Optimally Personalized Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Control

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Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Author : Chris Mi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111897056X
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Electric Vehicles by : Chris Mi

Download or read book Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by Chris Mi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric, and off-road hybrid vehicular systems. It focuses on the power and propulsion systems for these vehicles, including issues related to power and energy management. Other topics covered include hybrid vs. pure electric, HEV system architecture (including plug-in & charging control and hydraulic), off-road and other industrial utility vehicles, safety and EMC, storage technologies, vehicular power and energy management, diagnostics and prognostics, and electromechanical vibration issues. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition with four new chapters covering recent advances in hybrid vehicle technology. New areas covered include battery modelling, charger design, and wireless charging. Substantial details have also been included on the architecture of hybrid excavators in the chapter related to special hybrid vehicles. Also included is a chapter providing an overview of hybrid vehicle technology, which offers a perspective on the current debate on sustainability and the environmental impact of hybrid and electric vehicle technology. Completely updated with new chapters Covers recent developments, breakthroughs, and technologies, including new drive topologies Explains HEV fundamentals and applications Offers a holistic perspective on vehicle electrification Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives, Second Edition is a great resource for researchers and practitioners in the automotive industry, as well as for graduate students in automotive engineering.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Author : Simona Onori
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447167813
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Electric Vehicles by : Simona Onori

Download or read book Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by Simona Onori and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-16 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SpringerBrief deals with the control and optimization problem in hybrid electric vehicles. Given that there are two (or more) energy sources (i.e., battery and fuel) in hybrid vehicles, it shows the reader how to implement an energy-management strategy that decides how much of the vehicle’s power is provided by each source instant by instant. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: •introduces methods for modeling energy flow in hybrid electric vehicles; •presents a standard mathematical formulation of the optimal control problem; •discusses different optimization and control strategies for energy management, integrating the most recent research results; and •carries out an overall comparison of the different control strategies presented. Chapter by chapter, a case study is thoroughly developed, providing illustrative numerical examples that show the basic principles applied to real-world situations. The brief is intended as a straightforward tool for learning quickly about state-of-the-art energy-management strategies. It is particularly well-suited to the needs of graduate students and engineers already familiar with the basics of hybrid vehicles but who wish to learn more about their control strategies.

Future Powertrain Technologies

Author : Stephan Rinderknecht
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039437534
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Powertrain Technologies by : Stephan Rinderknecht

Download or read book Future Powertrain Technologies written by Stephan Rinderknecht and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the various factors greatly influencing the development process of future powertrain technologies, the trends in climate change and digitalization are of huge public interest. To handle these trends, new disruptive technologies are integrated into the development process. They open up space for diverse research which is distributed over the entire vehicle design process. This book contains recent research articles which incorporate results for selecting and designing powertrain topology in consideration of the vehicle operating strategy as well as results for handling the reliability of new powertrain components. The field of investigation spans from the identification of ecologically optimal transformation of the existent vehicle fleet to the development of machine learning-based operating strategies and the comparison of complex hybrid electric vehicle topologies to reduce CO2 emissions.

Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309268524
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels by : National Research Council

Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.

Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles

Author : Bram de Jager
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447150767
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles by : Bram de Jager

Download or read book Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles written by Bram de Jager and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-05 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles provides a description of power train control for hybrid vehicles. The background, environmental motivation and control challenges associated with hybrid vehicles are introduced. The text includes mathematical models for all relevant components in the hybrid power train. The power split problem in hybrid power trains is formally described and several numerical solutions detailed, including dynamic programming and a novel solution for state-constrained optimal control problems based on the maximum principle. Real-time-implementable strategies that can approximate the optimal solution closely are dealt with in depth. Several approaches are discussed and compared, including a state-of-the-art strategy which is adaptive for vehicle conditions like velocity and mass. Three case studies are included in the book: • a control strategy for a micro-hybrid power train; • experimental results obtained with a real-time strategy implemented in a hybrid electric truck; and • an analysis of the optimal component sizes for a hybrid power train. Optimal Control of Hybrid Vehicles will appeal to academic researchers and graduate students interested in hybrid vehicle control or in the applications of optimal control. Practitioners working in the design of control systems for the automotive industry will also find the ideas propounded in this book of interest.

