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Neuronal Mechanisms For Generating Locomotor Activity
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Book Synopsis Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity by : Ole Kiehn
Download or read book Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity written by Ole Kiehn and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At this conference, developments in the understanding of the neuronal basis for locomotion in higher vertebrates were presented and discussed. Amongst the developments covered in this report are a number of in vitro spinal cord preparations, which enable researchers to study locomotor pattern generation from cellular and molecular perspectives. The general principles for rhythmic pattern generation as well as avenues for future research are also discussed,
Book Synopsis Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms in the Neural Control of Movement by : M.D. Binder
Download or read book Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms in the Neural Control of Movement written by M.D. Binder and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-12-17 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade, we have witnessed a striking maturation of our understanding of how neurons in the spinal cord control muscular activity and movement. Paradoxically, a host of new findings have revealed an unexpected versatility in the behavior of these well-studied neural elements and circuits. In this volume, the world's leading experts review the current state of our knowledge of motor control, outline their latest results and developments, and delineate the seminal unresolved questions in this vibrant field of research. The volume begins with a commentary and overview of our current understanding of the peripheral and spinal basis of motor control. The remainder of the volume is divided into seven sections, each focused on a different problem. The first chapter in each section provides some historical review and presages the experimental findings and hypotheses that are discussed in subsequent chapters.Topics include the biomechanics of neuromuscular systems, the properties of motoneurons and the muscle units they control, spinal interneurons, pattern generating circuits, locomotion, descending control of spinal circuits, comparative physiology of motor systems, and motor systems neurophysiology studied in man. The book serves as a unique reference volume and should be essential reading for anyone interested in motor systems. Moreover, the volume's comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics make it an effective textbook for graduate level courses in motor control neurobiology, kinesiology, physical therapy, and rehabilitation medicine.
Book Synopsis Locomotor Neural Mechanisms in Arthropods and Vertebrates by : David M. Armstrong
Download or read book Locomotor Neural Mechanisms in Arthropods and Vertebrates written by David M. Armstrong and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Neural and Computational Modeling of Movement Control by : Ning Lan
Download or read book Neural and Computational Modeling of Movement Control written by Ning Lan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the study of sensorimotor systems, an important research goal has been to understand the way neural networks in the spinal cord and brain interact to control voluntary movement. Computational modeling has provided insight into the interaction between centrally generated commands, proprioceptive feedback signals and the biomechanical responses of the moving body. Research in this field is also driven by the need to improve and optimize rehabilitation after nervous system injury and to devise biomimetic methods of control in robotic devices. This research topic is focused on efforts dedicated to identify and model the neuromechanical control of movement. Neural networks in the brain and spinal cord are known to generate patterned activity that mediates coordinated activation of multiple muscles in both rhythmic and discrete movements, e.g. locomotion and reaching. Commands descending from the higher centres in the CNS modulate the activity of spinal networks, which control movement on the basis of sensory feedback of various types, including that from proprioceptive afferents. The computational models will continue to shed light on the central strategies and mechanisms of sensorimotor control and learning. This research topic demonstrated that computational modeling is playing a more and more prominent role in the studies of postural and movement control. With increasing ability to gather data from all levels of the neuromechanical sensorimotor systems, there is a compelling need for novel, creative modeling of new and existing data sets, because the more systematic means to extract knowledge and insights about neural computations of sensorimotor systems from these data is through computational modeling. While models should be based on experimental data and validated with experimental evidence, they should also be flexible to provide a conceptual framework for unifying diverse data sets, to generate new insights of neural mechanisms, to integrate new data sets into the general framework, to validate or refute hypotheses and to suggest new testable hypotheses for future experimental investigation. It is thus expected that neural and computational modeling of the sensorimotor system should create new opportunities for experimentalists and modelers to collaborate in a joint endeavor to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms for postural and movement control. The editors would like to thank Professor Arthur Prochazka, who helped initially to set up this research topic, and all authors who contributed their articles to this research topic. Our appreciation also goes to the reviewers, who volunteered their time and effort to help achieve the goal of this research topic. We would also like to thank the staff members of editorial office of Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience for their expertise in the process of manuscript handling, publishing, and in bringing this ebook to the readers. The support from the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Misha Tsodyks and Dr. Si Wu is crucial for this research topic to come to a successful conclusion. We are indebted to Dr. Si Li and Ms. Ting Xu, whose assistant is important for this ebook to become a reality. Finally, this work is supported in part by grants to Dr. Ning Lan from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB013304), the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81271684, No. 61361160415, No. 81630050), and the Interdisciplinary Research Grant cross Engineering and Medicine by Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG20148D09). Dr. Vincent Cheung is supported by startup funds from the Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Guest Associate Editors Ning Lan, Vincent Cheung, and Simon Gandevia
