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Neuronal And Vascular Plasticity
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Book Synopsis Neuronal and Vascular Plasticity by : Kenneth Maiese
Download or read book Neuronal and Vascular Plasticity written by Kenneth Maiese and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Galen in the 2nd century AD could be considered one of the earliest researchers who attempted to bridge the gap between basic science and clinical medicine. Galen is given initial credit for the recognition that vital organs of the body are exquisitely dependent upon the intact function of the circulatory system. The doctrines of Galenic physiology stated that blood was produced in the liver, flowed to the heart to obtain "vital spirits", and subsequently bathed the brain to gain "animal spirits". The "vital spirits" described by Galen were later disclosed to consist of oxygen. Oxygen was discovered independently by Schiele in Sweden and by Priestly in England. It was named oxygen (acid-former) by Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) of France. Lavoisier made significant medical discoveries concerning oxygen's role in respiration. In animal experiments, Lavoisier and others discovered that anoxia could rapidly lead to death. The initial work by these investigators helped provide direction for modern clinical science and the treatment of disease, especially concerning disorders of the nervous system. Remarkably, our understanding of human disease continues to grow at an exponential rate. At times, the accumulation of knowledge of the cellular components of clinical disease exceeds all prior expectations held just a few years ago, such as evidenced by the recent cloning of the human and mouse genomes. Despite theses advances, both biomedical scientists and clinicians sometimes are at a loss to recognize the crucial link between basic science discovery and the development of therapeutic regiments for clinical disease.
Download or read book Brain Aging written by David R. Riddle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognition that aging is not the accumulation of disease, but rather comprises fundamental biological processes that are amenable to experimental study, is the basis for the recent growth of experimental biogerontology. As increasingly sophisticated studies provide greater understanding of what occurs in the aging brain and how these changes occur
Book Synopsis Learning-induced Plasticity in Vascular Properties in the Human Brain by : Avner Fitterman
Download or read book Learning-induced Plasticity in Vascular Properties in the Human Brain written by Avner Fitterman and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is a plastic organ, able to undergo structural and functional changes following changing physiological contingencies, such as diseases and exercise training. However, the nature of the biological changes that underlie plasticity in the adult human brain is not fully understood. In light of this lack of knowledge of the biological mechanism behind brain plasticity, non-invasive imaging can be used to track plasticity changes in the living human brain. Quantitative and physiologically-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are an ideal tool to study these mechanisms. Plasticity is believed to involve a variety of physiological mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms are neuronal in nature, such as synaptogenesis and changes in neuronal morphology, but changes in non-neuronal tissue components are also thought to contribute, including angiogenesis. The latter may result in increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). CBF estimation can be obtained using arterial spin labeling (ASL). In this technique, water protons in blood are magnetically labelled and this labelling is used to measure the amount of blood that perfuses brain regions. The detection of blood perfusion changes during and following learning intervention would be indicative of a contribution of vascular plasticity to learning-induced changes. In this project, we will use ASL to measure plasticity-induced changes in CBF in motor areas during and following five days of motor task learning.
