Our Car as Power Plant

Download Our Car as Power Plant PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1614993777
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (149 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Our Car as Power Plant by : A.J.M. van Wijk

Download or read book Our Car as Power Plant written by A.J.M. van Wijk and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2014-01-31 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cell cars can provide more efficient and cleaner transportation. However, we use our cars for transportation only 5% of the time. When parked, the fuel cell in the car can produce electricity from hydrogen, which is cleaner and more efficient than the current electricity system, generating useful ‘waste’ products in the form of heat and fresh water. The produced electricity, heat and fresh water can be fed into the respective grids or be used directly in our house, office or the school of our kids. The required hydrogen can be produced from gas (natural gas, biogas) or electricity (hydro, wind, solar, etc.). In the end, these fuel cell cars can replace all power plants worldwide. As a result, the ‘car as power plant’ can create an integrated, efficient, reliable, flexible, clean, smart and personalized transport, energy and water system: a real paradigm shift. The ‘Car as Power Plant’ is developed at Delft Technical University, in The Green Village: a sustainable, lively and entrepreneurial environment where we discover, learn and show how to solve society’s urgent challenges. The Green Village unifies clever, imaginative strengths of scientists and entrepreneurs and turns ideas and visions into experiences and commercially viable products and services. Innovative power that sets horizons for a new, sustainable, green and circular economy.

Optimum Hybrid Power Plants for Automobiles

Download Optimum Hybrid Power Plants for Automobiles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780642864468
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (644 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optimum Hybrid Power Plants for Automobiles by : K. J. Bullock

Download or read book Optimum Hybrid Power Plants for Automobiles written by K. J. Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Analysis, Control and Optimal Operations in Hybrid Power Systems

Download Analysis, Control and Optimal Operations in Hybrid Power Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447155386
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Analysis, Control and Optimal Operations in Hybrid Power Systems by : Nicu Bizon

Download or read book Analysis, Control and Optimal Operations in Hybrid Power Systems written by Nicu Bizon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-26 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book’s text focuses on explaining and analyzing the dynamic performance of linear and nonlinear systems, in particular for Power Systems (PS) including Hybrid Power Sources (HPS). The system stability is important for both PS operation and planning. Placing emphasis on understanding the underlying stability principles, the book opens with an exploration of basic concepts using mathematical models and case studies from linear and nonlinear system, and continues with complex models and algorithms from field of PS. The book’s features include: (1) progressive approach from simplicity to complexity, (2) deeper look into advanced aspects of stability theory, (3) detailed description of system stability using state space energy conservation principle, (4) review of some research in the field of PS stability analysis, (5) advanced models and algorithms for Transmission Network Expansion Planning (TNEP), (6) Stability enhancement including the use of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Flexible Alternative Current Transmission Systems (FACTS), and (7) examination of the influence of nonlinear control on fuel cell HPS dynamics. The book will be easy to read and understand and will be an essential resource for both undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering as well as to the PhDs and engineers from this field. It is also a clear and comprehensive reference text for undergraduate students, postgraduate and research students studying power systems, and also for practicing engineers and researchers who are working in electricity companies or in the development of power system technologies. All will appreciate the authors' accessible approach in introduction the power system dynamics and stability from both a mathematical and engineering viewpoint.

Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles

Download Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IET
ISBN 13 : 0863419151
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (634 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles by : John M. Miller

Download or read book Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles written by John M. Miller and published by IET. This book was released on 2008 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering in-depth coverage of hybrid propulsion topics, energy storage systems and modelling, and supporting electrical systems, this book will be an invaluable resource for practising engineers and managers involved in all aspects of hybrid vehicle development, modelling, simulation and testing.

Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Download Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IET
ISBN 13 : 1785610082
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (856 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles by : K.T. Chau

Download or read book Energy Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles written by K.T. Chau and published by IET. This book was released on 2016-08-15 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides thorough coverage of energy systems for electric and hybrid vehicles with a focus on the three main energy system technologies - energy sources, battery charging and vehicle-to-grid systems. Energy sources includes electrochemical energy sources, electromechanical energy storage, hybrid energy sources, on-board solar energy harvesting, on-board thermoelectric energy recovery, and battery management. Battery charging technology ranges from the existing charging strategies to the latest wireless charging techniques for park-and-charge and move-and-charge. Vehicle-to-grid technology covers interdisciplinary topics which link electric vehicles, information technology and power systems for management of energy systems, power interfaces and service scheduling. Researchers and advanced students developing electric/hybrid vehicles and intelligent transport systems in industry and academia will find this book invaluable. As will researchers and advanced students working on automotive engineering and battery/power engineering.

