Pan Africanism In Southern Africa

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Xenophobia, Nativism and Pan-Africanism in 21st Century Africa

Author : Sabella Ogbobode Abidde
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030820564
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Xenophobia, Nativism and Pan-Africanism in 21st Century Africa by : Sabella Ogbobode Abidde

Download or read book Xenophobia, Nativism and Pan-Africanism in 21st Century Africa written by Sabella Ogbobode Abidde and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume systematically analyzes the connection between xenophobia, nativism, and Pan-Africanism. It situates attacks on black Africans by fellow black Africans within the context of ideals such as Pan-Africanism and Ubuntu, which emphasize unity. The book straddles a range of social science perspectives to explain why attacks on foreign nationals in Africa usually entail attacks on black foreign nationals. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team of scholars, the book is divided into four sections that each explain a different facet of this complicated relationship. Section One discusses the history of colonialism and apartheid and their relationship to xenophobia. Section Two critically evaluates Pan-Africanism as a concept and as a practice in 21st century Africa. Section Three presents case studies on xenophobia in contemporary Africa. Section Four similarly discusses cases of nativism. Addressing a complex issue in contemporary African politics, this volume will be of use to students and scholars interested in African studies, African politics, human rights, migration, history, law, and development economics.

Pan-Africanism

Author : Hakim Adi
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1474254306
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Pan-Africanism by : Hakim Adi

Download or read book Pan-Africanism written by Hakim Adi and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first survey of the Pan-African movement this century, this book provides a history of the individuals and organisations that have sought the unity of all those of African origin as the basis for advancement and liberation. Initially an idea and movement that took root among the African Diaspora, in more recent times Pan-Africanism has been embodied in the African Union, the organisation of African states which includes the entire African Diaspora as its 'sixth region'. Hakim Adi covers many of the key political figures of the 20th century, including Du Bois, Garvey, Malcolm X, Nkrumah and Gaddafi, as well as Pan-African culture expression from Négritude to the wearing of the Afro hair style and the music of Bob Marley.

A United States of Africa?

Author : Eddy Maloka
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A United States of Africa? by : Eddy Maloka

Download or read book A United States of Africa? written by Eddy Maloka and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A substantial work on the question of unity of African states, containing essays from twenty-four scholars from universities throughout Africa. The papers revolve around four main subjects. The first examines the colonial origins of the African state, neo-colonial constraints on post-colonial regimes, and the nature of the post-colonial political elite. The second subject under discussion is regional integration as a vehicle for the realisation of the African Union. Dani Wadaba Nabudere contributes an overview chapter on African unity in historical perspective; and many contributors consider the complicating phenomenon of globalisation alongside regional integration. The next part examines the extent to which problems of peace and security impact upon the integration project; and the effectiveness of existing regional and continental conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms. Xavier Renou analyses the present roles of France and America on the continent as an obstacle to peace and unity in a chapter entitled 'The New Franco-American Cold-War'. Finally, three contributors address the need for an approach to African unity for development better grounded in civil society and to a lesser extent centred around the role of the state.

The Pan-African Pantheon

Author : Adekeye Adebajo
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526156806
Total Pages : 893 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pan-African Pantheon by : Adekeye Adebajo

Download or read book The Pan-African Pantheon written by Adekeye Adebajo and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-29 with total page 893 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With forty accessible essays on the key intellectual contributions to Pan-Africanism, this volume offers readers a fascinating insight into the intellectual thinking and contributions to Pan-Africanism. The book explores the history of Pan-Africanism and quest for reparations, early pioneers of Pan-Africanism as well as key activists and politicians, and Pan-African philosophy and literati. Diverse and key figures of Pan-Africanism from Africa, the Caribbean, and America are covered by these chapters, including: Edward Blyden, W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Amy Ashwood Garvey, George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, Franz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral, Arthur Lewis, Maya Angelou, C.L.R. James, Ruth First, Ali Mazrui, Wangari Maathai, Thabo Mbeki, Wole Soyinka, Derek Walcott, and Chimamanda Adichie. While acknowledging the contributions of these figures to Pan-Africanism, these essays are not just celebratory, offering valuable criticism in areas where their subjects may have fallen short of their ideals.