Book Synopsis New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling: A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity by :
Download or read book New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling: A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-04-26 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Horizons in Neurovascular Coupling: A Bridge Between Brain Circulation and Neural Plasticity is the latest volume in the Progress in Brain Research series that focuses on new trends and developments in neurovascular coupling. This established international series examines major areas of basic and clinical research within the neurosciences, as well as popular and emerging subfields. This volume takes an integrated approach to review and summarize some of the most recent progress reported on the connection between brain circulation and neural plasticity. - Explores new trends and developments in basic and clinical research in the neurovascular coupling subfield of neuroscience - Uses an integrated approach to review and summarize recent progress - Emphasizes potential applications in a clinical setting - Enhances the literature of neuroscience by further expanding the established, ongoing international series Progress in Brain Research
Book Synopsis Microvascular Plasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Mouse Cortex by : Patrick Reeson
Download or read book Microvascular Plasticity in the Healthy and Diseased Mouse Cortex written by Patrick Reeson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain relies on a properly functioning vasculature system to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove metabolic waste. However as in all biological systems, the brain is sometimes challenged by small or large-scale failures in the vascular system, which threaten the neuronal networks they support. Cerebral capillaries are uniquely prone to spontaneous obstructions, randomly stopping flow on a moment to moment basis. While not surprising given that capillaries are narrow, low pressure tubes that pass relatively large and adherent cells and debris, the ultimate outcomes of these obstructions are unknown. The vascular response to these events could have profound effects on brain health, as these random events accumulate over time. Similarly, while much research has studied the neural and vascular responses to large vessel obstructions (ischemic stroke), how common comorbidities which also afflict the vasculature, like diabetes, alters vascular plasticity and in turn neuronal rewiring and functional recovery, is not understood. This dissertation furthers our understanding of how microvascular plasticity, in response to either small or larger interruptions to blood flow, affect brain health. In the first aim I examined the fates of cortical capillaries in the mouse somatosensory cortex to either spontaneous or experimentally induced obstructions. Using in vivo 2 photon imaging of cortical blood flow, I found that ~0.12% of cortical capillaries become obstructed each day. Tracking natural or microsphere induced obstructions in anesthetized or awake mice revealed that most capillaries recanalize. Remarkably, 30% of all obstructed capillaries failed to recanalize and were pruned by 21 days. This loss was not compensated for by any angiogenic sprouting in any imaging area. Using this information, I was able to predict capillary loss over time that closely matched experimental estimates. From a mechanistic perspective, endothelium specific genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of VEGF-R2 signaling was a critical factor in promoting capillary re-canalization and mitigating subsequent pruning. Thus, this work reveals the incidence, mechanism and long-term outcome of capillary obstructions and contributes to our understanding of age related capillary rarefaction. In the second aim, I examined the vascular adaptions that accompany large scale disruptions to the cerebral blood flow in the form of ischemic stroke. Using a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, I revealed that ischemic stroke leads to an abnormal and persistent increase in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) expression in peri-infarct vascular networks. Correlating with this, BBB permeability was markedly increased in diabetic mice which could not be prevented with insulin treatment after stroke. Imaging of capillary ultrastructure revealed that BBB permeability was associated with an increase in endothelial transcytosis rather than a loss of tight junctions. Pharmacological inhibition or endothelial-specific knockdown of VEGF-R2 after stroke attenuated BBB permeability, loss of synaptic structure in peri-infarct regions, and improved recovery of forepaw function. However, the beneficial effects of VEGF-R2 inhibition on stroke recovery were restricted to diabetic mice and appeared to worsen BBB permeability in non-diabetic mice. These results showed that aberrant VEGF signaling and BBB dysfunction after stroke plays a crucial role in limiting functional recovery in an experimental model of diabetes. Overall this dissertation demonstrates that the structure, integrity, and function of mature cerebrovascular networks undergoes substantial changes in the face of both small and large scale vascular insults. Furthermore, I have revealed a critical role for endothelial VEGF-R2 signalling in mediating many of these vascular changes, which in turn, had important consequences for brain aging and the recovery of function after stroke.
