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Optimal Groundwater Management In Pakistans Indus Water Basin
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Book Synopsis Optimal groundwater management in Pakistan’s Indus Water Basin by : Nasim Sanval
Download or read book Optimal groundwater management in Pakistan’s Indus Water Basin written by Nasim Sanval and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-01-15 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this report we examine the management of groundwater in Pakistan’s Indus Basin through a model of groundwater extraction with hydrologic, economic, and tenure constraints. We develop a groundwater extraction model for the Indus Basin and simulate the effect of common property management (the status quo in the Indus Basin) and optimal management on groundwater extractions, water table height, groundwater quality, and annual net benefits from irrigated agriculture. The analysis provides a framework to develop and discuss policies that could lead to the optimal management of groundwater.
Book Synopsis The Economics of Groundwater Irrigation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan by : Muhammad Arif Watto
Download or read book The Economics of Groundwater Irrigation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan written by Muhammad Arif Watto and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated] This PhD study explored the economics of groundwater irrigation in the Indus basin of Pakistan where groundwater exploitation is escalating due to high irrigation water demands. Recent trends in groundwater withdrawals for irrigation and increases in number of tube-wells have brought into greater prominence the challenge to control groundwater over-exploitation. Besides this, hydrological assessments indicate that groundwater extraction rates have exceeded the annual recharge rates the available literature highlights the inefficient use of water resources in the irrigation sector. This study had four main objectives: 1) to review the causes and consequences of groundwater overdrafting in the region; 2) to investigate farmers' adoption decisions regarding tube-well technology; 3) to analyse irrigation water use efficiency for different crop enterprises; and 4) to estimate the derived demand for irrigation. Data used for analyses come from a survey of 200 rural households that predominately use groundwater for irrigation in the arid to semi-arid plains of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The review found that groundwater expansion in the Indus basin was mainly as a result of the rigidity of the surface water allocation system, increased crop intensities during the Green Revolution and the division of the Indus river tributaries under the Indus Water Treaty in the 1960s. Later, overexploitation of groundwater was as a result of increase in population and lack of effective groundwater management policies. A moment-based approach was used to analyse farmers' decisions to adopt tube-well technology when groundwater table is declining. The estimation procedure consisted of two steps. First, the moments of profit distribution were computed using an expected utility maximization framework. In the next step, the estimated moments were incorporated into a probit model to estimate their impact on tube-well adoption decisions. Analysis of tube-well adoption decision reveals that farmers are not risk-neutral. The results indicate that the probability of tube-well adoption increases significantly with increase in expected mean and variance of profit. The non-significant third moment (skewness) indicates that downside profit risk does not have significant impact on tube-well adoption. The highly significant fourth moment (kurtosis) indicates that adoption of tube-well technology decreases significantly in the presence of extreme events.
Book Synopsis Water Resources of Pakistan by : Muhammad Arif Watto
Download or read book Water Resources of Pakistan written by Muhammad Arif Watto and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the first comprehensive assessment of water resources in Pakistan including surface water resources and groundwater resources. It gives a detailed overview of issues and challenges related to water which have not been adequately addressed e.g. water resource vulnerability to climate change, groundwater depletion and contamination, and water governance etc. It includes a collection and compilation of unpublished and scattered data from the archives and repositories of various national institutions and organization. Given the literature dearth, this book will not only be a comprehensive assessment of water resources in Pakistan but can also can as outstanding textbook on water resource management in Pakistan. It will attract a great range of readership including water specialists, researchers, undergraduate and post graduate students and policy makers from Pakistan as well as from overseas.
Book Synopsis The Indus Basin of Pakistan by : Winston H. Yu
Download or read book The Indus Basin of Pakistan written by Winston H. Yu and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2013 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study, Indus basin of Pakistan: the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture was undertaken at a pivotal time in the region. The weak summer monsoon in 2009 created drought conditions throughout the country. This followed an already tenuous situation for many rural households faced with high fuel and fertilizer costs and the impacts of rising global food prices. Then catastrophic monsoon flooding in 2010 affected over 20 million people, devastating their housing, infrastructure, and crops. Damages from this single flood event were estimated at US dollar 10 billion, half of which were losses in the agriculture sector. Notwithstanding the debate as to whether these observed extremes are evidence of climate change, an investigation is needed regarding the extent to which the country is resilient to these shocks. It is thus timely, if not critical, to focus on climate risks for water, agriculture, and food security in the Indus basin of Pakistan.
