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New Challenges For Seismic Risk Mitigation In Urban Areas
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Book Synopsis New Challenges for Seismic Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas by : Simone Barani
Download or read book New Challenges for Seismic Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas written by Simone Barani and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning by : Maria Bostenaru Dan
Download or read book Earthquake Hazard Impact and Urban Planning written by Maria Bostenaru Dan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-11 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The classical field dealing with earthquakes is called “earthquake engineering” and considered to be a branch of structural engineering. In projects dealing with strategies for earthquake risk mitigation, urban planning approaches are often neglected. Today interventions are needed on a city, rather than a building, scale. This work deals with the impact of earthquakes, including also a broader view on multihazards in urban areas. Uniquely among other works in the field, particular importance is given to urban planning issues, in conservation of heritage and emergency management. Multicriteria decision making and broad participation of those affected by disasters are included.
Book Synopsis Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk by : B.E. Tucker
Download or read book Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk written by B.E. Tucker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban seismic risk is growing worldwide and is, increasingly, a problem of developing countries. In 1950, one in four of the people living in the world's fifty largest cities was earthquake-threatened, while in the year 2000, about one in two will be. Further, ofthose people living in earthquake-threatened cities in 1950, about two in three were located in developing countries, while in the year 2000, about nine in ten will be. Unless urban seismic safety is improved, particularly in developing countries, future earthquakes will have ever more disastrous social and economic consequences. In July 1992, an international meeting was organized with the purpose of examining one means ofimproving worldwide urban safety. Entitled "Uses ofEarthquake Damage Scenarios for Cities of the 21st Century," this meeting was held in conjunction with the Tenth World Conference ofEarthquake Engineering, in Madrid, Spain. An earthquake damage scenario (EDS) is adescription of the consequences to an urban area of a large, but expectable earthquake on the critical facilities of that area. In Californian and Japanese cities, EDSes have been used for several decades, mainly for the needs of emergency response officials. The Madrid meeting examined uses of this technique for other purposes and in other, less developed countries. As a result of this meeting, it appeared that EDSes bad significant potential to improve urban seismic safety worldwide.
Book Synopsis Advances in Earthquake Engineering for Urban Risk Reduction by : S. Tanvir Wasti
Download or read book Advances in Earthquake Engineering for Urban Risk Reduction written by S. Tanvir Wasti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquakes affecting urban areas can lead to catastrophic situations and hazard mitigation requires preparatory measures at all levels. Structural assessment is the diagnosis of the seismic health of buildings. Assessment is the prelude to decisions about rehabilitation or even demolition. The scale of the problem in dense urban settings brings about a need for macro seismic appraisal procedures because large numbers of existing buildings do not conform to the increased requirements of new earthquake codes and specifications or have other deficiencies. It is the vulnerable buildings - liable to cause damage and loss of life - that need immediate attention and urgent appraisal in order to decide if structural rehabilitation and upgrading are feasible. Current economic, efficient and occupant-friendly rehabilitation techniques vary widely and include the application either of precast concrete panels or layers, strips and patches of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) in strategic locations. The papers in this book, many by renowned authorities in earthquake engineering, chart new and vital directions of research and application in the assessment and rehabilitation of buildings in seismic regions. While several papers discuss the probabilistic prediction and quantification of structural damage, others present approaches related with the in-situ and occupant friendly upgrading of buildings and propose both economical and practical techniques to address the problem.
Book Synopsis Urban Disaster Mitigation: The Role of Engineering and Technology by : F.Y. Cheng
Download or read book Urban Disaster Mitigation: The Role of Engineering and Technology written by F.Y. Cheng and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-07-21 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Great loss of human life, structural damage, and social and economic upheaval occur repeatedly due to such natural hazards as earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, landslides, floods and tsunamis. Both the US and Taiwan, along with many other countries, have a history of such occurrences and a common need to reduce their effects. This volume includes papers from the fourth symposium workshop, held jointly between the US and Taiwan to discuss research and its application to multiple hazard mitigation. The workshop, Urban Disaster Mitigation, The Role of Engineering and Technology, discussed lessons learned from recent natural disasters; assessed results of Taiwan's multiple hazards research program and potential application to the US; and proposed further studies on subjects of mutual concern. Topics include recent scientific findings obtained in various natural hazard areas and assessment of actual and potential damage from earthquakes, floods and landslides. Of particular importance are measures that can be taken to mitigate these hazards ranging from use of new algorithms for structural engineering to warning systems for a given region. At a time when natural disasters are widespread, engineers play a key role. Construction methods and building codes are changing; current knowledge shapes the direction of these changes. The research results presented in these proceedings will benefit both the academic and practicing communities around the world, strengthening the relationship between these two important parties.
