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Occasion Sensitivity
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Book Synopsis Occasion-Sensitivity by : Charles Travis
Download or read book Occasion-Sensitivity written by Charles Travis and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Travis presents a series of essays in which he has developed his distinctive view of the relation of thought to language. The key idea is 'occasion-sensitivity': what it is for words to express a given concept is for them to be apt for contributing to any of many different conditions of correctness (notably truth conditions). Since words mean what they do by expressing a given concept, it follows that meaning does not determine truth conditions. This view ties thoughts less tightly to the linguistic forms which express them than traditional views of the matter, and in two directions: a given linguistic form, meaning fixed, may express an indefinite variety of thoughts; one thought can be expressed in an indefinite number of syntactically and semantically distinct ways. Travis highlights the importance of this view for linguistic theory, and shows how it gives new form to a variety of traditional philosophical problems.
Book Synopsis Occasion-Sensitivity by : Charles Travis
Download or read book Occasion-Sensitivity written by Charles Travis and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Travis presents a series of essays in which he has developed his distinctive view of the relation of thought to language. He argues that there are varying conditions of correctness which determine whether words express a given concept, and thus that meaning does not determine truth conditions. The implications of this view are intriguing.
Book Synopsis The Architecture of Context and Context-Sensitivity by : Tadeusz Ciecierski
Download or read book The Architecture of Context and Context-Sensitivity written by Tadeusz Ciecierski and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses foundational issues of context-dependence and indexicality, which are at the center of the current debate within the philosophy of language. Topics include the scope of context-dependency, the nature of content and the character of input data of cognitive processes relevant for the interpretation of utterances. There's also coverage of the role of beliefs and intentions as contextual factors, as well as the validity of arguments in context-sensitive languages. The contributions consider foundational issues regarding context-sensitivity from three different, yet related, perspectives on the phenomenon of context-dependence: representational, structural, and functional. The contributors not only address the representational, structural and/or functional problems separately but also study their mutual connections, thus furthering the debate and bringing competing approaches closer to unification and consensus. This text appeals to students and researchers within the field. This is a very useful collection of essays devoted to the roles of context in the study of language. Its essays provide a useful overview of the current debates on this topic, and they put forth novel contributions that will undoubtedly be of relevance for the development of all areas in philosophy and linguistics interested in the notion of context. Stefano Predelli Department of Philosophy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Book Synopsis Towards a Theory of Epistemically Significant Perception by : Nadja El Kassar
Download or read book Towards a Theory of Epistemically Significant Perception written by Nadja El Kassar and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does perceptual experience make us knowledgeable about the world? In this book Nadja El Kassar argues that an informed answer requires a novel theory of perception: perceptual experience involves conceptual capacities and consists in a relation between a perceiver and the world. Contemporary theories of perception disagree about the role of content and conceptual capacities in perceptual experience. In her analysis El Kassar scrutinizes the arguments of conceptualist and relationist theories, thereby exposing their limitations for explaining the epistemic role of perceptual experience. Against this background she develops her novel theory of epistemically significant perception. Her theory improves on current accounts by encompassing both the epistemic role of perceptual experiences and its perceptual character. Central claims of her theory receive additional support from work in vision science, making this book an original contribution to the philosophy of perception.
Book Synopsis The Practice of Language by : M. Gustafsson
Download or read book The Practice of Language written by M. Gustafsson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows that philosophers and linguists of quite different brands have tended to give undue priority to their own favorite theoretical framework, and have presupposed that the descriptive scheme invoked by that framework constitutes a pattern to which any linguistic practice somehow has to conform. United by a critical attitude towards such essentialist aspirations, the authors collectively manage to cast doubt on the very attempt to fit the whole of linguistic practice into a general theoretical mould.
Book Synopsis Noise, Noise Sensitivity and Psychiatric Disorder by : Stephen A. Stansfeld
Download or read book Noise, Noise Sensitivity and Psychiatric Disorder written by Stephen A. Stansfeld and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph reports on two important studies of noise sensitivity. They are a six-year follow-up study of a group of highly noise-sensitive and low noise-sensitive women and a longitudinal study examining changes in noise sensitivity with recovery from depression.