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Author : Mehrdad Ehsani
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429998244
Total Pages : 546 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles by : Mehrdad Ehsani

Download or read book Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles written by Mehrdad Ehsani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-02-02 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is an introduction to automotive technology, with specic reference to battery electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell electric vehicles. It could serve electrical engineers who need to know more about automobiles or automotive engineers who need to know about electrical propulsion systems. For example, this reviewer, who is a specialist in electric machinery, could use this book to better understand the automobiles for which the reviewer is designing electric drive motors. An automotive engineer, on the other hand, might use it to better understand the nature of motors and electric storage systems for application in automobiles, trucks or motorcycles. The early chapters of the book are accessible to technically literate people who need to know something about cars. While the rst chapter is historical in nature, the second chapter is a good introduction to automobiles, including dynamics of propulsion and braking. The third chapter discusses, in some detail, spark ignition and compression ignition (Diesel) engines. The fourth chapter discusses the nature of transmission systems.” —James Kirtley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA “The third edition covers extensive topics in modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, in which the profound knowledge, mathematical modeling, simulations, and control are clearly presented. Featured with design of various vehicle drivetrains, as well as a multi-objective optimization software, it is an estimable work to meet the needs of automotive industry.” —Haiyan Henry Zhang, Purdue University, USA “The extensive combined experience of the authors have produced an extensive volume covering a broad range but detailed topics on the principles, design and architectures of Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles in a well-structured, clear and concise manner. The volume offers a complete overview of technologies, their selection, integration & control, as well as an interesting Technical Overview of the Toyota Prius. The technical chapters are complemented with example problems and user guides to assist the reader in practical calculations through the use of common scientic computing packages. It will be of interest mainly to research postgraduates working in this eld as well as established academic researchers, industrial R&D engineers and allied professionals.” —Christopher Donaghy-Sparg, Durham University, United Kingdom The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results. All the chapters have been updated, and two new chapters on Mild Hybrids and Optimal Sizing and Dimensioning and Control are also included • Chapters updated throughout the text. • New homework problems, solutions, and examples. • Includes two new chapters. • Features accompanying MATLABTM software.

Artificial Intelligent Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Author : Chitra A.
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119681901
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Artificial Intelligent Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles by : Chitra A.

Download or read book Artificial Intelligent Techniques for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by Chitra A. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric vehicles are changing transportation dramatically and this unique book merges the many disciplines that contribute research to make EV possible, so the reader is informed about all the underlying science and technologies driving the change. An emission-free mobility system is the only way to save the world from the greenhouse effect and other ecological issues. This belief has led to a tremendous growth in the demand for electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), which are predicted to have a promising future based on the goals fixed by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 program. This book brings together the research that has been carried out in the EV/HEV sector and the leading role of advanced optimization techniques with artificial intelligence (AI). This is achieved by compiling the findings of various studies in the electrical, electronics, computer, and mechanical domains for the EV/HEV system. In addition to acting as a hub for information on these research findings, the book also addresses the challenges in the EV/HEV sector and provides proven solutions that involve the most promising AI techniques. Since the commercialization of EVs/HEVs still remains a challenge in industries in terms of performance and cost, these are the two tradeoffs which need to be researched in order to arrive at an optimal solution. Therefore, this book focuses on the convergence of various technologies involved in EVs/HEVs. Since all countries will gradually shift from conventional internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles to EVs/HEVs in the near future, it also serves as a useful reliable resource for multidisciplinary researchers and industry teams.

Electric Powertrain

Author : John G. Hayes
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119063647
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Powertrain by : John G. Hayes

Download or read book Electric Powertrain written by John G. Hayes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-05 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The why, what and how of the electric vehicle powertrain Empowers engineering professionals and students with the knowledge and skills required to engineer electric vehicle powertrain architectures, energy storage systems, power electronics converters and electric drives. The modern electric powertrain is relatively new for the automotive industry, and engineers are challenged with designing affordable, efficient and high-performance electric powertrains as the industry undergoes a technological evolution. Co-authored by two electric vehicle (EV) engineers with decades of experience designing and putting into production all of the powertrain technologies presented, this book provides readers with the hands-on knowledge, skills and expertise they need to rise to that challenge. This four-part practical guide provides a comprehensive review of battery, hybrid and fuel cell EV systems and the associated energy sources, power electronics, machines, and drives. Introduces and holistically integrates the key EV powertrain technologies. Provides a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging automotive solutions. Provides experience-based expertise for vehicular and powertrain system and sub-system level study, design, and optimization. Presents many examples of powertrain technologies from leading manufacturers. Discusses the dc traction machines of the Mars rovers, the ultimate EVs from NASA. Investigates the environmental motivating factors and impacts of electromobility. Presents a structured university teaching stream from introductory undergraduate to postgraduate. Includes real-world problems and assignments of use to design engineers, researchers, and students alike. Features a companion website with numerous references, problems, solutions, and practical assignments. Includes introductory material throughout the book for the general scientific reader. Contains essential reading for government regulators and policy makers. Electric Powertrain: Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles is an important professional resource for practitioners and researchers in the battery, hybrid, and fuel cell EV transportation industry. The resource is a structured, holistic textbook for the teaching of the fundamental theories and applications of energy sources, power electronics, and electric machines and drives to engineering undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles

Author : Bruno Scrosati
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782423982
Total Pages : 547 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (824 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles by : Bruno Scrosati

Download or read book Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles written by Bruno Scrosati and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-25 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles provides an in-depth look into the research being conducted on the development of more efficient batteries capable of long distance travel. The text contains an introductory section on the market for battery and hybrid electric vehicles, then thoroughly presents the latest on lithium-ion battery technology. Readers will find sections on battery pack design and management, a discussion of the infrastructure required for the creation of a battery powered transport network, and coverage of the issues involved with end-of-life management for these types of batteries. - Provides an in-depth look into new research on the development of more efficient, long distance travel batteries - Contains an introductory section on the market for battery and hybrid electric vehicles - Discusses battery pack design and management and the issues involved with end-of-life management for these types of batteries

Proceedings of ELM 2018

Author : Jiuwen Cao
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030233073
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of ELM 2018 by : Jiuwen Cao

Download or read book Proceedings of ELM 2018 written by Jiuwen Cao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-29 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains some selected papers from the International Conference on Extreme Learning Machine 2018, which was held in Singapore, November 21–23, 2018. This conference provided a forum for academics, researchers and engineers to share and exchange R&D experience on both theoretical studies and practical applications of the ELM technique and brain learning. Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) aims to enable pervasive learning and pervasive intelligence. As advocated by ELM theories, it is exciting to see the convergence of machine learning and biological learning from the long-term point of view. ELM may be one of the fundamental “learning particles” filling the gaps between machine learning and biological learning (of which activation functions are even unknown). ELM represents a suite of (machine and biological) learning techniques in which hidden neurons need not be tuned: inherited from their ancestors or randomly generated. ELM learning theories show that effective learning algorithms can be derived based on randomly generated hidden neurons (biological neurons, artificial neurons, wavelets, Fourier series, etc.) as long as they are nonlinear piecewise continuous, independent of training data and application environments. Increasingly, evidence from neuroscience suggests that similar principles apply in biological learning systems. ELM theories and algorithms argue that “random hidden neurons” capture an essential aspect of biological learning mechanisms as well as the intuitive sense that the efficiency of biological learning need not rely on computing power of neurons. ELM theories thus hint at possible reasons why the brain is more intelligent and effective than current computers. The main theme of ELM2018 is Hierarchical ELM, AI for IoT, Synergy of Machine Learning and Biological Learning. This book covers theories, algorithms and applications of ELM. It gives readers a glance at the most recent advances of ELM.

Vehicle Propulsion Systems

Author : Lino Guzzella
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540746927
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Vehicle Propulsion Systems by : Lino Guzzella

Download or read book Vehicle Propulsion Systems written by Lino Guzzella and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-21 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors of this text have written a comprehensive introduction to the modeling and optimization problems encountered when designing new propulsion systems for passenger cars. It is intended for persons interested in the analysis and optimization of vehicle propulsion systems. Its focus is on the control-oriented mathematical description of the physical processes and on the model-based optimization of the system structure and of the supervisory control algorithms.

Electric and Hybrid Cars

Author : Curtis D. Anderson
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786457422
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric and Hybrid Cars by : Curtis D. Anderson

Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Cars written by Curtis D. Anderson and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2010-03-30 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This illustrated history chronicles electric and hybrid cars from the late 19th century to today's fuel cell and plug-in automobiles. It describes the politics, technology, marketing strategies, and environmental issues that have impacted electric and hybrid cars' research and development. The important marketing shift from a "woman's car" to "going green" is discussed. Milestone projects and technologies such as early batteries, hydrogen and bio-mass fuel cells, the upsurge of hybrid vehicles, and the various regulations and market forces that have shaped the industry are also covered.

Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles

Author : Rui Xiong
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119481643
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles by : Rui Xiong

Download or read book Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles written by Rui Xiong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-02-26 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of advanced battery management technologies and practices in modern electric vehicles Policies surrounding energy sustainability and environmental impact have become of increasing interest to governments, industries, and the general public worldwide. Policies embracing strategies that reduce fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions have driven the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), pure electric vehicles (PEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs). Battery management systems (BMSs) are crucial components of such vehicles, protecting a battery system from operating outside its Safe Operating Area (SOA), monitoring its working conditions, calculating and reporting its states, and charging and balancing the battery system. Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles is a compilation of contemporary model-based state estimation methods and battery charging and balancing techniques, providing readers with practical knowledge of both fundamental concepts and practical applications. This timely and highly-relevant text covers essential areas such as battery modeling and battery state of charge, energy, health and power estimation methods. Clear and accurate background information, relevant case studies, chapter summaries, and reference citations help readers to fully comprehend each topic in a practical context. Offers up-to-date coverage of modern battery management technology and practice Provides case studies of real-world engineering applications Guides readers from electric vehicle fundamentals to advanced battery management topics Includes chapter introductions and summaries, case studies, and color charts, graphs, and illustrations Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate coursework, Advanced Battery Management Technologies for Electric Vehicles is equally valuable as a reference for professional researchers and engineers.

Control Applications of Vehicle Dynamics

Author : Jingsheng Yu
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000441946
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Control Applications of Vehicle Dynamics by : Jingsheng Yu

Download or read book Control Applications of Vehicle Dynamics written by Jingsheng Yu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-20 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents essential knowledge of car vehicle dynamics and control theory with NI LabVIEW software product application, resulting in a practical yet highly technical guide for designing advanced vehicle dynamics and vehicle system controllers. Presenting a clear overview of fundamental vehicle dynamics and vehicle system mathematical models, the book covers linear and non-linear design of model based controls such as wheel slip control, vehicle speed control, path following control, vehicle stability and rollover control, stabilization of vehicle-trailer system. Specific applications to autonomous vehicles are described among the methods. It details the practical applications of Kalman-Bucy filtering and the observer design for sensor signal estimation, alongside lateral vehicle dynamics and vehicle rollover dynamics. The book also discusses high level controllers, alongside a clear explanation of basic control principles for regenerative braking in both electric and hybrid vehicles, and wheel torque vectoring systems. Concrete LabVIEW simulation examples of how the models and controls are used in representative applications, along with software algorithms and LabVIEW block diagrams are illustrated. It will be of interest to engineering students, automotive engineering students and automotive engineers and researchers.

Automotive Transmissions

Author : Harald Naunheimer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642162142
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Automotive Transmissions by : Harald Naunheimer

Download or read book Automotive Transmissions written by Harald Naunheimer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-09 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a full account of the development process for automotive transmissions. Main topics: - Overview of the traffic – vehicle – transmission system - Mediating the power flow in vehicles - Selecting the ratios - Vehicle transmission systems - basic design principles - Typical designs of vehicle transmissions - Layout and design of important components, e.g. gearshifting mechanisms, moving-off elements, pumps, retarders - Transmission control units - Product development process, Manufacturing technology of vehicle transmissions, Reliability and testing The book covers manual, automated manual and automatic transmissions as well as continuously variable transmissions and hybrid drives for passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Furthermore, final drives, power take-offs and transfer gearboxes for 4-WD-vehicles are considered. Since the release of the first edition in 1999 there have been a lot of changes in the field of vehicles and transmissions. About 40% of the second edition’s content is new or revised with new data.

2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (838 download)

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Book Synopsis 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference by :

Download or read book 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

History of the Electric Automobile

Author : Ernest Henry Wakefield
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 0768037492
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis History of the Electric Automobile by : Ernest Henry Wakefield

Download or read book History of the Electric Automobile written by Ernest Henry Wakefield and published by SAE International. This book was released on 1998-10-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than a century, people have attempted to harness electricity, the clean and versatile fuel, for personal transportation. With impressive technical clarity and historical insight, author Ernest Wakefield reviews these attempts in History of the Electric Automobile: Hybrid Electric Vehicles. He focuses exclusively on electric vehicles that harness the potential of electricity when combined with another energy source - hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The book details the historical development of capacitors, engines, flywheels, fuel cells, inductive charging, and solar cells - and the application of each to hybrid electric vehicles.