Book Synopsis Urban Design in Seismic-Prone Regions by : Hossein Bahrainy
Download or read book Urban Design in Seismic-Prone Regions written by Hossein Bahrainy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-30 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents practical guidelines and recommendations for the design in seismic-prone regions. It is based on extensive research and it includes original drawings and sketches at the macro and micro levels. It is the first time that an attempt has been made to publish a book on urban design in the seismic-prone regions, covering the needs of government officials, planners, economists, architects, engineers and scientists, with the purpose of planning for seismic risk reduction and the practical implementation of methodologies and findings in earthquake affected regions. The guidelines presented are expected to be immensely beneficial to all countries in the earthquake prone regions, particularly in the developing world.
Book Synopsis National Earthquake Resilience by : National Research Council
Download or read book National Earthquake Resilience written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-09-09 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States will certainly be subject to damaging earthquakes in the future. Some of these earthquakes will occur in highly populated and vulnerable areas. Coping with moderate earthquakes is not a reliable indicator of preparedness for a major earthquake in a populated area. The recent, disastrous, magnitude-9 earthquake that struck northern Japan demonstrates the threat that earthquakes pose. Moreover, the cascading nature of impacts-the earthquake causing a tsunami, cutting electrical power supplies, and stopping the pumps needed to cool nuclear reactors-demonstrates the potential complexity of an earthquake disaster. Such compound disasters can strike any earthquake-prone populated area. National Earthquake Resilience presents a roadmap for increasing our national resilience to earthquakes. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is the multi-agency program mandated by Congress to undertake activities to reduce the effects of future earthquakes in the United States. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-the lead NEHRP agency-commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to develop a roadmap for earthquake hazard and risk reduction in the United States that would be based on the goals and objectives for achieving national earthquake resilience described in the 2008 NEHRP Strategic Plan. National Earthquake Resilience does this by assessing the activities and costs that would be required for the nation to achieve earthquake resilience in 20 years. National Earthquake Resilience interprets resilience broadly to incorporate engineering/science (physical), social/economic (behavioral), and institutional (governing) dimensions. Resilience encompasses both pre-disaster preparedness activities and post-disaster response. In combination, these will enhance the robustness of communities in all earthquake-vulnerable regions of our nation so that they can function adequately following damaging earthquakes. While National Earthquake Resilience is written primarily for the NEHRP, it also speaks to a broader audience of policy makers, earth scientists, and emergency managers.
Book Synopsis Urban Resilience for Risk and Adaptation Governance by : Grazia Brunetta
Download or read book Urban Resilience for Risk and Adaptation Governance written by Grazia Brunetta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-02 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a series of theory and practice essays on risk management and adaptation in urban contexts within a resilient and multidimensional perspective. The book proposes a transversal approach with regard to the role of spatial planning in promoting and fostering risk management as well as institutions’ challenges for governing risk, particularly in relation to new forms of multi-level governance that may include stakeholders and citizen engagement. The different contributions focus on approaches, policies, and practices able to contrast risks in urban systems generating social inclusion, equity and participation through bottom-up governance forms and co-evolution principles. Case studies focus on lessons learned, as well as the potential and means for their replication and upscaling, also through capacity building and knowledge transfer. Among many other topics, the book explores difficulties encountered in, and creative solutions found, community and local experiences and capacities, organizational processes and integrative institutional, technical approaches to risk issue in cities.