Book Synopsis Handbook of Brain Microcircuits by : Gordon M. Shepherd
Download or read book Handbook of Brain Microcircuits written by Gordon M. Shepherd and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to focus on principles, each chapter in this work is brief, organized around 1-3 wiring diagrams of the key circuits, with several pages of text that distil the functional significance of each microcircuit
Book Synopsis Neuroscience in the 21st Century by : Donald W. Pfaff
Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
Download or read book Neuroproteomics written by Oscar Alzate and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-10-26 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this, the post-genomic age, our knowledge of biological systems continues to expand and progress. As the research becomes more focused, so too does the data. Genomic research progresses to proteomics and brings us to a deeper understanding of the behavior and function of protein clusters. And now proteomics gives way to neuroproteomics as we beg
Book Synopsis Seizures and Epilepsy by : Jerome Engel Jr
Download or read book Seizures and Epilepsy written by Jerome Engel Jr and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of 'Seizures and Epilepsy' is completely revised, due to tremendous advances in the understanding of the fundamental neuronal mechanisms underlying epileptic phenomena, as well as current diagnosis and treatment, which have been heavily influenced over the past several decades by seminal neuroscientific developments, particularly the introduction of molecular neurobiology, genetics, and modern neuroimaging. This resource covers a broad range of both basic and clinical epileptology.
Book Synopsis Neural Control of Locomotion by : Robert Herman
Download or read book Neural Control of Locomotion written by Robert Herman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-04 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Neuron written by Irwin B. Levitan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2002 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for use by advanced undergraduate, graduate and medical students, this book presents a study of the unique biochemical and physiological properties of neurons, emphasising the molecular mechanisms that generate and regulate their activity.
Book Synopsis Neural Mechanisms and Dynamics Underlying Reaching and Decision Making by : Matthew Tyler Kaufman
Download or read book Neural Mechanisms and Dynamics Underlying Reaching and Decision Making written by Matthew Tyler Kaufman and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate purpose of the motor system is clear: it exists to control the body. However, despite the motor system being among the longest-studied brain structures, it remains unclear how -- mechanistically -- motor cortex performs this function. Here, a mechanistic approach was taken to investigate how primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) control movement. That is, the goal was to elucidate the dynamics of the motor cortex 'machine.' Monkeys were trained in reaching tasks, and neural signals were recorded from their brains as they performed them. Two broad classes of analysis were used. First, cell-by-cell analyses were combined with cell-type analyses, which permitted examining the activity patterns of excitatory and inhibitory neurons separately. Second, techniques based on dynamical systems analysis (such as dimensionality reduction) were applied, which permitted analysis of neural populations as a whole and abstraction to a somewhat higher level of system function. Three major results and a technical advance are presented. Firstly, we investigated how it is possible for an animal to hold still even as neural activity in motor cortex changes drastically during preparation for the upcoming movement. We found that, contrary to common assumptions, there does not appear to be a 'gate' comprised of high inhibition during preparation. Instead, using the dynamical systems perspective, we found that preparatory activity has a special structure such that it remains in intrinsically muscle neutral, 'iso-force' patterns. Secondly, we searched for coherent dynamics in the movement-time activity of motor cortex. We found that motor cortex appears to obey a relatively simple set of dynamics, dominated by oscillatory patterns. Moreover, the exact neural trajectory is heavily determined ('seeded') by the immediately preceding preparatory activity. In order to causally perturb these dynamics with patterned stimulation and cell-type specificity, we then developed a set of optogenetic techniques for use in primates. Finally, we investigated how the dynamics of the decision-making process are reflected in motor cortex. To do so, we combined a novel decision-making paradigm, many simultaneous neural recordings, and single-trial analytical techniques. Preliminary results are given for this final section, demonstrating the presence of vacillation in monkey decision-making. In summary, we found that preparation and movement can be understood as an oscillatory dynamical system seeded by preparatory activity that lives in an iso-force space, that inhibitory and excitatory neurons seem to play more similar roles in the dynamical system than might be expected, and that moment-by-moment processes of motor decision-making can be seen in motor cortex.
