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Occurrence Of The Protozoan Fish Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta In The Deschutes River Basin And The Ultrastructure Of The Spore
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Book Synopsis Occurrence of the Protozoan Fish Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Deschutes River Basin and the Ultrastructure of the Spore by : Rowan Wayne Gould
Download or read book Occurrence of the Protozoan Fish Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta in the Deschutes River Basin and the Ultrastructure of the Spore written by Rowan Wayne Gould and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper was twofold, (1) to determine the distribution of the infective stage of Ceratomyxa shasta (Noble) in the Deschutes River basin, and (2) to study the ultrastructure of the spore stage of the protozoan parasite. Liveboxes containing juvenile rainbow trout were placed at specific test points in the Deschutes River system. After an exposure period, the fish were examined for the presence of the parasite. C. shasta was detected in this manner in each of the three main tributaries to the Deschutes River. In the Metolius River the source of infection was Suttle Lake. In the upper Deschutes River the source was Crescent Lake. Crooked River was thought to contain the infective stage of C. shasta in the lower reaches because of contamination with Deschutes River water entering by irrigation canals. Odell and Davis Lakes (not directly connected to the Deschutes River) contain the infective stage, but are thought to constitute a closed system. The ultrastructure of the spore of C. shasta was examined by electron microscopy. Penetration of embedding plastic into the spore was possible only when the specimens were placed in 10% formalin for an extended period of time. The valves of the spore form knobs at the suture line similar to those of other myxosporidians. A septate desmosome similar to that described in Hydra (Wood, 1959) was identified between the two valves. Within the sporoplasm are two vesicular nuclei with nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum, electron dense circular bodies, mitochondria and ribosome. packets. The polar capsule and filament of C. shasta are morphologically similar to those of other myxosporidians.
Book Synopsis Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta Among Salmonid Fishes in Oregon Waters by : James Edward Sanders
Download or read book Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta Among Salmonid Fishes in Oregon Waters written by James Edward Sanders and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was initiated to determine the incidence, distribution and species of fish affected by Ceratomyxa shasta in Oregon waters. Returning adult Pacific salmon and steelhead trout were chosen for the survey because they were known to be susceptible to infection. The parasite was also believed to be an important cause of prespawning losses. All coho salmon samples obtained from the Columbia River basin contained individuals infected with Ceratomyxa shasta. The infection was greatest at the Bonneville and Sandy hatcheries, where approximately 75 percent of the fish examined were infected. The only coastal sample found to contain coho salmon infected with Ceratomyxa shasta was taken from the Nehalem River. Fish that reached the hatchery but died before the start of spawning operations were obtained from the Klaskanine and Sandy hatcheries. The incidence of Certaomyxa shasta infected fish in these samples was in both cases greater than in samples obtained during spawning. Spring chinook obtained from coastal river locations (Trask and Rock Creek hatcheries) were not infected with this parasite. Infected spring chinook were found in all Willamette River tributaries surveyed. The incidence was greatest (28 percent at Dexter Dam) in fish which had migrated the farthest distance up the river. Ceratomyxa shasta in dead fish obtained from the Dexter Dam holding pond was over twice that found in spawned fish from this location. The incidence and distribution of Ceratomyxa shasta in fall chinook salmon was different from that found in coho or spring chinook. The coastal sample obtained from the Trask Hatchery contained one infected individual. The Klaskanine River was the only tributary on the lower Columbia that contained infected fall chinook, eight percent of these fish were infected. The infection was much greater in fall chinook sampled at the Oxbow Hatchery (Snake River) than in fish obtained from sites on the lower Columbia River. Sixty-five percent (65%) of the fish from this hatchery were infected. The incidence of Ceratomyxa shasta in prespawning mortalities at the Oxbow Hatchery (Snake River) was identical to that found in adults killed at spawning. Samples of steelhead trout obtained from the Big Creek Hatchery and Pelton Dam contained fish infected with this disease. The number of spores per smear of infected steelhead tissue was low when compared to the number observed in smears from coho and spring chinook. No steelhead mortalities were obtained. The incidence of Ceratomyxa shasta in adult salmonids does not appear to be related to the sex of the animals. The disease incidence appears to be related to the distance and rate of migration. Infections in adult salmonids caused by Ceratomyxa shasta probably occur during the freshwater phase of their life cycle. Geographically, Ceratomyxa shasta is widely distributed throughout the survey area. The parasite was found in all areas of the Columbia River basin sampled. Coastal river systems found to contain infected fish were the Nehalem and possibly the Trask. The incidence of Ceratomyxa shasta in coastal rivers decreased progressively from the Columbia River southward.