Download or read book Perception written by Charles Travis and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-06-13 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Travis presents a series of connected essays on current topics in philosophy of perception. The book is informed throughout by a number of central insights of Gottlob Frege's, notably about some intrinsic differences between objects of thought and objects of perception, and about the essential publicity of thought, and hence of its objects. Travis addresses a number of key questions, including how perception can make the world bear for the perceiver on the thing for him to do or think; what it might be for there to be perceptual experiences indistinguishable from ones of perceiving (hence from experiences of one's surroundings); what it might be for things to look a certain way to the experiencer, where this is not for things to look that way; what the upshot of (sub-personal) perceptual processing might be, what sorts of capacities are drawn on in representing something as (being) something. Besides Frege, the essays owe much to J. L. Austin, something to J. M. Hinton, and more than a little to John McDowell and to Thompson Clarke. They engage critically with McDowell and with Clarke, as well as with such philosophers as Christopher Peacocke, Tyler Burge, Jerry Fodor, Elisabeth Anscombe, A. J. Ayer, and H. A. Prichard.
Book Synopsis The Philosophy of Charles Travis by : John Collins
Download or read book The Philosophy of Charles Travis written by John Collins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a collective critical engagement with the thought of Charles Travis, a leading contemporary philosopher of language and mind, and a scholar of the history of analytical philosophy. The work of Charles Travis is fundamentally situated in the analytical tradition, yet is also radically at odds with many assumptions characteristic of the tradition, especially as regards the nature of language and perception as representational capacities. Twelve philosophers explore themes in his work, and Travis gives extended responses. The editors provide an introductory chapter which situates Travis's ideas in the context of contemporary philosophy of language and mind. The volume divides into three sections, relating to language, thought, and perception. Topics covered in detail include: the nature of linguistic and perceptual representation; Frege; Wittgenstein; the role of context in fixing speech content; and the structure of thought.
Book Synopsis Context-Sensitivity and Semantic Minimalism by : Gerhard Preyer
Download or read book Context-Sensitivity and Semantic Minimalism written by Gerhard Preyer and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-10-25 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifteen specially written papers examine the ways in which the content of what we say is dependent on the context in which we say it. At the centre of the current debate on this subject is Cappelen and Lepore's claim that context-sensitivity in language is best captured by a combination of semantic minimalism and speech act pluralism. Using this theory as their starting point, the contributors to this volume develop a variety of different views about the role of context in communication, and reveal its wide-ranging implications for all issues in the philosophy of language and linguistics.
Book Synopsis The Sensitivity Principle in Epistemology by : Kelly Becker
Download or read book The Sensitivity Principle in Epistemology written by Kelly Becker and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-08-02 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sensitivity principle is a compelling idea in epistemology and is typically characterized as a necessary condition for knowledge. This collection of thirteen new essays constitutes a state-of-the-art discussion of this important principle. Some of the essays build on and strengthen sensitivity-based accounts of knowledge and offer novel defences of those accounts. Others present original objections to sensitivity-based accounts (objections that must be taken seriously even by those who defend enhanced versions of sensitivity) and offer comprehensive analysis and discussion of sensitivity's virtues and problems. The resulting collection will stimulate new debate about the sensitivity principle and will be of great interest and value to scholars and advanced students of epistemology.
