Paris: The 'New Rome' of Napoleon I

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Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1441126031
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Paris: The 'New Rome' of Napoleon I by : Diana Rowell

Download or read book Paris: The 'New Rome' of Napoleon I written by Diana Rowell and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2012-08-23 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Napoleon I employed a myriad of media through which to promote his propaganda and his universal hegemony. Classical Rome - home to the great Caesars - was central to his ambitious visions for the transformation of Paris into an imperial metropolis of unprecedented magnitude. Exploring the interrelationship between antiquity, the display of power and the reinvention of Paris, this volume evaluates how the Roman world and post-antique exploitations of Rome influenced Napoleonic Paris, and how Napoleon promoted his authority by appropriating Rome's triumphal architecture and its associated symbolism to relocate 'Rome' in his own times. The volume shows how consideration of Louis XIV's legacy is crucial to understanding the evolution of Napoleon's fascination with imperial Rome. It also charts Napoleon's manipulation of the populist rhetoric of Republican France (and Rome) as he moved from being a general fighting for the Revolutionary cause to become the 'absolute' ruler of a new empire.

The Caesar of Paris

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Author :
Publisher : Pegasus Books
ISBN 13 : 9781681778693
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (786 download)

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Book Synopsis The Caesar of Paris by : Susan Jaques

Download or read book The Caesar of Paris written by Susan Jaques and published by Pegasus Books. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A monumental cultural history of Napoleon Bonaparte’s fascination with antiquity and how it shaped Paris’ artistic landscape. Napoleon is one of history’s most fascinating figures. But his complex relationship with Rome—both with antiquity and his contemporary conflicts with the Pope and Holy See—have undergone little examination. In The Caesar of Paris, Susan Jaques reveals how Napoleon’s dueling fascination and rivalry informed his effort to turn Paris into “the new Rome”— Europe’s cultural capital—through architectural and artistic commissions around the city. His initiatives and his aggressive pursuit of antiquities and classical treasures from Italy gave Paris much of the classical beauty we know and adore today. Napoleon had a tradition of appropriating from past military greats to legitimize his regime—Alexander the Great during his invasion of Egypt, Charlemagne during his coronation as emperor, even Frederick the Great when he occupied Berlin. But it was ancient Rome and the Caesars that held the most artistic and political influence and would remain his lodestars. Whether it was the Arc de Triopmhe, the Venus de Medici in the Louvre, or the gorgeous works of Antonio Canova, Susan Jaques brings Napoleon to life as never before.

The Caesar of Paris

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Author :
Publisher : Pegasus Books
ISBN 13 : 9781643134772
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis The Caesar of Paris by : Susan Jaques

Download or read book The Caesar of Paris written by Susan Jaques and published by Pegasus Books. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A monumental cultural history of Napoleon Bonaparte’s fascination with antiquity and how it shaped Paris’ artistic landscape. Napoleon is one of history’s most fascinating figures. But his complex relationship with Rome—both with antiquity and his contemporary conflicts with the Pope and Holy See—have undergone little examination. In The Caesar of Paris, Susan Jaques reveals how Napoleon’s dueling fascination and rivalry informed his effort to turn Paris into “the new Rome”— Europe’s cultural capital—through architectural and artistic commissions around the city. His initiatives and his aggressive pursuit of antiquities and classical treasures from Italy gave Paris much of the classical beauty we know and adore today. Napoleon had a tradition of appropriating from past military greats to legitimize his regime—Alexander the Great during his invasion of Egypt, Charlemagne during his coronation as emperor, even Frederick the Great when he occupied Berlin. But it was ancient Rome and the Caesars that held the most artistic and political influence and would remain his lodestars. Whether it was the Arc de Triopmhe, the Venus de Medici in the Louvre, or the gorgeous works of Antonio Canova, Susan Jaques brings Napoleon to life as never before.