Book Synopsis Influence of "Aging" on the Maturation, Examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxosporea), a Protozoan Parasite of Salmonid Fishes by : James Leonard Fendrick
Download or read book Influence of "Aging" on the Maturation, Examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxosporea), a Protozoan Parasite of Salmonid Fishes written by James Leonard Fendrick and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Occurrence of Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporidian Parasite of Salmonid Fish, at the Rapid River Salmon Hatchery, Idaho by : Travis Carl Coley
Download or read book The Occurrence of Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporidian Parasite of Salmonid Fish, at the Rapid River Salmon Hatchery, Idaho written by Travis Carl Coley and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Host Susceptibility, Histopathologic, and Transmission Studies on Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporidan Parasite of Salmonid Fish by : Keith Alan Johnson
Download or read book Host Susceptibility, Histopathologic, and Transmission Studies on Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporidan Parasite of Salmonid Fish written by Keith Alan Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Northwest Fish Culture Conference by :
Download or read book Northwest Fish Culture Conference written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporean Parasite of Salmonids by : J. L. Bartholomew
Download or read book Ceratomyxa Shasta, a Myxosporean Parasite of Salmonids written by J. L. Bartholomew and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies on Some Protozoan Parasites of Fishes of Illinois by : Richard Roksabro Kudo
Download or read book Studies on Some Protozoan Parasites of Fishes of Illinois written by Richard Roksabro Kudo and published by . This book was released on 1934 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting the Ceratomyxa Shasta Infectious Cycle and Transmission Between Polychaete and Salmonid Hosts by : Sarah J. Bjork
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Ceratomyxa Shasta Infectious Cycle and Transmission Between Polychaete and Salmonid Hosts written by Sarah J. Bjork and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite that infects salmonid fishes causing the disease ceratomyxosis that is characterized by severe hemorrhage and necrosis of the intestine and death of the fish host. Ceratomyxa shasta is endemic to the Pacific Northwestern United States and Canada, where epizootics are reported for both wild and hatchery reared fish. Identification of factors affecting the infectious cycle of C. shasta is complicated by its obligate two host lifecycle. The parasite infects the fish as an actinospore and develops into a myxospore in the fish host. The myxospore infects the freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa where the actinospore develops. A system for maintaining and infecting M. speciosa in the laboratory was developed and a series of laboratory studies tested the effects of temperature on polychaete survival, actinospore release and longevity. Temperature did not affect polychaete survival, but actinospore release occurred earlier and in greater abundance at the higher temperature, whereas actinospore longevity and temperature had an inverse relationship. A laboratory flow experiment tested the effects of two flow rates on M. speciosa survival, infection prevalence and fish infection. Polychaetes had higher survival at the fast flow with low infection prevalences compared to polychaetes held in the slow flow treatment. Susceptible rainbow trout became infected when exposed to just 1 actinospore per fish. Fatal infections in these fish were documented at 5 actinospores per fish. Infection prevalence and mean day to death increased with increasing actinospore dose. Fish size did not affect the infective dose; however, parasite dilution did have an effect. Actinospores were labeled with a fluorescent stain and C. shasta attachment to the gills was identified. In situ hybridization of histological sections was used to locate the parasite as it migrated from the gill epithelium, to proliferation in the blood vessel, and migration to the intestine. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify the abundance of the parasite in the blood. When the infection of susceptible and Resistant Chinook salmon were compared, there were no differences in actinospore penetration into the gills but resistant Chinook salmon did eliminate parasites in the blood after 2 weeks and isolate parasites in foci of inflammation in the intestine. Resistant Chinook salmon more effectively regulated an immune response to infection, effectively cleared the parasite showed evidence of recovery after infection. The research presented here has been fundamental in performing C. shasta infection studies in the laboratory in the fish and polychaete hosts. It has greatly affected our understanding of host parasite interactions including the infective dose for rainbow trout and the recognition of the gills and blood as early sites of C. shasta infection. It has also revealed differences in fish host response to infection including the characterization of a recovery from C. shasta infection.