Book Synopsis Assessing and Managing Earthquake Risk by : Carlos Sousa Oliveira
Download or read book Assessing and Managing Earthquake Risk written by Carlos Sousa Oliveira and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-04 with total page 561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: * Multidisciplinary approach of risk assessment and management, which can provide more efficient earthquake mitigation. * Transfer of Geo-scientific and engineering knowledge to Civil Protection and insurance agents * Approaches and common practices directly related to the preparation of earthquake emergency plans * Illustrated examples of actual applications, including web sites * Case-studies and information on relevant international projects
Book Synopsis Earthquake Risk Reduction by : David J. Dowrick
Download or read book Earthquake Risk Reduction written by David J. Dowrick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-09-12 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encompassing theory and field experience, this book covers all the main subject areas in earthquake risk reduction, ranging from geology, seismology, structural and soil dynamics to hazard and risk assessment, risk management and planning, engineering and the architectural design of new structures and equipment. Earthquake Risk Reduction outlines individual national weaknesses that contribute to earthquake risk to people and property; calculates the seismic response of soils and structures, using the structural continuum 'Subsoil - Substructure - Superstructure - Non-structure'; evaluates the effectiveness of given designs and construction procedures for reducing casualties and financial losses; provides guidance on the key issue of choice of structural form; presents earthquake resistant designs methods for the four main structural materials - steel, concrete, reinforced masonry and timber - as well as for services equipment, plant and non-structural architectural components; contains a chapter devoted to problems involved in improving (retrofitting) the existing built environment. Compiled from the author's extensive professional experience in earthquake engineering, this key text provides an excellent treatment of the complex multidisciplinary process of earthquake risk reduction. This book will prove an invaluable reference and guiding tool to practicing civil and structural engineers and architects, researchers and postgraduate students in seismology, local governments and risk management officials.
Book Synopsis Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications by : Alik Ismail-Zadeh
Download or read book Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications written by Alik Ismail-Zadeh and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unique, interdisciplinary approach to disaster risk research, combining cutting-edge natural science and social science methodologies. Bringing together leading scientists, policy makers and practitioners from around the world, it presents the risks of global hazards such as volcanoes, seismic events, landslides, hurricanes, precipitation floods and space weather, and provides real-world hazard case studies from Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific region. Avoiding complex mathematics, the authors provide insight into topics such as the vulnerability of society, disaster risk reduction policy, relations between disaster policy and climate change, adaptation to hazards, and (re)insurance approaches to extreme events. This is a key resource for academic researchers and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines linked to hazard and risk studies, including geophysics, volcanology, hydrology, atmospheric science, geomorphology, oceanography and remote sensing, and for professionals and policy makers working in disaster prevention and mitigation.
Book Synopsis A Safer Future by : National Research Council
Download or read book A Safer Future written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initial priorities for U.S. participation in the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, declared by the United Nations, are contained in this volume. It focuses on seven issues: hazard and risk assessment; awareness and education; mitigation; preparedness for emergency response; recovery and reconstruction; prediction and warning; learning from disasters; and U.S. participation internationally. The committee presents its philosophy of calls for broad public and private participation to reduce the toll of disasters.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting by : Alper Ilki
Download or read book Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting written by Alper Ilki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-03 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many more people are coming to live in earthquake-prone areas, especially urban ones. Many such areas contain low-rise, low-cost housing, while little money is available to retrofit the buildings to avoid total collapse and thus potentially save lives. The lack of money, especially in developing countries, is exacerbated by difficulties with administration, implementation and public awareness. The future of modern earthquake engineering will come to be dominated by new kinds of measuring technologies, new materials developed especially for low-rise, low-cost buildings, simpler and thus lower cost options for retrofitting, cost cutting and raising public awareness. The book covers all the areas involved in this complex issue, from the prevention of total building collapse, through improvement techniques, to legal, financial, taxation and social issues. The contributors have all made valuable contributions in their own particular fields; all of them are or have been closely involved with the issues that can arise in seismic zones in any country. The recent research results published here offer invaluable pointers to practicing engineers and administrators, as well as other scientists whose work involves saving the lives and property of the many millions of people who live and work in hazardous buildings.