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Download Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429998236
Total Pages : 758 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles by : Mehrdad Ehsani

Download or read book Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles written by Mehrdad Ehsani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 758 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles. The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems.” —James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA “The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry.” —Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA “The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals.” —Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included • Chapters updated throughout the text. • New homework problems, solutions, and examples. • Includes two new chapters. • Features accompanying MATLABTM software.

Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation

Download Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128241861
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation by : Massimiliano Lo Faro

Download or read book Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation written by Massimiliano Lo Faro and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-30 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid Technologies for Power Generation addresses the topics related to hybrid technologies by coupling conventional thermal engines with novel technologies, including fuel cells, batteries, thermal storage and electrolysis, and reporting on the most recent advances concerning transport and stationary applications. Potential operating schemes of hybrid power generation systems are covered, highlighting possible combinations of technology and guideline selection according to the energy demands of end-users. Going beyond state-of-the-art technological developments for processes, devices and systems, this book discusses the environmental impact and existing hurdles of moving from a single device to new approaches for efficient energy generation, transfer, conversion, high-density storage and consumption. By describing the practical viability of novel devices coupled to conventional thermal devices, this book has a decisive impact in energy system research, supporting those in the energy research and engineering communities. - Covers detailed thermodynamic requirements for multiple smart technologies included in hybrid systems (i.e., FC, electrolysers, supercapacitors, batteries, thermal storage, etc.) - Features fundamental analysis and modeling to optimize the combination of smart technologies with traditional engines - Details protocols for the analysis, operation and requirements of large-scale production

Hybrid Power

Download Hybrid Power PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000328570
Total Pages : 651 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hybrid Power by : Yatish T. Shah

Download or read book Hybrid Power written by Yatish T. Shah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-02-18 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid energy systems integrate multiple sources of power generation, storage, and transport mechanisms and can facilitate increased usage of cleaner, renewable, and more efficient energy sources. Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids discusses hybrid energy systems from fundamentals through applications and discusses generation, storage, and grids. Highlights fundamentals and applications of hybrid energy storage Discusses use in hybrid and electric vehicles and home energy needs Discusses issues related to hybrid renewable energy systems connected to the utility grid Describes the usefulness of hybrid microgrids and various forms of off-grid energy such as mini-grids, nanogrids, and stand-alone systems Covers the use of hybrid renewable energy systems for rural electrification around the world Discusses various forms and applications of hybrid energy systems, hybrid energy storage, hybrid microgrids, and hybrid off-grid energy systems Details simulation and optimization of hybrid renewable energy systems This book is aimed at advanced students and researchers in academia, government, and industry, seeking a comprehensive overview of the basics, technologies, and applications of hybrid energy systems.

Total Vehicle Technology

Download Total Vehicle Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781860583773
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (837 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Total Vehicle Technology by : Peter R. N. Childs

Download or read book Total Vehicle Technology written by Peter R. N. Childs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in this volume consider the innovation process in vehicle design. Topics include: trends in propulsion technology; powertrain development methods; hybrid vehicle technologies; choice of components; vehicle design and visualization; and vehicle systems technologies.

Solar Hybrid Systems

Download Solar Hybrid Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323885004
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Solar Hybrid Systems by : Ahmet Aktas

Download or read book Solar Hybrid Systems written by Ahmet Aktas and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-23 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar Hybrid Systems: Design and Application discusses the key power generation characteristics of solar systems and explores the growing need for hybrid systems. The authors use real-life examples to explain the disadvantages of solar systems without hybridization and to demonstrate the various applications hybrid solar systems can be used for, paying special attention to its integration with energy storage systems. The book also discusses the impact of hybridization and how this can improve power generation quality along with investigating novel and advanced hybrid solar systems. This is a useful reference for engineers and researchers involved in both the development and application of hybrid solar systems, and features topics such as solutions for the intermittence of renewable energy sources; on-gird and off-grid solar hybrid systems; the simulation, design and application of hybrid solar systems; the role of energy storage systems in solar hybrid applications; and the future of electric vehicles using solar hybrid systems. - Demonstrates the benefits of hybrid solar systems and why they are needed - Features practical advice on designing hybrid solar systems - Includes key findings and real-world examples to illustrate the applications of hybrid solar systems