The Caesar of Paris

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1681779404
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (817 download)

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Book Synopsis The Caesar of Paris by : Susan Jaques

Download or read book The Caesar of Paris written by Susan Jaques and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Napoleon is one of history’s most fascinating figures. But his complex relationship with Rome—both with antiquity and his contemporary conflicts with the Pope and Holy See—have undergone little examination. In The Caesar of Paris, Susan Jaques reveals how Napoleon’s dueling fascination and rivalry informed his effort to turn Paris into “the new Rome”— Europe’s cultural capital—through architectural and artistic commissions around the city. His initiatives and his aggressive pursuit of antiquities and classical treasures from Italy gave Paris much of the classical beauty we know and adore today.Napoleon had a tradition of appropriating from past military greats to legitimize his regime—Alexander the Great during his invasion of Egypt, Charlemagne during his coronation as emperor, even Frederick the Great when he occupied Berlin. But it was ancient Rome and the Caesars that held the most artistic and political influence and would remain his lodestars. Whether it was the Arc de Triopmhe, the Venus de Medici in the Louvre, or the gorgeous works of Antonio Canova, Susan Jaques brings Napoleon to life as never before.

Imperial City

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Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226579743
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis Imperial City by : Susan Vandiver Nicassio

Download or read book Imperial City written by Susan Vandiver Nicassio and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-10-15 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1798, the armies of the French Revolution tried to transform Rome from the capital of the Papal States to a Jacobin Republic. For the next two decades, Rome was the subject of power struggles between the forces of the Empire and the Papacy, while Romans endured the unsuccessful efforts of Napoleon’s best and brightest to pull the ancient city into the modern world. Against this historical backdrop, Nicassio weaves together an absorbing social, cultural, and political history of Rome and its people. Based on primary sources and incorporating two centuries of Italian, French, and international research, her work reveals what life was like for Romans in the age of Napoleon. “A remarkable book that wonderfully vivifies an understudied era in the history of Rome. . . . This book will engage anyone interested in early modern cities, the relationship between religion and daily life, and the history of the city of Rome.”—Journal of Modern History “An engaging account of Tosca’s Rome. . . . Nicassio provides a fluent introduction to her subject.”—History Today “Meticulously researched, drawing on a host of original manuscripts, memoirs, personal letters, and secondary sources, enabling [Nicassio] to bring her story to life.”—History

Paris, a New Rome

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Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111334805
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Paris, a New Rome by : Michèle Lowrie

Download or read book Paris, a New Rome written by Michèle Lowrie and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-05-06 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: However shared the Roman inheritance may be, it hardly unifies. Which Rome is the model, the Republic or the Empire? The Rome of imperial conquest or of civil war? By whom is it ruled? By the glorious conqueror who extended universal peace, the rule of law, and infrastructure – roads and aqueducts – or by the detested tyrant who imposed domination? Or worse, the corruptor of republican liberty and source of putrefying decadence? Rome always returns, but which Rome? France presents itself as a privileged locus for Rome’s return since the beginnings of its history. The perennial recourse to ancient Rome – as model or anti-model – binds together a cohesive tradition. The logic of this gesture asserts a unity beyond modern identity politics, which depend on defining a “them” against “us,” to resist nativist assumptions about national character, French, German, Italian, American, etc. All share the same polysemous inheritance, for good or ill. All are Roman and all resist Rome without needing to agree on what exactly is shared. The unity underlying the discourse, however, no longer depends on defining Rome as an origin. Instead, Rome’s figuration persists discursively, as a translation: to be translated time and time again.

Imperial City

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Author :
Publisher : Ravenhall Books
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Imperial City by : Susan Vandiver Nicassio

Download or read book Imperial City written by Susan Vandiver Nicassio and published by Ravenhall Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1798 the city of Rome was stirred from its slumber by the sudden arrival of the armies of the French Revolution. The Eternal City would never be the same again. The French oversaw the transformation of the city from the capital of the Papal States to a short-lived 'Jacobin' Roman Republic. This experiment was soon swept away and the city emerged from the ensuing years of chaos only to find itself absorbed into Imperial France. The Pope was exiled and Rome was set to be coaxed and bludgeoned into a capital city worthy of a new Empire. Against this historical backdrop Susan Vandiver Nicassio weaves together an absorbing social, cultural and political history of Rome during these two critical decades. Based on primary sources and incorporating two centuries of Italian, French, and international research, she reveals what life was like for the population of Rome in the age of Napoleon. Nicassio guides us through Napoleonic Rome, through its ruins and slums, its palaces and churches. We learn what Romans ate, drank, wore, and read; how they played and prayed (sometimes at the same time); and how they loved and married and died. We see the great festivals, from carnival to the Days of the Dead; the music, the art, dancing, songs and games; the random violence in public houses and intrigue in great houses. We experience life in this city of contradictions: its prisons, orphanages and hospitals the best that Europe could produce, its universities outdated, its economy a chronic disaster, its streets unimaginably filthy, its murder rate staggering and its police force among the worst in the world. Imperial City is a history of a unique city that allows us to observe a city and its people subjected to all the perils of revolution and counter-revolution, occupation and resistance. Susan Vandiver Nicassio is Associate Professor of History at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. She is the author of Tosca's Rome and other studies of the culture and politics of the late eighteenth century.