African Nationalism from Apartheid to Post-Apartheid South Africa

Author : Ellen Wesemller
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 3898214982
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis African Nationalism from Apartheid to Post-Apartheid South Africa by : Ellen Wesemller

Download or read book African Nationalism from Apartheid to Post-Apartheid South Africa written by Ellen Wesemller and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-01 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the help of discourse analysis and ideology critique, Ellen Wesemüller establishes a theoretical framework to analyze African nationalism in apartheid and post-apartheid South Africa. Following the constructivist school of thought, the study adopts the assumption that nations are "imagined communities" which are built on "invented traditions". It shows that historically and analytically, there are two distinct concepts of nationalism: "constitutional" and "ethnic" nationalism. These concepts can be retraced in South Africa where they form the central antagonism of black political thought. The study of post-apartheid African nationalism is placed in its historical perspective by focusing on the major milestones of African National Congress' discourse before and during apartheid. It demonstrates that throughout its history, the ANC was characterized by the rivalry between concepts of "constitutional" and "ethnic" nationalism. While the former concept found its counterpart in Charterism, the latter was adopted by African nationalism. Though the ANC in its majority embraced Charterism, it continually played with the appeal of an exclusive, racial nationalism. The theoretical and historical contextualization of the book allows for the investigation of the various dimensions of current ANC discourse on African nationalism. Wesemüller analyses different concepts of nationalism employed by the ANC and compares these models to those discussed in academic literature. She concludes that in post-apartheid South Africa, the historical dichotomy of Africanist and Charterist nationalism persists within the ANC. While early concepts of nationalism like Mandela's "rainbow nation" and Mbeki's "I am an African" paid tribute to Charterism, the discourses on the "African Renaissance" and Mbeki's "two-nation" address at least leave openings for Africanist interpretations. Furthermore, the analysis shows that nationalism is not only a product of discourse but also one of material conditions. The study provides evidence that it is not only the ANC that hijacks African nationalism in order to mobilize their electorate and push through unpopular policy choices. Also, there are compelling material reasons for some South Africans to adopt a nationalist agenda. This is demonstrated by the new "black" bourgeoisie that mediates the gap between rich and poor as well as black and white. African nationalism in this regard serves to legitimate domination and existing relations of inequality. It affirms an African elite while neither uplifting the majority of African poor nor threatening the material privileges of white South Africans. Lastly, Ellen Wesemüller gives an outlook on the political implications of a resurrected nationalism. The effects can be analyzed according to the two promises of nationalism: superiority over "outsiders" and equality between "insiders". Superiority in post-apartheid South Africa is established over other African countries, immigrants and inner South African groups that are considered "foreign".

Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa

Author : Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030342964
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa by : Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba

Download or read book Pan Africanism, Regional Integration and Development in Africa written by Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume addresses the accomplishments, prospects and challenges of regional integration processes on the African continent. Since regional integration is a process that ebbs and flows according to a wide range of variables such as changing political and economic conditions, implications and factors derived from the vagaries of migration and climate change, it is crucial to be cognizant with how these variables impact regional integration initiatives. The contributors discuss the debates on Pan-Africanism and linking it with ongoing discourses and policies on regional integration in Africa. Other aspects of the book contain some of the most important topic issues such as migration, border management and the sustainable development goals. This content offers readers fresh and innovative perspectives on various aspects of sustainable development and regional growth in Africa.

Understanding South Africa

Author : Martin Plaut
Publisher : Hurst & Company
ISBN 13 : 1787382044
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding South Africa by : Martin Plaut

Download or read book Understanding South Africa written by Martin Plaut and published by Hurst & Company. This book was released on 2019 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Nelson Mandela emerged from decades in jail to preach reconciliation, South Africans truly appeared a people reborn as the Rainbow Nation. Yet, a quarter of a century later, the country sank into bitter recriminations and rampant corruption under Jacob Zuma. Why did this happen, and how was hope betrayed? President Cyril Ramaphosa, who is seeking to heal these wounds, is due to lead the African National Congress into an election by May 2019. The ANC is hoping to claw back support lost to the opposition in the Zuma era. This book will shed light on voters' choices and analyze the election outcome as the results emerge. With chapters on all the major issues at stake--from education to land redistribution-- Understanding South Africa offers insights into Africa's largest and most diversified economy, closely tied to its neighbors' fortunes.

The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840.

Author : Richard Elphick
Publisher : Wesleyan University Press
ISBN 13 : 0819573760
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840. by : Richard Elphick

Download or read book The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840. written by Richard Elphick and published by Wesleyan University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-15 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History is a powerful aid to the understanding of the present, and those who are concerned with the escalating crisis in South Africa will find this an invaluable source book. This is the story of the evolution of a society in which race became the dominant characteristic, the primary determinant of status, wealth, and power. Cultural chauvinism of the first European colonists – primarily the Dutch – merged with economic and demographic developments to create a society in which whites relegated all blacks – free blacks, Africans, imported slaves – to a systematic pattern of subordination and oppression that foreshadowed the apartheid of the twentieth century. From the beginning of the nineteenth century the new empire-builders, the British, reinforced the racial order. In the next century and a half the industrialized South Africa would become firmly integrated into the world economy. Published originally in South Africa in 1979 and updated and expanded now, a decade later, this book by twelve South African, British, Canadian, Dutch, and American scholars is the most comprehensive history of the early years of that troubled nation. The authors put South Africa in the comparative context of other colonial systems. Their social, political, and economic history is rich with empirical data and rests on a solid base of archival research. The story they tell is a complex drama of a racial structure that has resisted hostile impulses from without and rebellion from within.

CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel

Author : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190628634
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel by : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC

Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad.

Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism

Author : Reiland Rabaka
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429670621
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism by : Reiland Rabaka

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism written by Reiland Rabaka and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism provides an international, intersectional, and interdisciplinary overview of, and approach to, Pan-Africanism, making an invaluable contribution to the ongoing evolution of Pan-Africanism and demonstrating its continued significance in the 21st century. The handbook features expert introductions to, and critical explorations of, the most important historic and current subjects, theories, and controversies of Pan-Africanism and the evolution of black internationalism. Pan-Africanism is explored and critically engaged from different disciplinary points of view, emphasizing the multiplicity of perspectives and foregrounding an intersectional approach. The contributors provide erudite discussions of black internationalism, black feminism, African feminism, and queer Pan-Africanism alongside surveys of black nationalism, black consciousness, and Caribbean Pan-Africanism. Chapters on neo-colonialism, decolonization, and Africanization give way to chapters on African social movements, the African Union, and the African Renaissance. Pan-African aesthetics are probed via literature and music, illustrating the black internationalist impulse in myriad continental and diasporan artists’ work. Including 36 chapters by acclaimed established and emerging scholars, the handbook is organized into seven parts, each centered around a comprehensive theme: Intellectual origins, historical evolution, and radical politics of Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanist theories Pan-Africanism in the African diaspora Pan-Africanism in Africa Literary Pan-Africanism Musical Pan-Africanism The contemporary and continued relevance of Pan-Africanism in the 21st century The Routledge Handbook of Pan-Africanism is an indispensable source for scholars and students with research interests in continental and diasporan African history, sociology, politics, economics, and aesthetics. It will also be a very valuable resource for those working in interdisciplinary fields, such as African studies, African American studies, Caribbean studies, decolonial studies, postcolonial studies, women and gender studies, and queer studies.

Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability

Author : Mawere, Munyaradzi
Publisher : Langaa RPCIG
ISBN 13 : 9956762504
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (567 download)

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Book Synopsis Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability by : Mawere, Munyaradzi

Download or read book Harnessing Cultural Capital for Sustainability written by Mawere, Munyaradzi and published by Langaa RPCIG. This book was released on 2015-06-20 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that the basic component of any society's social security and sustainability is cultural capital and its ability to fully recognise diversity in knowledge production and advancement. However, with regard to African societies, since the dawn of racial slavery and colonialism, cultural capital ñ indigenous knowledge in particular ñ has iniquitously and acrimoniously suffered marginalisation and pejorative ragtags. Increasingly since the 1990s, cultural capital informed by African knowledge systems has taken central stage in discussions of sustainability and development. This is not unrelated with the recognition by America and Europe in particular of the central role that cultural capital could and should assume in the logic of development and sustainability at a global level. Unfortunately, action has often failed to match words with regard to the situation in Africa. The current book seeks to make a difference by exploring the role that African cultural capital could and should assume to guarantee development and sustainability on the continent and globally. It argues that lofty pan-African ideals of collective self-reliance, self-sustaining development and economic growth would come to naught unless determined and decisive steps are taken towards full recognition of indigenous cultural capital on the continent.

Africa in Stereo

Author : Tsitsi Ella Jaji
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199936374
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis Africa in Stereo by : Tsitsi Ella Jaji

Download or read book Africa in Stereo written by Tsitsi Ella Jaji and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stereomodernism and amplifying the Black Atlantic -- Sight reading: early Black South African transcriptions of freedom -- Négritude musicology: poetry, performance and statecraft in Senegal -- What women want: selling hi-fi in consumer magazines and film -- 'Soul to soul': echo-locating histories of slavery and freedom from Ghana -- Pirate's choice: hacking into (post- )pan-African futures -- Epilogue: Singing songs.

The South African Gandhi

Author : Ashwin Desai
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804797226
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The South African Gandhi by : Ashwin Desai

