in less water blockage and higher production.
Book Synopsis Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation by : Kamy Sepehrnoori
Download or read book Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation written by Kamy Sepehrnoori and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-27 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of naturally fractured reservoirs, especially shale gas and tight oil reservoirs, exploded in recent years due to advanced drilling and fracturing techniques. However, complex fracture geometries such as irregular fracture networks and non-planar fractures are often generated, especially in the presence of natural fractures. Accurate modelling of production from reservoirs with such geometries is challenging. Therefore, Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation demonstrates how production from reservoirs with complex fracture geometries can be modelled efficiently and effectively. This volume presents a conventional numerical model to handle simple and complex fractures using local grid refinement (LGR) and unstructured gridding. Moreover, it introduces an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) to efficiently deal with complex fractures by dividing the fractures into segments using matrix cell boundaries and creating non-neighboring connections (NNCs). A basic EDFM approach using Cartesian grids and advanced EDFM approach using Corner point and unstructured grids will be covered. Embedded Discrete Fracture Modeling and Application in Reservoir Simulation is an essential reference for anyone interested in performing reservoir simulation of conventional and unconventional fractured reservoirs. Highlights the current state-of-the-art in reservoir simulation of unconventional reservoirs Offers understanding of the impacts of key reservoir properties and complex fractures on well performance Provides case studies to show how to use the EDFM method for different needs
Book Synopsis Petroleum Engineering Handbook by : Larry W. Lake
Download or read book Petroleum Engineering Handbook written by Larry W. Lake and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 930 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Petroleum Engineering Handbook has long been recognized as a valuable comprehensive reference book that offers practical day-to-day applications for students and experienced engineering professionals alike. Available now in 7 Volumes, Volume 1 covers General Engineering topics including chapters on mathematics, fluid properties (fluid sampling techniques; properties and correlations of oil, gas, condensate, and water; hydrocarbon phase behavior and phase diagrams for hydrocarbon systems; the phase behavior of water/hydrocarbon systems; and the properties of waxes, asphaltenes, and crude oil emulsions), rock properties (bulk rock properties, permeability, relative permeability, and capillary pressure), the economic and regulatory environment, and the role of fossil energy in the 21st century energy mix.
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pressure Transient Analysis by : Djebbar Tiab
Download or read book Pressure Transient Analysis written by Djebbar Tiab and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-09-04 with total page 1074 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pressure Transient Analysis: Pressure Derivative provides focuses on applications of pressure and derivative data for interpretation of pressure transient tests, offering alternatives to costly commercial software. Building from basics, this practical text spans: wells near single and multi-boundary systems, hydraulically fractured wells, naturally fractured reservoirs, interpretation of interference and pulse tests, gas well test analysis (including sources of emissions and decarbonizing strategies, geological sequestration, CCS risks and stress on CCS), multiphase flow, injectivity and falloff tests, rate transient and multi-rate tests, partially penetrated / perforated vertical and slanted wells, and horizontal wells in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Many techniques and equations presented in this book can be found in the black box of commercial well-test analysis software packages – this practical text unlocks, unpacks, and makes critical, analytical tools accessible to core users. Delivers an alternative technique to type-curve matching using the loglog analysis Introduces simple analytical equations used in the step-by-step procedure for analyzing pressure transient tests Presents common cases encountered by practicing engineers inspired by a robust literature review, boasting over 500 diverse, global sources Includes (75) solved simulated exercises and field cases, along with (81) unsolved problems (simulated and field cases) to reinforce learning Supports sustainability and the reduction of carbon emissions by addressing carbon footprints, emissions sources and decarbonizing strategies, carbon capture, storage, and CO2 storage
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineering by : T.D. van Golf-Racht
Download or read book Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineering written by T.D. van Golf-Racht and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1982-04-01 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modem language of reservoir engineering by reservoir description is understood the totality of basic local information concerning the reservoir rock and fluids which by various procedures are extrapolated over the entire reservoir. Fracture detection, evaluation and processing is another essential step in the process of fractured reservoir description. In chapter 2, all parameters related to fracture density and fracture intensity, together with various procedures of data processing are discussed in detail. After a number of field examples, developed in Chap. 3, the main objective remains the quantitative evaluation of physical properties. This is done in Chap. 4, where the evaluation of fractures porosity and permeability, their correlation and the equivalent ideal geometrical models versus those parameters are discussed in great detail. Special rock properties such as capillary pressure and relative permeability are reexamined in the light of a double-porosity reservoir rock. In order to complete the results obtained by direct measurements on rock samples, Chap. 5 examines fracturing through indirect measurements from various logging results. The entire material contained in these five chapters defines the basic physical parameters and indicates procedures for their evaluation which may be used further in the description of fractured reservoirs.