Paris Between Empires

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Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 146686690X
Total Pages : 794 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (668 download)

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Book Synopsis Paris Between Empires by : Philip Mansel

Download or read book Paris Between Empires written by Philip Mansel and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paris between 1814 and 1852 was the capital of Europe, a city of power and pleasure, a magnet for people of all nationalities that exerted an influence far beyond the reaches of France. Paris was the stage where the great conflicts of the age, between nationalism and cosmopolitanism, revolution and royalism, socialism and capitalism, atheism and Catholicism, were fought out before the audience of Europe. As Prince Metternich said: When Paris sneezes, Europe catches cold. Not since imperial Rome has one city so dominated European life. Paris Between Empires tells the story of this golden age, from the entry of the allies into Paris on March 31, 1814, after the defeat of Napoleon I, to the proclamation of his nephew Louis-Napoleon, as Napoleon III in the Hôtel de Ville on December 2, 1852. During those years, Paris, the seat of a new parliamentary government, was a truly cosmopolitan capital, home to Rossini, Heine, and Princess Lieven, as well as Berlioz, Chateaubriand, and Madame Recamier. Its salons were crowded with artisans and aristocrats from across Europe, attracted by the freedom from the political, social, and sexual restrictions that they endured at home. This was a time, too, of political turbulence and dynastic intrigue, of violence on the streets, and women manipulating men and events from their salons. In describing it Philip Mansel draws on the unpublished letters and diaries of some of the city's leading figures and of the foreigners who flocked there, among them Lady Holland, two British ambassadors, Lords Stuart de Rothesay and Normanby, and Charles de Flahaut, lover of Napoleon's step-daughter Queen Hortense. This fascinating book shows that the European ideal was as alive in the nineteenth century as it is today.

To Kidnap a Pope

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Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300258771
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis To Kidnap a Pope by : Ambrogio A. Caiani

Download or read book To Kidnap a Pope written by Ambrogio A. Caiani and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-05-25 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking account of Napoleon Bonaparte, Pope Pius VII, and the kidnapping that would forever divide church and state In the wake of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of France, and Pope Pius VII shared a common goal: to reconcile the church with the state. But while they were able to work together initially, formalizing an agreement in 1801, relations between them rapidly deteriorated. In 1809, Napoleon ordered the Pope’s arrest. Ambrogio Caiani provides a pioneering account of the tempestuous relationship between the emperor and his most unyielding opponent. Drawing on original findings in the Vatican and other European archives, Caiani uncovers the nature of Catholic resistance against Napoleon’s empire; charts Napoleon’s approach to Papal power; and reveals how the Emperor attempted to subjugate the church to his vision of modernity. Gripping and vivid, this book shows the struggle for supremacy between two great individuals—and sheds new light on the conflict that would shape relations between the Catholic church and the modern state for centuries to come.

Modern Rome

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Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 152752678X
Total Pages : 586 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Rome by : Italo Insolera

Download or read book Modern Rome written by Italo Insolera and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After fifty years and fifteen editions and reprints in Italy, this classic, groundbreaking work in the field of historical urban studies is now published in English. A masterful, fluent narrative leads the reader through the last two centuries in the history of the Eternal City, capital of the Papal State, then of the united Italy, first under the monarchy and subsequently the republic. Rome’s chaotic growth and often ineffective urban planning, almost invariably overpowered by building speculation, can find an opportunity for future redemption in a vibrant multicultural society and the enhancement of an unequalled archaeological heritage with the ancient Appian Way as its spine. With respect to the last Italian edition of 2011, the volume is updated, enriched in text, indexes, maps and photographs. Historians, urban planners, architects, decision makers, university students, and anyone who is interested in one of the world’s most intriguing cities will enjoy this book.