Book Synopsis Incentives and Motivators for Enhancing Earthquake Risk Mitigation Decision by : Temitope Kikelomo Egbelakin
Download or read book Incentives and Motivators for Enhancing Earthquake Risk Mitigation Decision written by Temitope Kikelomo Egbelakin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing scale of losses from earthquake disasters has reinforced the need for property owners to become proactive in seismic risk reduction programs. However, despite advancement in seismic design methods and legislative frameworks, building owners are often reluctant to adopt mitigation measures required to reduce earthquake losses. The magnitude of building collapses from the recent Christchurch earthquakes in New Zealand shows that owners of earthquake prone buildings (EPBs) are not adopting appropriate risk mitigation measures in their buildings. Owners of EPBs are found unwilling or lack motivation to adopt adequate mitigation measures that will reduce their vulnerability to seismic risks. This research investigates how to increase the likelihood of building owners undertaking appropriate mitigation actions that will reduce their vulnerability to earthquake disaster. A sequential two-phase mixed methods approach was adopted for the research investigation. Multiple case studies approach was adopted in the first qualitative phase, followed by the second quantitative research phase that includes the development and testing of a framework. The research findings reveal four categories of critical obstacles to building owners' decision to adopt earthquake loss prevention measures. These obstacles include perception, sociological, economic and institutional impediments. Intrinsic and extrinsic interventions are proposed as incentives for overcoming these barriers. The intrinsic motivators include using information communication networks such as mass media, policy entrepreneurs and community engagement in risk mitigation. Extrinsic motivators comprise the use of four groups of incentives namely; financial, regulatory, technological and property market incentives. These intrinsic and extrinsic interventions are essential for enhancing property owners' decisions to voluntarily adopt appropriate earthquake mitigation measures. The study concludes by providing specific recommendations that earthquake risk mitigation managers, city councils and stakeholders involved in risk mitigation in New Zealand and other seismic risk vulnerable countries could consider in earthquake risk management. Local authorities could adopt the framework developed in this study to demonstrate a combination of incentives and motivators that yield best-valued outcomes. Consequently, actions can be more specific and outcomes more effective. The implementation of these recommendations could offer greater reasons for the stakeholders and public to invest in building New Zealand's built environment resilience to earthquake disasters.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Mitigation Strategies for Complex Regional Transport Networks by : Gitanjali Bhattacharjee
Download or read book Seismic Risk Mitigation Strategies for Complex Regional Transport Networks written by Gitanjali Bhattacharjee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like the systems that supply residents of an area with power, water, sanitation, and communication services, road networks, which provide transport, are lifelines (Chang, 2016). Earthquakes can result in extensive damage to road networks and, in California, have historically caused significant damage to bridges (Mitchell et al., 1995). The immediate goal of seismically retrofitting a bridge is to mitigate the risk of the bridge experiencing structural damage during an earthquake (e.g., Buckle et al., 2006). Seismically retrofitting a bridge reduces the probability that it will be damaged by ground shaking in an earthquake -- and, consequently, the probability that it will incur repair costs or contribute to the indirect costs associated with road network disruptions. Retrofitting bridges has been shown to be a cost-effective method of mitigating the risk of bridge damage (e.g., Giovinazzi et al., 2011). Given budget constraints, retrofitting every bridge in a regional road network subject to seismic hazard is infeasible. How to decide which bridges within such a network to retrofit has therefore proven to be a problem of enduring interest. Complicating factors include the scale of the real-world problem, which precludes exhaustive searches, uncertainty in the seismic hazard and associated bridge damage, the link between bridges' states and the performance of the road network, and the computational cost of simulating road network performance. This dissertation proposes probabilistic and computationally tractable methods for performance-based seismic risk mitigation of complex regional road networks. First, this dissertation proposes a method for prioritizing bridge retrofits within a regional road network subject to uncertain seismic hazard, using a technique that accounts for network performance while avoiding the combinatoric costs of exhaustive searches. Using global variance-based sensitivity analysis (SA), bridges are ranked according to how much their retrofit statuses influence the expected cost of road network disruption, as measured by their total-order sensitivity (Sobol') indices. In a case study of 71 bridges in San Francisco, the proposed method identifies more effective retrofits than other heuristic retrofit prioritization strategies. The proposed method also remains computationally tractable while accounting for uncertainty in the seismic hazard, the stochastic nature of bridge damage, the uniqueness of individual bridges, network effects, and decision-makers' priorities, including budget considerations (but not constraints). As this method leverages existing risk assessment tools and models without imposing further assumptions, it should be extensible to other types of networks, hazards, and decision variables. Second, this dissertation proposes a method with which to increase the computational tractability of the SA-based bridge retrofit prioritization method when the decision variable of interest requires traffic simulation. To more efficiently compute bridges' Sobol' indices, a neural network is trained to serve as a surrogate model for a traffic