Book Synopsis Strategies for the Management of Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources in Semi-arid Areas by : Asad Sarwar Qureshi
Download or read book Strategies for the Management of Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources in Semi-arid Areas written by Asad Sarwar Qureshi and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2004 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to inadequate rainfall, groundwater has acquired a vital role in the development of Pakistan's agricultural economy. However, a lack of awareness concerning the use of groundwater, either by itself or combined with canal water, has added large amounts of salt to the soil. As a result, large tracts of irrigated lands are already salinized, while many others are under threat. This report presents the results of a modeling study carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of a different quality of irrigation water on root zone salinity. The simulations were performed for the Rechna Doab (sub basin of the Indus Basin) in Pakistan, by using 15 years of actual rainfall and climatic data.
Book Synopsis Strategies to Mitigate Secondary Salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan by : Aslam, M., Prathapar, S. A.
Download or read book Strategies to Mitigate Secondary Salinization in the Indus Basin of Pakistan written by Aslam, M., Prathapar, S. A. and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2006 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ThisThis report discusses the nature and causes of secondary salinization, reviews strategies developed and tested within IBIS to mitigate salinization, and identifies areas requiring further investigation.
Book Synopsis Allocative Efficiency and Optimal Management of Groundwater in Pakistan's Agricultural Sector by : Sanval Nasim
Download or read book Allocative Efficiency and Optimal Management of Groundwater in Pakistan's Agricultural Sector written by Sanval Nasim and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation comprises three studies on Pakistan in which I examine the allocative efficiency of groundwater across farm-level constraints; the optimal management of groundwater given differences in agricultural tenure; and the effect of a set of policies on the utilization of groundwater. In the first chapter, I estimate the allocative inefficiency of groundwater in Pakistani agriculture using a panel dataset of rural households and show that the utilization of groundwater varies across a set of farm-level constraints (tenure, farm size, access to surface water and location on a watercourse). In the second chapter, I examine the long-run trend of groundwater depletion in Pakistan's Indus Water Basin under common-pool resource management--the status quo--and under optimal management. I develop a dynamic optimization problem to illustrate long-run steady states of groundwater pumping under different management, hydrologic, economic and tenure assumptions. The analysis shows that the benefits of optimal management exceed the benefits of common property management, and that the small share of sharecropping does not have an important effect on the results. In the third chapter, I use a panel dataset of rural households--the same dataset used in the analysis in the first chapter--to examine the effects of two water policies--increasing access to surface water and increasing the reliability of the supply of surface water (as measured by being located higher up on a watercourse)--on the allocative efficiency of groundwater and land productivity. The results show that farms allocate groundwater more efficiently (over utilization decreases) as the share of total farm area with access to surface water increases while increasing the reliability of surface water supply does not appear to improve the utilization of groundwater. Increasing the share of total area with access to surface water has a modest effect on land productivity. My research emphasizes the relationship between groundwater conservation and the institutional environment of farms in Pakistan's agricultural sector, and helps to inform the larger discussion on the effective governance of water resources in the region.
Book Synopsis Strengthening groundwater governance in Pakistan by : Rana, Abdul Wajid
Download or read book Strengthening groundwater governance in Pakistan written by Rana, Abdul Wajid and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2024-02-27 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pakistan is highly dependent on irrigated agriculture for employment, income generation and food security—around 90 percent of all food production relies on either surface or groundwater irrigation. The growing dependence of agriculture but also industries and the drinking water sector on groundwater has led to the overexploitation of groundwater resources and, in some areas, to the deterioration of groundwater quality. Fiscal incentives for solarization of irrigation/drinking water pumps are likely to further increase water withdrawals and make water governance more complex. To understand the perspectives of groundwater users, a qualitative study was conducted in the alluvial groundwater systems of Punjab as well as the hard rock systems of Balochistan. Interviews with key informants at federal, provincial, and district level were also conducted to capture insights from additional decisionmakers affecting groundwater management and governance. The study identified a series of challenges around groundwater management and use, including overexploitation of groundwater resources, worsening groundwater quality raising serious health challenges, lack of communities’ participation in decision making, particularly women, non-availability of actionable data, weak enforcement of laws and regulations relating to groundwater governance, and partisan decision-making driven by political influentials and local bureaucracies. Solarization of irrigation pumps without proper regulatory and monitoring framework is expected to exacerbate groundwater extraction and accelerate water stress. The study strongly suggests an urgent need for not only integrated water management at all levels with equitable distribution of water resources but also to engage local communities and other stakeholders, including women in water conservancy awareness campaigns, groundwater quality monitoring, and decision-making. Moreover, the management and governance of water, particularly groundwater, must be insulated from political and partisan decision making. It is equally important to look at the quality of groundwater from a wider prism, considering health and water supply, sanitation and hygiene to address the increase in water borne diseases.