Napoleon's Paris

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Publisher : Pen and Sword Military
ISBN 13 : 1526749483
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon's Paris by : David Buttery

Download or read book Napoleon's Paris written by David Buttery and published by Pen and Sword Military. This book was released on 2020-07-19 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A specialist in Napoleonic history reveals the legendary leader’s influence on the City of Light in this illustrated visitor’s guide. Historian David Buttery explores the many connections between Napoleon and Paris, where many remarkable buildings and monuments date from his time in power. Many of the city’s most famous sites were built or enhanced on Napoleon’s instructions, while others are closely associated with him and the First French Empire. Buttery explores the Napoleonic history of the Arc de Triomphe, the Louvre, the Hôtel des Invalides, Musée de l’Armée, Notre Dame Cathedral, Père-Lachaise Cemetery, and other fascinating sites. Full of evocative detail and practical information, Napoleon’s Paris is essential reading for every history buff who visits the French capital.

Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris

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Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691656827
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (916 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris by : David H. Pinkney

Download or read book Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris written by David H. Pinkney and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the two decades between 1850 and 1870 Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann, created the modern city of Paris out of the congested and ill-equipped capital of the 18th century. They gave Paris many of its present major streets, its great municipal parks, the Central Markets, the Opera House and other well-known buildings, as well as a water supply system and a network of sewers that still serve the city. The various factors of the venture: the city's rapidly increasing population, the challenging engineering problems, the political complications, and the clash of personalitites involved are here considered. The author presents the whole undertaking in the perspective of French political and economic history, shows its relation to the public health movement of the mid-nineteenth century, and explains its significance in the history of city planning. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Napoléon's Last Will and Testament

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Author :
Publisher : Grosset & Dunlap
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Napoléon's Last Will and Testament by : Napoleon I (Emperor of the French)

Download or read book Napoléon's Last Will and Testament written by Napoleon I (Emperor of the French) and published by Grosset & Dunlap. This book was released on 1977 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Plunder

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Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374710392
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Plunder by : Cynthia Saltzman

Download or read book Plunder written by Cynthia Saltzman and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of The Christian Science Monitor's Ten Best Books of May "A highly original work of history . . . [Saltzman] has written a distinctive study that transcends both art and history and forces us to explore the connections between the two.” —Roger Lowenstein, The Wall Street Journal A captivatingstudy of Napoleon’s plundering of Europe’s art for the Louvre, told through the story of a Renaissance masterpiece seized from Venice Cynthia Saltzman’s Plunder recounts the fate of Paolo Veronese’s Wedding Feast at Cana, a vast, sublime canvas that the French, under the command of the young Napoleon Bonaparte, tore from a wall of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, on an island in Venice, in 1797. Painted in 1563 during the Renaissance, the picture was immediately hailed as a masterpiece. Veronese had filled the scene with some 130 figures, lavishing color on the canvas to build the illusion that the viewers’ space opened onto a biblical banquet taking place on a terrace in sixteenth-century Venice. Once pulled from the wall, the Venetian canvas crossed the Mediterranean rolled on a cylinder; soon after, artworks commandeered from Venice and Rome were triumphantly brought into Paris. In 1801, the Veronese went on exhibition at the Louvre, the new public art museum founded during the Revolution in the former palace of the French kings. As Saltzman tells the larger story of Napoleon’s looting of Italian art and its role in the creation of the Louvre, she reveals the contradictions of his character: his thirst for greatness—to carry forward the finest aspects of civilization—and his ruthlessness in getting whatever he sought. After Napoleon’s 1815 defeat at Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington and the Allies forced the French to return many of the Louvre’s plundered paintings and sculptures. Nevertheless, The Wedding Feast at Cana remains in Paris to this day, hanging directly across from the Mona Lisa. Expertly researched and deftly told, Plunder chronicles one of the most spectacular art appropriation campaigns in history, one that sheds light on a seminal historical figure and the complex origins of one of the great museums of the world.