Book Synopsis Protozoan Parasites of Fishes by : J. Lom
Download or read book Protozoan Parasites of Fishes written by J. Lom and published by . This book was released on 1992-11-06 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on twenty years of research experience, this unique, large format volume presents an up-to-date treatment of the biology, relation to the host, taxonomy and diagnostic features of protozoan parasites infecting fishes. By presenting definitions of all 151 genera, keys for the determination of all main groups of fish protozoa, copious illustrations and half-tone plates, and details on the technique of investigation, the book makes it possible to determine all protozoan parasites of fishes down to generic level. In each genus, all important pathogenic species are dealt with, special attention being paid to their pathogenic action, and these are well documented by photomicrographs. A wide range of information is given on host-parasite relations, including data on pathogenicity of separate groups and species; and a host-parasite checklist enables a quick orientation on protozoa that may be encountered in one hundred economically important fish species. In addition to the to the true protozoan phyla, an appendix lists a few organisms of uncertain position with alleged or possible relation to protozoa; altogether, 561 species are described. This book is the first of its kind and should be invaluable reading for all fish parasitologists, fisheries biologists, aquaculturists and all others interested in protozoan parasites of fishes.
Book Synopsis A Key to the Common Parasitic Protozoans of North American Fishes by : Thomas L. Wellborn
Download or read book A Key to the Common Parasitic Protozoans of North American Fishes written by Thomas L. Wellborn and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Report on a Parasitic Protozoan Observed on Fish in the Aquarium by : Charles Wardell Stiles
Download or read book Report on a Parasitic Protozoan Observed on Fish in the Aquarium written by Charles Wardell Stiles and published by . This book was released on 1893 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxozoa) and Habitat Preference of the Polychaete Host, Manayunkia Speciosa in the Klamath River by : Richard W. Stocking
Download or read book Distribution of Ceratomyxa Shasta (Myxozoa) and Habitat Preference of the Polychaete Host, Manayunkia Speciosa in the Klamath River written by Richard W. Stocking and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite of salmonids and requires the freshwater polychaete, Manayunkia speciosa to complete its life cycle. The parasite?s distribution is currently limited to the Pacific Northwest region of North America and has been reported to cause substantial losses of both wild and hatchery salmonids. The spatial and seasonal distribution of C. shasta can vary considerably both within and between river systems. This variation was thought to be a result of specific habitat requirements limiting polychaete distribution and abundance. Field studies were conducted in the Klamath River basin where C. shasta is suspected to have caused high losses in migrating juvenile salmonids. The purpose of this study was to document the host-parasite distribution of C. shasta in the river, assess its ability to cause disease, and study aspects of the polychaetes habitat ecology. This is the first study to report the broad-scale distribution of M. speciosa in a river and the various characteristics of those populations. The seasonal distribution of C. shasta in the Klamath River was investigated by exposing separate groups of C. shasta-susceptible rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at monthly intervals during the study. The spatial distribution was assessed by one basin-wide exposure. The ability of C. shasta to cause disease in native Klamath River salmonids was investigated by exposing fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; Iron Gate Hatchery strain), along with the known susceptible strains of rainbow trout. The distribution and habitat preferences of M. speciosa were investigated by collecting benthic habitat samples from a variety of habitat types. Where populations were identified, sampling was conducted at a finer scale to study aspects of those populations such as size, density, and age-structure. The distribution and prevalence of C. shasta infection in populations of M. speciosa were determined by using a pooled prevalence strategy on several polychaete populations throughout the Klamath River. Ceratomyxa shasta, with few exceptions, was only detected in exposure groups from the main-stem Klamath. The parasite could be detected from April until November when water temperatures reached 6ʻC. It is likely the parasite could be detected beyond the temporal limits of this study. Prevalence of infection was high with little mortality in rainbow trout exposures groups above Iron Gate dam (Upper Klamath River). Mortality was 100% for rainbow trout exposure groups below Iron Gate Dam (Lower Klamath River). Fall Chinook salmon demonstrated a high level of resistance to the parasite above Iron Gate Dam compared to the rainbow trout, but suffered nearly 50% mortality below the dam. This suggests that resistance of native stocks to the parasite can be overwhelmed in the Lower Klamath River and provides further evidence that infectious dose is high relative to the Upper Klamath River. The polychaete host, M. speciosa, was found to occur throughout the Klamath River and was often located in slow flowing depositional habitats such as pools and reservoirs. River populations were highly aggregated into small areas whereas reservoir populations were large, widespread and centered at the inflow area. Sand-organic matter substrates and mat-forming epilithic algae were primary microhabitats. Flow velocity, habitat stability and life traits such as dispersal ability appear to be primary factors limiting distribution and abundance of the polychaete. Populations of M. speciosa tested for the prevalence of C. shasta infection demonstrate a low mean prevalence of 0.27% with areas of elevated infection (4.8 and 8.3%) located just downstream of Iron Gate Dam. This suggests that this area may be the primary source of infectious actinospores contributing to the high juvenile salmonid mortality observed in the Lower Klamath River.