Distributed Energy Systems

Download Distributed Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000823377
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Distributed Energy Systems by : Ashutosh K. Giri

Download or read book Distributed Energy Systems written by Ashutosh K. Giri and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the insight of various topology and control algorithms used for power control in distributed energy power conversion systems such as solar, wind, and other power sources. It covers traditional and advanced control algorithms of power filtering including modelling and simulations, and hybrid power generation systems. The adaptive control, model predictive control, fuzzy-based controllers, Artificial Intelligence-based control algorithm, and optimization techniques application for estimating the error regulator gains are discussed. Features of this book include the following: Covers the schemes for power quality enhancement, and voltage and frequency control. Provides complete mathematical modelling and simulation results of the various configurations of the renewable energy-based distribution systems. Includes design, control, and experimental results. Discusses mathematical modelling of classical and adaptive control techniques. Explores recent application of control algorithm and power conversion. This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in power electronics, distributed power generation systems, control engineering, Artificial Intelligent-based control algorithms, optimization techniques, and renewable energy systems.

Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles

Download Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821334447
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles by : Asif Faiz

Download or read book Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles written by Asif Faiz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contributions by Surhid Gautam and Lit-Mian Chan. This book presents a state-of-the art review of vehicle emission standards and regulations and provides a synthesis of worldwide experience with vehicle emission control technologies and their applications in both industrial and developing countries. Topics covered include: * The two principal international systems of vehicle emission standards: those of North America and Europe * Test procedures used to verify compliance with emissions standards and to estimate actual emissions * Engine and aftertreatment technologies that have been developed to enable new vehicles to comply with emission standards, as well as the cost and other impacts of these technologies * An evaluation of measures for controlling emissions from in-use vehicles * The role of fuels in reducing vehicle emissions, the benefits that could be gained by reformulating conventional gasoline and diesel fuels, the potential benefits of alternative cleaner fuels, and the prospects for using hydrogen and electric power to run motor vehicles with ultra-low or zero emissions. This book is the first in a series of publications on vehicle-related pollution and control measures prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme to underpin the Bank's overall objective of promoting transport that is environmentally sustainable and least damaging to human health and welfare.

Energy Research Abstracts

Download Energy Research Abstracts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1430 pages
Book Rating : 4.U/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Energy Research Abstracts by :

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 1430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiannual, with semiannual and annual indexes. References to all scientific and technical literature coming from DOE, its laboratories, energy centers, and contractors. Includes all works deriving from DOE, other related government-sponsored information, and foreign nonnuclear information. Arranged under 39 categories, e.g., Biomedical sciences, basic studies; Biomedical sciences, applied studies; Health and safety; and Fusion energy. Entry gives bibliographical information and abstract. Corporate, author, subject, report number indexes.

Battery-Integrated Residential Energy Systems

Download Battery-Integrated Residential Energy Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040148123
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Battery-Integrated Residential Energy Systems by : Asmae Berrada

Download or read book Battery-Integrated Residential Energy Systems written by Asmae Berrada and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-11-15 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Battery-Integrated Residential Energy Systems introduces battery energy storage systems (BESS) of residential systems and offers insight into modeling, managing, and controlling them. Apart from survey of different BESS applications, it explains electrochemical simulation models of BESS. It includes performance parameters, economic analysis, sizing, energy management, control, charging and discharging patterns, coordination of the storage system with other devices in the home, and policy-related matters. Features: Covers different aspects of smart residential energy systems with a battery as a key element Discusses increasing energy efficiency in residential units by optimal control and management of BESS Explores information related to the policy regarding the use of BESS Includes chapters on energy trading for implementation of optimal energy management of BESS Focuses on a variety of aspects of battery operation and control This book is aimed at senior undergraduate, graduate students, and researchers in Electrical Engineering, Battery Systems, Energy Engineering, and Sustainable and Renewable Technologies.

Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes

Download Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 838 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes by :

Download or read book Energy: a Continuing Bibliography with Indexes written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Alternative Energy For Dummies

Download Alternative Energy For Dummies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470430621
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alternative Energy For Dummies by : Rik DeGunther

Download or read book Alternative Energy For Dummies written by Rik DeGunther and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-05-04 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The myths and facts about alternative fuels–and how they impact our lives As the price of energy continues to soar, so too has the demand for alternative energy. But there's no clear "winner" in the race to replace fossil fuels. Alternative Energy For Dummies explores the current fossil fuel conundrum and society's growing need for more and more energy. Cutting through the competing claims, this book offers a multifaceted examination of alternative energy, including solar, wind, nuclear, biomass, geothermal, biofuel, and other sources. Each alternative scenario is compared to current fossil-fuel intensive practices in the scientific, environmental, social, political, and economic realms. Readers also gain insight into the future of energy production.

Intelligent Control for Electric Power Systems and Electric Vehicles

Download Intelligent Control for Electric Power Systems and Electric Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 104013467X
Total Pages : 589 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Control for Electric Power Systems and Electric Vehicles by : G. Rigatos

Download or read book Intelligent Control for Electric Power Systems and Electric Vehicles written by G. Rigatos and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-10-30 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present monograph offers a detailed and in-depth analysis of the topic of Intelligent Control for Electric Power Systems and Electric Vehicles. First, Nonlinear optimal control and Lie algebra-based control (Control based on approximate linearization and Global linearization-based control concepts) is analyzed. Next, Differential flatness theory and flatness-based control methods (Global linearization-based control with the use of differential flatness theory and Flatness-based control of nonlinear dynamical systems in cascading loops) is treated. Following the control theoretic part Control of DC and PMBLDC electric motors (Control of DC motors through a DC-DC converter and Control of Per- manent Magnet Brushless DC motors) is presented. Besides, Control of VSI-fed three-phase and multi- phase PMSMs (Nonlinear optimal control VSI-fed three-phase PMSMs and Nonlinear optimal control VSI-fed six-phase PMSMs) is explained. Additionally, Control of energy conversion chains based on PMSMs (Control of wind-turbine and PMSM-based electric power unit and Control of a PMSM-driven gas-compression unit) is studied. Besides, Control of energy conversion chains based on Induction Ma- chines (Control of the VSI-fed three-phase induction motor, Control of an induction motor-driven gas compressor and Control of induction generator-based shipboard microgrids) is explained. Next, Control of multi-phase machines in gas processing and power units (Control of gas-compressors actuated by 5-phase PMSMs and Control of 6-phase induction generators in renewable energy units) is introduced, Moreover, Control of Spherical Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors and Switched Reluctance Mo- tors (Control of spherical permanent magnet synchronous motors, Control of switched reluctance motors for electric traction and Adaptive control for switched reluctance motors) is analyzed, Furthermore, Control of traction and powertrains in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Control of multi- phase motors in the traction system in electric vehicles and Control of synchronous machines and converters in power-chains of hybrid electric vehicles) is explained, Finally, Control of renewable power units and heat management units (Control of residential microgrids with Wind Generators, Fuel Cells and PVs and Control of heat pumps for thermal management in electric vehicles) it treated. The new control methods which are proposed by the monograph treat the control problem of the complex nonlinear dynamics of electric power systems and electric vehicles without the need for complicated state-space model transformations and changes of state variables. The proposed control schemes are modular and scalable and can be applied to a large class of dynamic models of electric power systems and electric vehicles. They have a clear and easy-to- implement algorithmic part, while they also exhibit a moderate computational load. The proposed control schemes foster the optimized exploitation of renewable energy sources and the reliable integration of renewable energy units in the power grid. Besides, they support the transition to electromotion and the deployment of the use of electric vehicles. The manuscript is suitable for teaching nonlinear control, estimation and fault diagnosis topics with emphasis to electric power systems and to electric vehicle traction and propulsion systems both at late undergraduate and postgraduate levels.