Finding Napoleon

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Author :
Publisher : She Writes Press
ISBN 13 : 1647420172
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Finding Napoleon by : Margaret Rodenberg

Download or read book Finding Napoleon written by Margaret Rodenberg and published by She Writes Press. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Rodenberg inventively uses Bonaparte’s own unfinished novel to tell the story of the despot’s rise to power, which she juxtaposes against the story of his last love affair. Told creatively and with excellent research!” —Stephanie Dray, New York Times and USA Today best-selling author of America's First Daughter and The Women of Chateau Lafayette “Beautiful and poignant.” —Allison Pataki, New York Times best-selling author of The Queen’s Fortune With its delightful adaptation of Napoleon Bonaparte’s real attempt to write romantic fiction, Finding Napoleon: A Novel offers a fresh take on Europe’s most powerful man after he’s lost everything—except his last love. A forgotten woman of history—the audacious Countess Albine—helps narrate their tale of intrigue, desire, and betrayal. After the defeated Emperor Napoleon goes into exile on tiny St. Helena Island in the remote South Atlantic, he and his lover, Albine de Montholon, plot to escape and rescue his young son. Banding together enslaved Africans, British sympathizers, a Jewish merchant, a Corsican rogue, and French followers, they confront British opposition—as well as treachery within their own ranks—with sometimes subtle, sometimes bold, but always desperate action. Amid his passions and intrigues, Napoleon finishes his real novel Clisson that he started writing as a young man. Now it's a father's message to the young son whom his enemies took from him, but how can they get it to the boy? When Napoleon and Albine break faith with one another, ambition and Albine’s husband threaten their reconciliation. To succeed, Napoleon must learn whom to trust. To survive, Albine must decide whom to betray. This elegant, richly researched novel reveals the Napoleon history conceals and the Countess Albine history has forgotten.

Paris Reborn

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Author :
Publisher : St. Martin's Griffin
ISBN 13 : 1250021669
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Paris Reborn by : Stephane Kirkland

Download or read book Paris Reborn written by Stephane Kirkland and published by St. Martin's Griffin. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stephane Kirkland gives an engrossing account of Napoleon III, Baron Haussmann, and one of the greatest transformations of a major city in modern history Traditionally known as a dirty, congested, and dangerous city, 19th Century Paris, France was transformed in an extraordinary period from 1848 to 1870, when the government launched a huge campaign to build streets, squares, parks, churches, and public buildings. The Louvre Palace was expanded, Notre-Dame Cathedral was restored and the French masterpiece of the Second Empire, the Opéra Garnier, was built. A very large part of what we see when we visit Paris today originates from this short span of twenty-two years. The vision for the new Nineteenth Century Paris belonged to Napoleon III, who had led a long and difficult climb to absolute power. But his plans faltered until he brought in a civil servant, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, to take charge of the implementation. Heedless of controversy, at tremendous cost, Haussmann pressed ahead with the giant undertaking until, in 1870, his political enemies brought him down, just months before the collapse of the whole regime brought about the end of an era. Paris Reborn is a must-read for anyone who ever wondered how Paris, the city universally admired as a standard of urban beauty, became what it is.

The Horses of St. Mark's

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Author :
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1468303023
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis The Horses of St. Mark's by : Charles Freeman

Download or read book The Horses of St. Mark's written by Charles Freeman and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2010-08-12 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The noted historian explores the mysterious origins and surprising adventures of four iconic bronze statues as they appear and reappear through the ages. In July 1798, a triumphant procession made its way through the streets of Paris. Echoing the parades of Roman emperors many years before, Napoleon Bonaparte was proudly displaying the spoils of his recent military adventures. There were animals—caged lions and dromedaries—as well as tropical plants. Among the works of art on show, one stood out: four horses of gilded metal, taken by Napoleon from their home in Venice. The Horses of St Mark's have found themselves at the heart of European history time and time again: in Constantinople, at both its founding and sacking in the Fourth Crusade; in Venice, at both the height of its greatness and fall in 1797; in the Paris of Napoleon, and the revolutions of 1848; and back in Venice, the most romantic city in the world. Charles Freeman offers a fascinating account of both the statues themselves and the societies through which they have travelled and been displayed. As European society has developed from antiquity to the present day, these four horses have stood and watched impassively. This is the story of their—and our—times.