Book Synopsis Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury by : Daniel Laskowitz
Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme
Book Synopsis Plasticity and Reconstruction of Neural Network in Brain Injury by : Zhang Pengyue
Download or read book Plasticity and Reconstruction of Neural Network in Brain Injury written by Zhang Pengyue and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-08-24 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neuronal Plasticity by : Yigal H. Ehrlich
Download or read book Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neuronal Plasticity written by Yigal H. Ehrlich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous studies have proven the biological basis of memory formation and have begun to identify the biochemical traces and cellular circuits that are formed by experience, and which participate int the storage of information in the brain, its retention for long durations, and its retrieval upon demand. Cells in the nervous system have the capability of undergoing extremely long-lasting alterations in response to hormonal, pharmacological, and environmental stimulations. The mechanisms underlying this neuronal plasticity are activated by experiential inputs and operate in the process of learning and the formation of memories in the brain. This volume presents research areas which have not been highlighted in the past. In addition to studies on the involement of functional proteins in neuronal adaptation, this volume presents recent developments on the critical roles of bioactive lipids and nucleotides in these processes. In addition to the widely studied role of second messengers, a review of studies on extracellular phosphorylation systems operating on the surface of brain neurons is presented.The first section of the volume presents studies of basic mechanisms operating in a wide range of adaptive processes. The second section presents recent advances in investigations that have demonstrated the clinical implications of this research. These include: state of the art use of transgenic models in studies of molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in familial Alzheimer's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; studies of specific proteins implicated in Alzheimer's disease, including an adapter that binds to the beta-amyloid precurser protein (beta-APP) and the microtubular protein Tau and its membrane-bound counterpart. The advantages of using cell culture models for elucidating the causes of neuronal degeneration and for identifying mechanisms of neuroprotection are also presented among the chapters in the section on clinical implications.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Acute Running Induced Neuronal Activation on Cerebral GLUT1 and Vascular Plasticity by : Jacky Liang
Download or read book The Effects of Acute Running Induced Neuronal Activation on Cerebral GLUT1 and Vascular Plasticity written by Jacky Liang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Endothelial Cell Plasticity in the Normal and Injured Central Nervous System by : Esperanza Melendez Herrera
Download or read book Endothelial Cell Plasticity in the Normal and Injured Central Nervous System written by Esperanza Melendez Herrera and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the importance of endothelial cells as key players in the functioning of the nervous system under both normal and pathological conditions. The book demonstrates that endothelial cells are an essential and dynamic cell population in the central nervous system, with multiple and complex roles, not only in the maintenance of homeo
Book Synopsis Cerebral Plasticity by : Leo M. Chalupa
Download or read book Cerebral Plasticity written by Leo M. Chalupa and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2011-05-20 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A survey of the latest research, covering such topics as plasticity in the adult brain and the underlying mechanisms of plasticity. The notion that neurons in the living brain can change in response to experience—a phenomenon known as "plasticity"—has become a major conceptual issue in neuroscience research as well as a practical focus for the fields of neural rehabilitation and neurodegenerative disease. Early work dealt with the plasticity of the developing brain and demonstrated the critical role played by sensory experience in normal development. Two broader themes have emerged in recent studies: the plasticity of the adult brain (one of the most rapidly developing areas of current research) and the search for the underlying mechanisms of plasticity—explanations for the cellular, molecular, and epigenetic factors controlling plasticity. Many scientists believe that achieving a fundamental understanding of what underlies neuronal plasticity could help us treat neurological disorders and even improve the learning capabilities of the human brain. This volume offers contributions from leaders in the field that cover all three approaches to the study of cerebral plasticity. Chapters treat normal development and the influences of environmental manipulations; cerebral plasticity in adulthood; and underlying mechanisms of plasticity. Other chapters deal with plastic changes in neurological conditions and with the enhancement of plasticity as a strategy for brain repair.
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Neurological Aging by : Colin R Martin
Download or read book Factors Affecting Neurological Aging written by Colin R Martin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-01 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors Affecting Neurological Aging: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior, and Diet is a comprehensive reference on the genetic and behavioral features associated with neurological aging and associated disorders. This book discusses the mechanisms underlying neurological aging and provides readers with a detailed introduction to the aging of neural connections and complexities in biological circuitries, as well as the physiological, behavioral, molecular, and cellular features of neurological aging. Finally, this comprehensive resource examines the use of animal modeling of aging and neurological disease. - Provides the most comprehensive coverage on a broad range of topics related to the neuroscience of aging - Features sections on the genetic components that influence aging and diseases of aging - Focuses on neurological diseases and conditions linked to aging, environmental factors and clinical recommendations - Includes more than 500 illustrations and tables
Book Synopsis Neuronal Plasticity: Building a Bridge from the Laboratory to the Clinic by : Jordan Grafman
Download or read book Neuronal Plasticity: Building a Bridge from the Laboratory to the Clinic written by Jordan Grafman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last twenty years there has been an explosive growth in our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and anatomical changes that occur in the days and weeks following brain injury. It is now clear that training and exposure to certain environments can modify and shape neuronal plasticity in lower animals and humans. In humans, in particular, there are new ways of charting neuronal plasticity at the ensemble or regional level using functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, the time seems right for transporting the laboratory results to the clinic so that experimental findings can be tested in the "field". This volume provides some impetus to moving the field of cognitive neuroscience a little further in its efforts to improve the lives of patients who have suffered a debilitating brain injury.