Book Synopsis An Approach to Occasion-sensitivity by : Claudia Picazo Jaque
Download or read book An Approach to Occasion-sensitivity written by Claudia Picazo Jaque and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this dissertation is to explore the hypothesis that language is occasion- sensitive. To hold that language is occasion-sensitive is to hold that the truth-conditions of most of our utterances depend on the occasion of use in a way that is not determined by meaning. In chapter 1, I reconstruct what I take to be Travis' main arguments. Travis casts doubt on the existence of representations that are free of occasion-sensitivity by presenting a number of examples involving shifts in truth-value. In chapter 2, I set out to defend the claim that language is occasion-sensitive against minimalist and indexicalists replies to Travis' arguments. In order to do so, I distinguish the Principle of Compositionality from what I call Semantic Propositionalism. Advocates of occasion-sensitivity reject only the latter. I argue that neither minimalist nor indexicalist accounts succeed in their defence of Semantic Propositionalism vis-à-vis Travis cases. Minimalists find themselves in an unstable position. In order to secure minimal propositions, they need to dismiss common reactions to Travis cases. But this casts doubt on the possibility of finding out what the literal satisfaction conditions of the expressions used in Travis cases are. Indexicalism tries to secure Semantic Propositionalism by claiming that some predicates are context-dependent. If they are to be a defence of Semantic Propositionalism, indexicalist theories must fulfill two conditions. First, they must provide a set of necessary and sufficient variables. Second, they must not have recourse to pragmatic interpretation. I argue that current proposals do not succeed in fulfilling both conditions. Chapter 3 addresses the question whether mental representations are occasion-sensitive. I focus on Fodor's arguments and on Carston's theory of ad hoc concepts. The productivity argument has it that the best explanation to the productivity of thought is compositionality, and mental representations being compositional prevents them from being underdetermined. The argument from equivocation is based on the idea that only a non-equivocal mental representation can resolve a linguistic equivocation. I argue that neither argument work. The productivity argument only establishes Meaning Compositionality, something compatible with (truth-conditional) Underdeterminacy. As to equivocation, the context of use can solve the equivocation in absence of a non-equivocal mental representation. I also argue that if Carston's ad hoc concepts are created on line, then she cannot avail herself of the productivity argument. An additional aim of chapter 3 is to distinguish Type-Underdeterminacy from Token-Underdeterminacy. I argue that there are reasons to think that even tokens suffer from some Underdeterminacy in the sense that they only determine a partial function from states of a fairs to truth-values. Instead of relying on occasion-insensitive mental representation or having recourse to occasion-insensitive structured propositions, occasion-sensitivity calls for a non-standard notion of utterance content. The aim of chapter 4 is to provide such a notion. I hold that Austinian propositions, conceived as including a lekton and an activity, can do the work. To different activities correspond different criteria of applicability for words. Thus, adopting a situationalist framework, we can think of the truth-conditional content of an utterance as including not only the conventional meaning of the sentence uttered but also the activity against which it is evaluated. This notion of content is compatible with Token- Underdeterminacy. After having put forward this notion of utterance content, I discuss a potential problem for the approach. If activities are very finely individuated, as the possibility of creating complex Travis cases recommends, then sharing content across contexts will be diffcult to achieve. I argue that this problem can be solved by having Austinian propositions with different granularities, thus adopting a form of multi- propositionalism. In chapter 5 I address the question whether phenomenon that Travis has detected is compatible with standard semantic theories (in the sense of theories of truth-conditions). Semantic theories have been seen as an explanation of our ability to interpret speech. Advocates of occasion-sensitivity and similar pragmatic views are under pressure to show that their rejection of certain theories is compatible with a plausible account of our ability to grasp truth-conditions. I argue that occasion-sensitivity, and in particular the notion of truth-conditional content introduced in chapter 4, is compatible with there being systematic connections between activities and truth-conditions, which can be used to account for our ability to interpret speech.
Book Synopsis Insensitive Semantics by : Herman Cappelen
Download or read book Insensitive Semantics written by Herman Cappelen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insensitive Semantics is an overview of and contribution to the debates about how to accommodate context sensitivity within a theory of human communication, investigating the effects of context on communicative interaction and, as a corollary, what a context of utterance is and what it is to be in one. Provides detailed and wide-ranging overviews of the central positions and arguments surrounding contextualism Addresses broad and varied aspects of the distinction between the semantic and non-semantic content of language Defends a distinctive and explanatorily powerful combination of semantic minimalism and speech act pluralism Confronts core problems which not only run to the heart of philosophy of language and linguistics, but which arise in epistemology, metaphysics, and moral philosophy as well
Book Synopsis Context, Truth and Objectivity by : Eduardo Marchesan
Download or read book Context, Truth and Objectivity written by Eduardo Marchesan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The claim according to which there is a categorial gap between meaning and saying – between what sentences mean and what we say by using them on particular occasions – has come to be widely regarded as being exclusively a claim in the philosophy of language. The present essay collection takes a different approach to these issues. It seeks to explore the ways in which that claim – as defended first by ordinary language philosophy and, more recently, by various contextualist projects – is grounded in considerations that transcend the philosophy of language. More specifically, the volume seeks to explore how that claim is inextricably linked to considerations about the nature of truth and representation. It is thus part of the objective of this volume to rethink the current way of framing the debates on these issues. By framing the debate in terms of an opposition between "ideal language theorists" and their semanticist heirs on the one hand and "communication theorists" and their contextualist heirs on the other, one brackets important controversies and risks obscuring the undoubtedly very real oppositions that exist between different currents of thought.