Book Synopsis Water Policy in Pakistan by : Mahmood Ahmad
Download or read book Water Policy in Pakistan written by Mahmood Ahmad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-28 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The water policy issues are well- documented in a large set of reports and studies, completed over time showing that the policy prescription and its implementation has been weak in the past as this book reveals. The key reforms initiated were lost due to a lack of government’s will and commitment and more so by pervasive political economy of water. Given this background, each chapter in the book follows a balanced approach in seeking and evaluating alternate solutions to water management issues, especially improvements in water governance and tackling new challenges emerging from the climate change in the short and long term. This approach underpins the importance of moving from the culture of piloting projects to actual implementation on an impact-oriented scale. The book would also highlight that most of the water solutions lie outside the water sector such as agriculture, population, economy, etc. Post COVID-19 policies are exploring new food-health nexus that calls for nature based solutions for our future agriculture growth. The book would show case pioneer work underway in Pakistan on how new policy discourse can reduce water use in agriculture without investing in expensive water technology and infrastructure, thus saving enough water for other competing purposes.
Book Synopsis Assessment of water allocations using remote sensing and GIS modeling for Indus Basin, Pakistan by : Cheema, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud
Download or read book Assessment of water allocations using remote sensing and GIS modeling for Indus Basin, Pakistan written by Cheema, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2016-02-19 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water allocations for canal commands are not uniform throughout Pakistan. They vary from 2.5 to 15 cusec (ft3/sec) per 1,000 acres (i.e. 0.18 – 1.1 litre/sec/hectare) for different canal commands. This variability in water allowance (WA) has resulted in low water productivity (kg of yield per m3 of water use), an indicator used to assess efficient water use, especially in command areas having higher water allocations. In this study, satellite imagery was used to estimate crop water use and corresponding water productivity for each canal command area of the Indus Basin Irriga-tion System. Three years were selected for the study and two representative canal commands (Lower Chenab and Muzaffargarh Canal) were selected for detailed analysis and ground truthing. Spatially distributed maps of land use, crop water use, groundwater use and quality, soil and water salinity, and crop yields at a pixel resolution of 250 m (6.25 ha) were prepared and then verified by field surveys. GIS maps of canal water availability/supply were also prepared to account for the volume of water supplied through irrigation. This spatial database was used to evaluate and create maps of water productivity in the different canal commands.
Book Synopsis Groundwater in Pakistan's Indus Basin by : Akthar Ali
Download or read book Groundwater in Pakistan's Indus Basin written by Akthar Ali and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Groundwater is arguably the most poorly understood water resource in Pakistan a country in which matters of water resources are hotly debated on a regular basis. Groundwater has the potential to be the most reliable water resource for Pakistan, providing a buffer against the unpredictability of climate change and the failure of infrastructure designed to deliver surface water. The Indus basin groundwater aquifer in Pakistan holds in storage at least eighty times the volume of fresh water held in the country's three biggest dams. In the 1960s, large-scale extraction from this underground storage began and has expanded to become an essential input to agriculture and the backbone of domestic water provision. Yet in 2020, Pakistan is on the brink of a lengthy and severe groundwater crisis. Pakistan lacks a comprehensive, reliable system for measuring groundwater extractions and their impact on the resource base. In the face of rising population, the effects of climate change, and the considerable natural lag in groundwater response to management interventions, the failure to tackle these challenges is already impairing national water security and drinking water quality. It was concluded that the lack of good-quality, long-term groundwater data in Pakistan's Indus basin greatly complicates the task of numerical modeling and reduces the reliability of the results.
Book Synopsis Water for Food Security by : Claudia Ringler
Download or read book Water for Food Security written by Claudia Ringler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-22 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pakistan’s water management is at a critical watershed. The world’s seventh-most populous country faces serious challenges that will require improvements in both the "hardware" and "software" of agricultural water management. Water shortages are growing rapidly as a result of growing demand across all water-using sectors. Rapid population growth, from 175 million people in 2010 to an estimated 236 million by 2030 and 280 million by 2050, and international food-price spikes create pressure to increase agricultural production of staples; but demand for cash crops is also growing rapidly, including for cotton, fruit trees and tobacco, to raise rural incomes and generate rural employment to absorb the relatively young, rapidly growing rural population. Water management is also increasingly affected by climate change – including an increased number of flood and drought events – and growing energy shortages, which affect how water is being sourced and used. Last but not least, Pakistan’s political situation is fragile, which has reduced incentives to invest in enhanced agricultural water (and other) technologies. How Pakistan addresses these challenges will be decisive for its population’s future water and food security, for economic growth, and for environmental sustainability. It will also affect water and food outcomes globally, due to the interconnectedness of global food trade. This book was published as a special issue of Water International.