Download or read book The South African Gandhi written by Ashwin Desai and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-07 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A biography detailing Gandhi’s twenty-year stay in South Africa and his attitudes and behavior in the nation’s political context. In the pantheon of freedom fighters, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi has pride of place. His fame and influence extend far beyond India and are nowhere more significant than in South Africa. “India gave us a Mohandas, we gave them a Mahatma,” goes a popular South African refrain. Contemporary South African leaders, including Mandela, have consistently lauded him as being part of the epic battle to defeat the racist white regime. The South African Gandhi focuses on Gandhi’s first leadership experiences and the complicated man they reveal—a man who actually supported the British Empire. Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed unveil a man who, throughout his stay on African soil, stayed true to Empire while showing a disdain for Africans. For Gandhi, whites and Indians were bonded by an Aryan bloodline that had no place for the African. Gandhi’s racism was matched by his class prejudice towards the Indian indentured. He persistently claimed that they were ignorant and needed his leadership, and he wrote their resistances and compromises in surviving a brutal labor regime out of history. The South African Gandhi writes the indentured and working class back into history. The authors show that Gandhi never missed an opportunity to show his loyalty to Empire, with a particular penchant for war as a means to do so. He served as an Empire stretcher-bearer in the Boer War while the British occupied South Africa, he demanded guns in the aftermath of the Bhambatha Rebellion, and he toured the villages of India during the First World War as recruiter for the Imperial army. This meticulously researched book punctures the dominant narrative of Gandhi and uncovers an ambiguous figure whose time on African soil was marked by a desire to seek the integration of Indians, minus many basic rights, into the white body politic while simultaneously excluding Africans from his moral compass and political ideals. Praise for The South African Gandhi “In this impressively researched study, two South African scholars of Indian background bravely challenge political myth-making on both sides of the Indian Ocean that has sought to canonize Gandhi as a founding father of the struggle for equality there. They show that the Mahatma-to-be carefully refrained from calling on his followers to throw in their lot with the black majority. The mass struggle he finally led remained an Indian struggle.” —Joseph Lelyveld, author of Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India “This is a wonderful demonstration of meticulously researched, evocative, clear-eyed and fearless history writing. It uncovers a story, some might even call it a scandal, that has remained hidden in plain sight for far too long. The South African Gandhi is a big book. It is a serious challenge to the way we have been taught to think about Gandhi.” —Arundhati Roy, author of The God of Small Things

Black Power in South Africa

Author : Gail M. Gerhart
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520039339
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Power in South Africa by : Gail M. Gerhart

Download or read book Black Power in South Africa written by Gail M. Gerhart and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1978 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book, better than any I have seen, provides an understanding of the politics and ideology of orthodox African nationalism, or Black Power, in South Africa since World War II. . . . from the Youth League of the African Student National Congress (ANC) of the late 1940s to the South African Student Organization (SASO) and the Black Consciousness Movement of the 1970s."—Perspective "Clarifies some of the main issues that have divided the black leadership and rescues the work of some pioneering nationalist theorists. . . . It's an absorbing piece of history."—New York Times "Informative and well-researched. . . . She ably explores the nuances of the two main movements until 1960 and explains why blacks were so receptive to black consciousness in the late Sixties."—New York Review

Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora

Author : Ronald W. Walters
Publisher : Wayne State University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780814321850
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora by : Ronald W. Walters

Download or read book Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora written by Ronald W. Walters and published by Wayne State University Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walters (political science, Howard U.) uses the tools of comparative politics for examining similar Black and white social institutions and organizations in the US and other countries and for creating a "tailored" Pan African perspective as a criteria with which to describe the interactive relationships between the American Black community and Blacks in Britain, South Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Nkrumaism and African Nationalism

Author : Matteo Grilli
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319913255
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Nkrumaism and African Nationalism by : Matteo Grilli

Download or read book Nkrumaism and African Nationalism written by Matteo Grilli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines Ghana’s Pan-African foreign policy during Nkrumah’s rule, investigating how Ghanaians sought to influence the ideologies of African liberation movements through the Bureau of African Affairs, the African Affairs Centre and the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute. In a world of competing ideologies, when African nationalism was taking shape through trial and error, Nkrumah offered Nkrumaism as a truly African answer to colonialism, neo-colonialism and the rapacity of the Cold War powers. Although virtually no liberation movement followed the precepts of Nkrumaism to the letter, many adapted the principles and organizational methods learnt in Ghana to their own struggles. Drawing upon a significant set of primary sources and on oral testimonies from Ghanaian civil servants, politicians and diplomats as well as African freedom fighters, this book offers new angles for understanding the history of the Cold War, national liberation and nation-building in Africa.

An Outline of the New African Movement in South Africa

Author : Ntongela Masilela
Publisher : Africa Research and Publications
ISBN 13 : 9781592218769
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis An Outline of the New African Movement in South Africa by : Ntongela Masilela

Download or read book An Outline of the New African Movement in South Africa written by Ntongela Masilela and published by Africa Research and Publications. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New African Movement stretched over a century from about 1862 (Tiyo Soga) to 1960 (Ezekiel Mphahlele). It consisted of writers, political and religious leaders, artists, teachers and scientists who called themselves New Africans - specifically New African intellectuals - to distinguish themselves from the Old Africans. They felt they stood out as a new movement because they were engaged with creating knowledge of modernity rather than taking consolation and satisfaction in the old ways of traditional societies.