Book Synopsis Philosophy in an Age of Science by : Hilary Putnam
Download or read book Philosophy in an Age of Science written by Hilary Putnam and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-17 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hilary Putnam's unceasing self-criticism has led to the frequent changes of mind he is famous for, but his thinking is also marked by considerable continuity. A simultaneous interest in science and ethicsÑunusual in the current climate of contentionÑhas long characterized his thought. In Philosophy in an Age of Science, Putnam collects his papers for publicationÑhis first volume in almost two decades. Mario De Caro and David Macarthur's introduction identifies central themes to help the reader negotiate between Putnam past and Putnam present: his critique of logical positivism; his enduring aspiration to be realist about rational normativity; his anti-essentialism about a range of central philosophical notions; his reconciliation of the scientific worldview and the humanistic tradition; and his movement from reductive scientific naturalism to liberal naturalism. Putnam returns here to some of his first enthusiasms in philosophy, such as logic, mathematics, and quantum mechanics. The reader is given a glimpse, too, of ideas currently in development on the subject of perception. Putnam's work, contributing to a broad range of philosophical inquiry, has been said to represent a Òhistory of recent philosophy in outline.Ó Here it also delineates a possible future.
Book Synopsis Ethics in Sport-3rd Edition by : Morgan, William J.
Download or read book Ethics in Sport-3rd Edition written by Morgan, William J. and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2018 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethics in Sport, Third Edition, offers 32 essays by well-known authors. These essays explore the roots of the ethical and moral dilemmas so prevalent in sport culture today. Nearly half the essays are new to this edition.
Book Synopsis The Ethos of the Climate Event by : Kellan Anfinson
Download or read book The Ethos of the Climate Event written by Kellan Anfinson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops a politico-ethical response to climate change that accounts for the novelty and uncertainty that it entails. This volume explores the ethical dimensions of climate change and posits that one must view it as a social construction intimately tied to political issues in order to understand and overcome this environmental challenge. To show how this ethos builds upon the need for new forms of responsiveness, Anfinson analyzes it in terms of four features: commitment, worldly sensitivity, political disposition, and practice. Each of these features is developed by putting four thinkers – Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Schmitt, and Foucault respectively – in conversation with the literature on climate change. In doing so, this book shows how social habits and norms can be transformed through subjective thought and behavior in the context of a global environmental crisis. Presenting a multidisciplinary engagement with the politics, philosophy, and science of climate change, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of climate change, environmental politics, environmental philosophy and environmental humanities.
Book Synopsis Philosophy of Sport by : Alun Hardman
Download or read book Philosophy of Sport written by Alun Hardman and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Philosophy of Sport: International Perspectives represents the work of some of the leading moral and philosophical academics in the popular practice of sport. All contributors are scholars and researchers in the area of the Philosophy of Sport, a growing area of serious study within universities and colleges across the world. The contributors are also active members of the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport—a worldwide organisation dedicated to the development of the philosophy of sport as a serious and influential area of academic study. The book adds to the growing literature, which focuses on rigorously examining the global significance that sport plays in the fabric of twenty-first century life. Articles within the book provide a diverse set of ideas related to sport—from more familiar issue related to the ethics of performance enhancing substances and fair play, to issue of nationalism, and the way sport can contribute to human well-being.