Book Synopsis Laboratory Estimation and Modeling of Apparent Permeability for Ultra-Tight Anthracite and Shale Matrix by : Yi Wang
Download or read book Laboratory Estimation and Modeling of Apparent Permeability for Ultra-Tight Anthracite and Shale Matrix written by Yi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas production from unconventional reservoirs such as gas shale and coalbed methane (CBM) has become a major source of clean energy in the United States. Reservoir apparent permeability is a critical and controlling parameter for the predictions of shale gas and coalbed methane (CBM) productions. Shale matrix and tight anthracite are characterized by ultra-tight pore structure and low permeability at micro- and nano-scale with gas molecules stored by adsorption. Gas transport in shale and anthracite matrices no longer always falls into the continuum flow regime described by Darcys law, rather a considerable portion of transport is sporadic and irregular due to the mean free path of gas is comparable to the prevailing pore scale. Therefore, gas transport in both anthracite and shale will be a complicated nonlinear multi-mechanistic process. A multi-mechanistic flow process is always happening during shale gas and CBM production, including Darcy viscous flow, slip flow, transition flow and Knudsen diffusion and their proportional contributions to apparent permeability are constantly changing with continuous reservoir depletion. The complexity of the gas storage and flow mechanisms in ultra-fine pore structure is diverse and makes it more difficult to predict the matrix permeability and gas deliverability. In this study, a multi-mechanistic apparent-permeability model for unconventional reservoir rocks (shale and anthracite) was derived under different stress boundary conditions (constant-stress and uniaxial-strain). The proposed model incorporates the pressure-dependent weighting coefficients to separate the contributions of Knudsen diffusion and Darcy flow on matrix permeability. A combination of both permeability components was coupled with pressure-dependent weighting coefficients. A stressstrain relationships for a linear elastic gas-desorbing porous medium under hydrostatic stress condition was derived from thermal-elastic equations and can be incorporated into the Darcian flow component, serving for the permeability data under hydrostatic stress. The modeled results well agree with anthracite and shale sample permeability measured data.In this study, laboratory measurements of gas apparent permeability were conducted on coal and shale samples for both helium and CO2 injection/depletion under different stress conditions. At low pressure under constant stress condition, CO2 permeability enhancement due to sorption-induced matrix shrinkage effect is significant, which can be either clearly observed from the pulse-decay pressure response curves or the data reduced by Cui et al.s method. CO2 apparent permeability can be higher than He at pressure higher than 1000 psi, which may be resulted from limited shale adsorption capacity. Helium permeability is more sensitive to the variation of Terzaghi effective stress than CO2 and it is independent of pore pressure. The true effective stress coefficient can be found two values at low pressure region (500 psi) and high pressure region (500 psi). The negative value indicates Knudsen diffusion and slip flow effect have more impact on apparent permeability than Terzaghi stress at low pressure. Additionally, laboratory measurements of gas sorption, Knudsen diffusion coefficient and coal deformation were conducted to break down the key effects that influence gas permeability evolution. Adsorption isotherms of crushed anthracite coal samples was measured using Gibbs adsorption principle at different gas pressures. The adsorption isotherm result showed that the adsorption capacity at low pressure changes with a higher rate and thus brings a significant sorption-induced rock matrix swelling/shrinkage effect. And the isotherm data are important inputs for the Darcy permeability models. The latter was coupled in the apparent-permeability model as the Darcy flow component which involves the sorption-induced strain component. Diffusion coefficients of the pulverized samples were estimated by using the particle method and was used to calculate the effective Knudsen permeability. The Knudsen diffusion flow component in the proposed apparent-permeability model was constructed by transforming Knudsen mass flux into permeability term and used to match the effective Knudsen permeability based on diffusion data. Increasing trends for all results were performed during pressure drop down in the result plots. And the modeling result showed very good agreements with them, giving a solid proof of the availability of Knudsen diffusion component as part of the proposed model. The results of a series of experimental measurements of coal deformation with gas injection and depletion revealed that the coal sorption induced deformation exhibits anisotropy, with larger deformation in direction perpendicular to bedding than those parallel to the bedding planes. The deformation of coal is reversible for helium and methane with injection/depletion, but not for CO2. Based on the modeling results, it was found that application of isotropic deformation in permeability model can overestimate the permeability loss compared to anisotropic deformation. This demonstrates that the anisotropic coal deformation should be considered to predict the permeability behavior of CBM as well as CO2 sequestration/ECBM projects.
Book Synopsis JPT. Journal of Petroleum Technology by :
Download or read book JPT. Journal of Petroleum Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations by : Ahmed Alzahabi
Download or read book Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations written by Ahmed Alzahabi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shale gas and/or oil play identification is subject to many screening processes for characteristics such as porosity, permeability, and brittleness. Evaluating shale gas and/or oil reservoirs and identifying potential sweet spots (portions of the reservoir rock that have high-quality kerogen content and brittle rock) requires taking into consideration multiple rock, reservoir, and geological parameters that govern production. The early determination of sweet spots for well site selection and fracturing in shale reservoirs is a challenge for many operators. With this limitation in mind, Optimization of Hydraulic Fracture Stages and Sequencing in Unconventional Formations develops an approach to improve the industry's ability to evaluate shale gas and oil plays and is structured to lead the reader from general shale oil and gas characteristics to detailed sweet-spot classifications. The approach uses a new candidate selection and evaluation algorithm and screening criteria based on key geomechanical, petrophysical, and geochemical parameters and indices to obtain results consistent with existing shale plays and gain insights on the best development strategies going forward. The work introduces new criteria that accurately guide the development process in unconventional reservoirs in addition to reducing uncertainty and cost.
Book Synopsis Effects of Pressure-dependent Natural-fracture Permeability on Shale-gas Well Production by : Younki Cho
Download or read book Effects of Pressure-dependent Natural-fracture Permeability on Shale-gas Well Production written by Younki Cho and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