simulator. For the same set of 71 bridges in San Francisco previously studied, a retrofit strategy based on bridges' total-order Sobol' indices computed using the surrogate model agrees closely with a strategy based on indices computed using only the traffic simulator while reducing the computational time required by as much as 99%. A surrogate model-based approach is also effective at prioritizing bridge retrofits for a set of 141 highway bridges in two Bay Area counties. Leveraging the power of surrogate models to reduce the computational burden of estimating bridges' total-order Sobol' indices will allow application of the SA-based retrofit prioritization method to larger numbers of bridges and larger sets of earthquake scenarios. It will also enable the use of more sophisticated traffic models to characterize network performance. Third, this dissertation integrates two measures of how post-earthquake road network disruption impacts individuals with a probabilistic seismic risk assessment framework in a computationally tractable way. Impacts on individual commuters are characterized using welfare loss, which is a measure of individual well-being and was previously formulated by Mackie et al. (2001), and the number of jobs affected by road network disruption, a novel measure. A case study of the San Francisco Bay Area shows that while all commuters have a similar risk of increased travel time due to post-earthquake road network disruption, commuters with low incomes have substantially higher risk of welfare loss than commuters with high incomes. Traditional metrics of road network disruption like travel time delay, infeasible trips, or combinations thereof obscure these disparate impacts. Quantitative risk metrics that account for variations in individuals' experiences without becoming computationally impracticable should prove useful in reducing risk to regional infrastructure networks in more equitable ways. A novel method for modifying post-earthquake commute demand to account for business interruptions is also presented. This method allows us to better distinguish between the impacts of road network disruption and the impacts of building damage on workers in a region, which is necessary to design effective risk reduction policies. Lastly, this dissertation includes a study of earthquake responders' building damage information needs and use. Although many responders need to understand the scale and distribution of building damage to react effectively, their building damage information needs and information use remain poorly understood, limiting the efficacy of information production, sharing, and research. Based on interview data and questionnaire responses gathered from experienced responders, six post-disaster tasks that rely on building damage information are characterized by their timing and by the necessary qualities of the information they require. Through inductive analysis of the interview data, responders' use of building damage information is also found to depend on factors beyond the building damage information itself -- namely, trust, impediments to information sharing, their varying understandings of disaster, and their attitudes toward emerging technologies. These factors must be considered in the design of any effort to create and/or disseminate post-disaster building damage information.
Download or read book Cities at Risk written by Pierre Filion and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As levels of urbanization increase around the world, the growing concentrations of population and economic activity increases vulnerability to natural disasters. Interdependencies among urban populations mean that damage to the built environment, including water, sewer and energy infrastructure, can affect millions. Even if there is no change in the rate of occurrence of natural disasters (an unlikely prospect in the face of ongoing climate change) the potential for human and economic loss will continue to increase, along with the time required to recover. How do cities prepare for and recover from natural disasters? In this book, the authors provide a broad overview of the issues related to the impacts of disasters on cities around the world, from assessing risks to accounting for damages. The comparative approach across different types of disasters in a range of urban locations is useful in identifying opportunities for policy transfer. While there is no ’one size fits all’ solution to hazard mitigation, valuable lessons can be learned from the experiences of others. The chapters emphasize different modes for assessing hazard risk, as well as strategies for increasing the resiliency of vulnerable populations.
Book Synopsis Planning for Earthquakes by : Philip R. Berke
Download or read book Planning for Earthquakes written by Philip R. Berke and published by . This book was released on 1992-04 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently experts who studied risks, both natural and technological, focused mainly on how to avoid them. Today, with a growing awareness that certain natural risks are simply unavoidable, the emphasis is shifting toward ways of planning for them and of mitigating their consequences. High on any list of unavoidable natural risks is earthquake. In Planning for Earthquakes Philip R. Berke and Timothy Beatley examine the experiences of 260 earthquake-prone communities across the United States, from the West Coast to the East. They give special attention to three areas of especially high risk--Palo Alto, California; Salt Lake County, Utah; and the lowlands of South Carolina (including historic Charleston). Berke and Beatley address topics that include citizen safety, ways of determining and maintaining the structural integrity of old and new buildings, mapping of quake-prone areas, and land-use (where to limit development). They also study the ways in which planners, politicians, and community residents can best work together in the decision-making process for earthquake planning. The authors conclude that the greatest successes have been achieved when technological considerations are counterbalanced with consideration of the values and preferences of those most at risk--the residents of quake-prone areas. Planning for Earthquakes will interest students and scholars of hazards management as well as land-use planners and government officials.