Book Synopsis Colonic Motility by : Sushil K. Sarna
Download or read book Colonic Motility written by Sushil K. Sarna and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three distinct types of contractions perform colonic motility functions. Rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) cause slow net distal propulsion with extensive mixing/turning over. Infrequently occurring giant migrating contractions (GMCs) produce mass movements. Tonic contractions aid RPCs in their motor function. The spatiotemporal patterns of these contractions differ markedly. The amplitude and distance of propagation of a GMC are several-fold larger than those of an RPC. The enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells are the core regulators of all three types of contractions. The regulation of contractions by these mechanisms is modifiable by extrinsic factors: CNS, autonomic neurons, hormones, inflammatory mediators, and stress mediators. Only the GMCs produce descending inhibition, which accommodates the large bolus being propelled without increasing muscle tone. The strong compression of the colon wall generates afferent signals that are below nociceptive threshold in healthy subjects. However, these signals become nociceptive; if the amplitudes of GMCs increase, afferent nerves become hypersensitive, or descending inhibition is impaired. The GMCs also provide the force for rapid propulsion of feces and descending inhibition to relax the internal anal sphincter during defecation. The dysregulation of GMCs is a major factor in colonic motility disorders: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and diverticular disease (DD). Frequent mass movements by GMCs cause diarrhea in diarrhea predominant IBS, IBD, and DD, while a decrease in the frequency of GMCs causes constipation. The GMCs generate the afferent signals for intermittent short-lived episodes of abdominal cramping in these disorders. Epigenetic dysregulation due to adverse events in early life is one of the major factors in generating the symptoms of IBS in adulthood.
Book Synopsis Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies by : Jeffrey Noebels
Download or read book Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies written by Jeffrey Noebels and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 1258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jasper's Basic Mechanisms, Fourth Edition, is the newest most ambitious and now clinically relevant publishing project to build on the four-decade legacy of the Jasper's series. In keeping with the original goal of searching for "a better understanding of the epilepsies and rational methods of prevention and treatment.", the book represents an encyclopedic compendium neurobiological mechanisms of seizures, epileptogenesis, epilepsy genetics and comordid conditions. Of practical importance to the clinician, and new to this edition are disease mechanisms of genetic epilepsies and therapeutic approaches, ranging from novel antiepileptic drug targets to cell and gene therapies.