Book Synopsis Water availability, use and challenges in Pakistan - Water sector challenges in the Indus Basin and impact of climate change by : Habib, Z.
Download or read book Water availability, use and challenges in Pakistan - Water sector challenges in the Indus Basin and impact of climate change written by Habib, Z. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-03-19 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This working paper takes stock of Pakistan's water resource availability, delineating water supply system and its sources including precipitation and river flows, and the impact of increasing climatic variability on the water supply system. In particular, the paper focuses on the current water usage and requirements in the agricultural sector, and how changing climatic conditions will affect the consumption patterns. With inflows expected to become more variable in the coming years, the severity of climatic extremities will become more pronounced, driving up water demands in addition to the demand increase from a rising population and urbanization. Over extraction of groundwater resources is also disturbing the water calculus and pushing the country towards a critical demand-supply gap.
Book Synopsis Groundwater Management to Eradicate Water Logging and Salinity in the Upper Indus Basin, Punjab, Pakistan by : A. Q. Rathur
Download or read book Groundwater Management to Eradicate Water Logging and Salinity in the Upper Indus Basin, Punjab, Pakistan written by A. Q. Rathur and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Water Management in South Asia by : Sumana Bandyopadhyay
Download or read book Water Management in South Asia written by Sumana Bandyopadhyay and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-29 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights various challenges and opportunities for water management and cooperation in South Asia. In light of increasing urbanization and development in the region and related pressure on water resources, the contributions investigate water conflictual and cooperative attitudes and gestures between countries and regions; analyse management trade-offs between nature, agriculture and urban uses; and examine water sustainable management and related policies. By studying major river basins in the region, such as Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari and Krishna, the chapters highlight socio-economic, infrastructural, environmental and institutional aspects of water scarcity in South Asia and present best practices for improved sustainable water management and security in the region.
Book Synopsis Irrigation Management in Pakistan and India by : Tushaar Shah
Download or read book Irrigation Management in Pakistan and India written by Tushaar Shah and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These notes present the impressions gathered by a team of Indian and Pakistani economists on contemporary issues in irrigation management in these two countries. The authors suggest that the two countries can learn important lessons by comparing notes on several issues: [a] what would work best in ensuring equitable access to irrigation - physical rehabilitation being tried out in Pakistan Punjab with the help of the army under the military rule offers interesting possibilities in terms of scale and impact as does the Andhra Pradesh model of irrigation reform, [b] the experience in both countries so far defies the uncritically accepted premise that under farmer-management, irrigation systems will be more equitable, [c] why farmers in Pakistan Punjab have to use 16-20 horsepower (hp) diesel engines to pump groundwater from 25-40 feet while north Indian farmers have been doing the same with 5 hp engines--if it is because of compulsion of habit, appropriate policies can save Pakistan substantial diesel fuel per year, [d] India needs to ask why diesel engines in Lahore cost only 40-50 percent of the retail price they command in Lucknow or Ludhiana--we suggest allowing free imports of Chinese pumps will do away with the need for pump subsidies that keep diesel engines over-priced in India, [e] both Pakistan and India need to pay serious attention to promoting simple pump modifications that can increase fuel efficiency of their pumps by 40-70 percent, [f] India and Pakistan need to compare notes on their rich experience of electricity pricing policies to achieve viability of electricity supply to farmers and to achieve important goals of groundwater management and policy.
Book Synopsis Pakistan's Water Economy by : John Briscoe
Download or read book Pakistan's Water Economy written by John Briscoe and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water sustenance and management are central development challenges facing Pakistan today. This report argues for dramatic changes in policy and approach to enable Pakistan to maintain and build new infrastructure, besides securing the water required for future generations. Focusing on two basic issuesthe countrys major water-related challenges, and ways of addressing themthe report calls for reinvigorated public water policies and institutions to sustain water development and management in the future by: Exploring the evolution of water management in Pakistan Describing past achievements and their relevance in the current context Analyzing existing challenges Suggesting ways of evolving a sustainable water management system The report draws heavily on a set of companion reports by Pakistan water experts and policy analysts. These reports are presented in the accompanying CD and provide in-depth analyses of: The interface between water and agriculture, energy, environment, growth, and poverty Drinking water, sanitation, drainage and salinity, flood, dams, groundwater, and water balance management Water-related rights and entitlements, reforms, and resources and institutions
