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Author : H. W. Halbe
Publisher : Parthenon Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (677 download)
Download or read book Oral Contraception Into the 1990s written by H. W. Halbe and published by Parthenon Publishing. This book was released on 1989 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1999 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Author : H. W. Halbe
Publisher : Parthenon Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781850702627
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (26 download)
Download or read book Oral Contraception Into the 1990s written by H. W. Halbe and published by Parthenon Publishing. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Alan H. De Cherney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (246 download)
Download or read book Next Generation of Contraception written by Alan H. De Cherney and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241562846
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)
Download or read book Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use written by World Health Organization. Reproductive Health and Research and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2005 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document is one of two evidence-based cornerstones of the World Health Organization's (WHO) new initiative to develop and implement evidence-based guidelines for family planning. The first cornerstone, the Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (third edition) published in 2004, provides guidance for who can use contraceptive methods safely. This document, the Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use (second edition), provides guidance for how to use contraceptive methods safely and effectively once they are deemed to be medically appropriate. The recommendations contained in this document are the product of a process that culminated in an expert Working Group meeting held at the World Health Organization, Geneva, 13-16 April 2004.
Author :
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241563885
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)
Download or read book Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use reviews the medical eligibility criteria for use of contraception, offering guidance on the safety and use of different methods for women and men with specific characteristics or known medical conditions. The recommendations are based on systematic reviews of available clinical and epidemiological research. It is a companion guideline to Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use. Together, these documents are intended to be used by policy-makers, program managers, and the scientific community to support national programs in the preparation of service delivery guidelines. The fourth edition of this useful resource supersedes previous editions, and has been fully updated and expanded. It includes over 86 new recommendations and 165 updates to recommendations in the previous edition. Guidance for populations with special needs is now provided, and a new annex details evidence on drug interactions from concomitant use of antiretroviral therapies and hormonal contraceptives. To assist users familiar with the third edition, new and updated recommendations are highlighted. Everyone involved in providing family planning services and contraception should have the fourth edition of Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use at hand.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (294 download)
Download or read book The 1990S written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309052300
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book The Best Intentions written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-07-02 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts estimate that nearly 60 percent of all U.S. pregnanciesâ€"and 81 percent of pregnancies among adolescentsâ€"are unintended. Yet the topic of preventing these unintended pregnancies has long been treated gingerly because of personal sensitivities and public controversies, especially the angry debate over abortion. Additionally, child welfare advocates long have overlooked the connection between pregnancy planning and the improved well-being of families and communities that results when children are wanted. Now, current issuesâ€"health care and welfare reform, and the new international focus on populationâ€"are drawing attention to the consequences of unintended pregnancy. In this climate The Best Intentions offers a timely exploration of family planning issues from a distinguished panel of experts. This committee sheds much-needed light on the questions and controversies surrounding unintended pregnancy. The book offers specific recommendations to put the United States on par with other developed nations in terms of contraceptive attitudes and policies, and it considers the effectiveness of over 20 pregnancy prevention programs. The Best Intentions explores problematic definitionsâ€""unintended" versus "unwanted" versus "mistimed"â€"and presents data on pregnancy rates and trends. The book also summarizes the health and social consequences of unintended pregnancies, for both men and women, and for the children they bear. Why does unintended pregnancy occur? In discussions of "reasons behind the rates," the book examines Americans' ambivalence about sexuality and the many other social, cultural, religious, and economic factors that affect our approach to contraception. The committee explores the complicated web of peer pressure, life aspirations, and notions of romance that shape an individual's decisions about sex, contraception, and pregnancy. And the book looks at such practical issues as the attitudes of doctors toward birth control and the place of contraception in both health insurance and "managed care." The Best Intentions offers frank discussion, synthesis of data, and policy recommendations on one of today's most sensitive social topics. This book will be important to policymakers, health and social service personnel, foundation executives, opinion leaders, researchers, and concerned individuals.
Download or read book Next Generation of Contraception written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Barbara Seaman
Publisher : Hunter House Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780897931816
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (318 download)
Download or read book The Doctor's Case Against the Pill written by Barbara Seaman and published by Hunter House Publishers. This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considered the definitive statement on modern birth-control technologies, this Anniversary Edition includes new, up-to-date chapters on the dangers of Norplant and the risks women on the Pill face today. Because it tells the truth about the Pill, this book provides women with the information they need to make good choices for their own body.
Author : United Nations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789211483291
Total Pages : 25 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)
Download or read book Contraceptive Use by Method 2019 written by United Nations and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This data booklet highlights estimates of the prevalence of individual contraceptive methods based on the World Contraceptive Use 2019 (which draws from 1,247 surveys for 195 countries or areas of the world) and additional tabulations obtained from microdata sets and survey reports. The estimates are presented for female and male sterilisation, intrauterine device (IUD), implant, injectable, pill, male condom, withdrawal, rhythm and other methods combined.
Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309044936
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused concern among these OC users and uncertainty among many of their physicians. This new volume offers the most up-to-date information available on this critical topic. While the best available knowledge does not support any fundamental change in clinical practice with respect to the use of OCs, this book offers specific recommendations for more research to fully resolve the relationship between OCs and breast cancer. Noting consumer confusion, the volume includes a concise summary of benefits, risks, and other practical information for contraceptive users and their doctors. The volume presents current data on changes in patterns of OC use, differences in risk at different ages, the benefits of OCs, and more. Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer will be important reading for obstetricians/gynecologists and other health professionals, their patients who use OCs, contraceptive manufacturers, women's health advocates, policymakers, and researchers.
Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309175658
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Contraceptive Research and Development written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-04 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "contraceptive revolution" of the 1960s and 1970s introduced totally new contraceptive options and launched an era of research and product development. Yet by the late 1980s, conditions had changed and improvements in contraceptive products, while very important in relation to improved oral contraceptives, IUDs, implants, and injectables, had become primarily incremental. Is it time for a second contraceptive revolution and how might it happen? Contraceptive Research and Development explores the frontiers of science where the contraceptives of the future are likely to be found and lays out criteria for deciding where to make the next R&D investments. The book comprehensively examines today's contraceptive needs, identifies "niches" in those needs that seem most readily translatable into market terms, and scrutinizes issues that shape the market: method side effects and contraceptive failure, the challenge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and the implications of the "women's agenda." Contraceptive Research and Development analyzes the response of the pharmaceutical industry to current dynamics in regulation, liability, public opinion, and the economics of the health sector and offers an integrated set of recommendations for public- and private-sector action to meet a whole new generation of demand.
Author :
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9789241208772
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (87 download)
Download or read book Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1998 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluates the strength and significance of evidence linking use of combined oral contraceptives to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Recommendations and conclusions reflect the consensus reached by a group of scientists, including researchers directly involved in several recent large-scale investigations of cardiovascular disease and hormone contraception. The experts also considered evidence that other factors, such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, age, and family history, might influence the risk of cardiovascular disease in users of combined oral contraceptives. In view of major recent changes in the hormonal content of these contraceptives and the prescribing patterns of providers, the assessment concentrates on data collected after 1980. The experts also aimed to determine whether the risk of disease is influenced by the estrogen or progestogen content of different preparations. To facilitate the comparison and interpretation of study results, the report opens with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the different epidemiological approaches used to assess the safety of steroid contraceptives. Also discussed is the important distinction between the use of relative risk to examine epidemiological associations and the use of absolute risk to examine clinical importance. Against this background, the main part of the report examines the strength of evidence linking steroid contraceptives to an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Studies of combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only contraceptives are considered separately for each disease. An effort is also made to determine whether conclusions, based on studies conducted in industrialized countries, are also valid for women living in the developing world. The assessment of findings from epidemiological studies is complemented by a review of possible biological explanations for the effects of combined oral contraceptives on cardiovascular functions. On the basis of all available evidence, the report concludes that mortality rates from cardiovascular disease are extremely low among women of reproductive age and that the added risk of using steroid contraceptives is also very low in users who do not smoke or have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A final section places these risks in perspective and offers balanced advice useful to providers of family planning when helping women to make informed choices about the use of hormonal contraceptives.
Author : John Rock
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Voluntary Parenthood written by John Rock and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)
Download or read book The 1990s, a New Decade in Oral Contraception Development written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Gabriela Soto Laveaga
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822391961
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)
Download or read book Jungle Laboratories written by Gabriela Soto Laveaga and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2009-12-23 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1940s chemists discovered that barbasco, a wild yam indigenous to Mexico, could be used to mass-produce synthetic steroid hormones. Barbasco spurred the development of new drugs, including cortisone and the first viable oral contraceptives, and positioned Mexico as a major player in the global pharmaceutical industry. Yet few people today are aware of Mexico’s role in achieving these advances in modern medicine. In Jungle Laboratories, Gabriela Soto Laveaga reconstructs the story of how rural yam pickers, international pharmaceutical companies, and the Mexican state collaborated and collided over the barbasco. By so doing, she sheds important light on a crucial period in Mexican history and challenges us to reconsider who can produce science. Soto Laveaga traces the political, economic, and scientific development of the global barbasco industry from its emergence in the 1940s, through its appropriation by a populist Mexican state in 1970, to its obsolescence in the mid-1990s. She focuses primarily on the rural southern region of Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, where the yam grew most freely and where scientists relied on local, indigenous knowledge to cultivate and harvest the plant. Rural Mexicans, at first unaware of the pharmaceutical and financial value of barbasco, later acquired and deployed scientific knowledge to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies, lobby the Mexican government, and ultimately transform how urban Mexicans perceived them. By illuminating how the yam made its way from the jungles of Mexico, to domestic and foreign scientific laboratories where it was transformed into pills, to the medicine cabinets of millions of women across the globe, Jungle Laboratories urges us to recognize the ways that Mexican peasants attained social and political legitimacy in the twentieth century, and positions Latin America as a major producer of scientific knowledge.