Book Synopsis The Biology of Thought by : Krishnagopal Dharani
Download or read book The Biology of Thought written by Krishnagopal Dharani and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-08-28 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of "what is thought" has intrigued society for ages, yet it is still a puzzle how the human brain can produce a myriad of thoughts and can store seemingly endless memories. All we know is that sensations received from the outside world imprint some sort of molecular signatures in neurons – or perhaps synapses – for future retrieval. What are these molecular signatures, and how are they made? How are thoughts generated and stored in neurons? The Biology of Thought explores these issues and proposes a new molecular model that sheds light on the basis of human thought. Step-by-step it describes a new hypothesis for how thought is produced at the micro-level in the brain – right at the neuron. Despite its many advances, the neurobiology field lacks a comprehensive explanation of the fundamental aspects of thought generation at the neuron level, and its relation to intelligence and memory. Derived from existing research in the field, this book attempts to lay biological foundations for this phenomenon through a novel mechanism termed the "Molecular-Grid Model" that may explain how biological electrochemical events occurring at the neuron interact to generate thoughts. The proposed molecular model is a testable hypothesis that hopes to change the way we understand critical brain function, and provides a starting point for major advances in this field that will be of interest to neuroscientists the world over. Written to provide a comprehensive coverage of the electro-chemical events that occur at the neuron and how they interact to generate thought Provides physiology-based chapters (functional anatomy, neuron physiology, memory) and the molecular mechanisms that may shape thought Contains a thorough description of the process by which neurons convert external stimuli to primary thoughts
Author :International Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 : Total Pages :336 pages Book Rating :4.X/5 (2 download)
Book Synopsis Neural Control of Movement by : International Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress
Download or read book Neural Control of Movement written by International Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reports on research into how the nervous system controls muscles and movement from crustaceans to humans. Covers the broad areas of afferent mechanisms, proprioception, reflexes, locomotion, development, cerebellar mechanism, and comparative studies; and discusses such details as the quantitative as
Book Synopsis Neurotransmitter Release by : Hugo J. Bellen
Download or read book Neurotransmitter Release written by Hugo J. Bellen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1999 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the reader with background information on neurotransmitter release. Emphasis is placed on the rationale by which proteins are assigned specific functions rather than just providing facts about function.
Book Synopsis Brainstem and Spinal Cord Mechanisms that Control Locomotor Activity in Larval Lamprey by : André Hagevik
Download or read book Brainstem and Spinal Cord Mechanisms that Control Locomotor Activity in Larval Lamprey written by André Hagevik and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In vitro brain/spinal cord preparations from larval lamprey were used to examine several aspects of locomotor systems: (a) organization of brain locomotor command systems that initiate locomotor behavior; (b) mechanisms responsible for turning maneuvers; (c) pharmacology of descending activation of spinal locomotor networks; and the contributions of (d) local coupling, (e) long distance coupling, and (f) oscillator frequency gradients to coordination of spinal locomotor activity. In addition, computer modeling was used to test hypotheses generated by the biological data. Chemical microstimulation in the brain with excitatory amino acids (EAA) or their agonists indicated that several areas of the brain were effective in initiating coordinated spinal locomotor activity. These results suggest that trigeminal sensory systems have inputs to higher order locomotor control centers which then project to descending brain neurons that activate spinal locomotor networks and initiate locomotor behavior. Results from whole animals and in vitro preparations indicate that turning maneuvers involve changes in intensity as well as timing of locomotor activity. These results, in conjunction with computer model simulations, suggest that this adaptation of locomotor behavior is mediated by descending modulatory inputs primarily to the spinal oscillator networks involved with the timing of motor activity, but possibly also to motoneurons. Application of general EAA receptor blockers to the spinal cord abolished brainstem-initiated locomotor activity, while specific EAA receptor blockers only attenuated the activity. The results suggest that these receptors are not concentrated in areas of the spinal locomotor networks that control cycle time. Application of strychnine, a glycinergic receptor blocker, to the spinal cord converted left-right alternation of burst activity to synchronous bursting, indicating that left and right oscillators are connected by strong reciprocal inhibition in parallel with weaker reciprocal excitation. Results also suggest that short distance coupling is stronger in the descending direction than in the ascending direction. When short distance coupling was blocked in the middle spinal cord, long distance coupling could coordinate rostral and caudal burst activity for at least 40 segments. However, long distance coupling is relatively weak, suggesting that short distance coupling is the main mechanism for coordinating locomotor activity along the spinal cord. Finally, evidence for oscillator frequency gradients along the spinal cord was obtained. This mechanism may contribute to coordination of locomotor activity, but frequency gradients do not appear to be necessary for normal locomotor coordination.