Book Synopsis Studies Concerning Parasitic Protozoa, 1 by :
Download or read book Studies Concerning Parasitic Protozoa, 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination of fish taken mainly near Murman Biological Station in the area of Kola fjord and Motovskaya inlet, with a few from the eastern Finnmark region of Norway and the shores of Bear Island to study spore formation in Myxosporidia.
Book Synopsis Modeling Abiotic Influences on Disease Dynamics for the Complex Life Cycle of the Myxozoan Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta by : Robert Adam Ray
Download or read book Modeling Abiotic Influences on Disease Dynamics for the Complex Life Cycle of the Myxozoan Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta written by Robert Adam Ray and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most parasites and their hosts live in a balance within their environment; however a disease outbreak can occur when either the parasite, host, or environment, are perturbed. Myxozoan parasites are associated with a wide variety of cultured and wild fish populations. Most myxozoans are relatively benign to their vertebrate host; however some cause dramatic population level effects on both cultured and wild fish populations. These parasites have a complex life cycle involving a vertebrate host (fish), an invertebrate host (annelid), and two spore stages (actinospore and myxospore). Interactions between these parasites and their hosts can be strongly influenced by environmental factors, most notably by water temperature and water velocity. Given the complex life cycle of myxozoan parasites and the lack of any chemical treatments or preventatives, controlling infections and disease caused by these parasites is challenging, especially for wild populations. The myxozoan Ceratomyxa shasta is endemic to many of the major rivers of the Pacific Northwest and infects all species of Pacific salmon. In the Klamath River, CA, USA, C. shasta infection is associated with decreased returns of adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). The goals of this dissertation were to 1) quantify the effect that elevated water temperature has on C. shasta-induced disease severity and mortality rate for both Chinook and coho (O. kitsch) salmon, 2) identify transmission patterns and quantify transmission rates of the actinospore stage to the salmon host, 3) develop an epidemiological model of this host-parasite life cycle and assess the sensitivity of specific parameters that may act as suitable management strategies, and 4) utilize a mixture cure model, an alternative survival analysis method, to quantify the effects water temperature and discharge on the total and rate of C. shasta-induced mortality of both Chinook and coho salmon. I found that, similar to disease progression native salmon species (i.e. from waters where C. shasta is absent), elevated water temperature increases the rate and overall mortality for salmon species from river systems where the parasite is endemic. Elevated water temperatures also increase the transmission rate of the actinospore stage to the salmon host. The transmission rate of the actinospore stage to the salmon host was inversely related to water velocity, and I identified a potential velocity threshold of ~0.3m/sec, above which transmission was greatly reduced. From the epidemiological model I sensitivity analyses and identified that reduction of the myxospore transmission rate from the adult salmon to the polychaete host during the winter may be the most effective management action to reduce C. shasta-related disease in the Klamath River. This action could potentially be achieved by increasing discharge during the winter to minimize contact between the polychaete host and myxospore stage. Lastly, I applied the mixture cure models to quantify how the daily survival rates of Chinook and coho salmon change over time after the fish become infected with C. shasta. Although varied in approach, the output from both of the models presented in this dissertation can be used to guide management and conservation actions for fish populations affected by myxozoan parasites.
Book Synopsis Protozoan Parasites of Fishes by : Jiří Lom
Download or read book Protozoan Parasites of Fishes written by Jiří Lom and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Protozoan Parasites and Water by : W. B. Betts
Download or read book Protozoan Parasites and Water written by W. B. Betts and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Proceedings of a meeting organied by the Royal Society of Chemistry Water Chemistry Forum ... held on 26-28 September, 1994 at the University of York"--T.p. verso.