Download or read book Neuroplasticity written by Victor Chaban and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-06-06 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides comprehensive and up-to-date insights into emerging research trends on neuroplasticity with current or future treatments for neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. The authors discuss structural and functional changes associated with cortical remapping, sensory substitution, synaptic and non-synaptic compensatory plasticity due to brain damage, brain training, chronic pain, meditation, music, exercise and related states. Key features include pathogenesis, and existing and new therapies together with a pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach in clinical treatment and management. The authors are established experts that contributed significantly to a better understanding of the etiology of neuroplasticity. This book is recommended to healthcare providers, clinical scientists, students and patients.
Book Synopsis Vascular Development by : Derek J. Chadwick
Download or read book Vascular Development written by Derek J. Chadwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-08-20 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation of blood vessels is an essential aspect of embryogenesis in vertebrates. It is a central feature of numerous post-embryonic processes, including tissue and organ growth and regeneration. It is also part of the pathology of tumour formation and certain inflammatory conditions. In recent years, comprehension of the molecular genetics of blood vessel formation has progressed enormously and studies in vertebrate model systems, especially the mouse and the zebrafish, have identified a common set of molecules and processes that are conserved throughout vertebrate embryogenesis while, in addition, highlighting aspects that may differ between different animal groups. The discovery in the past decade of the crucial role of new blood vessel formation for the development of cancers has generated great interest in angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones), with its major implications for potential cancer-control strategies. In addition, there are numerous situations where therapeutic treatments either require or would be assisted by vasculogenesis (the de novo formation of blood vessels). In particular, post-stroke therapies could include treatments that stimulate neovascularization of the affected tissues. The development of such treatments, however, requires thoroughly understanding the developmental properties of endothelial cells and the basic biology of blood vessel formation. While there are many books on angiogenesis, this unique book focuses on exactly this basic biology and explores blood vessel formation in connection with tissue development in a range of animal models. It includes detailed discussions of relevant cell biology, genetics and embryogenesis of blood vessel formation and presents insights into the cross-talk between developing blood vessels and other tissues. With contributions from vascular biologists, cell biologists and developmental biologists, a comprehensive and highly interdisciplinary volume is the outcome.
Book Synopsis Neural Plasticity and Memory by : Federico Bermudez-Rattoni
Download or read book Neural Plasticity and Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq
Book Synopsis Insights Into Ischemia-induced Dendritic and Vascular Plasticity Through In Vivo Imaging by : Taylor Ann Clark
Download or read book Insights Into Ischemia-induced Dendritic and Vascular Plasticity Through In Vivo Imaging written by Taylor Ann Clark and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability in adults, and impairments in the upper extremities are particularly common. Many post-stroke remodeling events are activity dependent and can be influenced by post-ischemic behavioral experience through similar mechanisms as experience-dependent plasticity. The overarching goal of these dissertation studies was to understand how behavioral experience, in the form of rehabilitative training (RT), after ischemia impacts neuronal and vascular structural remodeling. This was tested using a mouse model of ischemia-induced upper-limb impairments in adult transgenic mice containing yellow or green fluorescent protein (YFP/GFP) in a subset of layer V cortical pyramidal neurons. First, I examined the impact of manual skill learning on dendritic spine dynamics in vivo in the trained motor cortex (MC) of intact mice (Chapter 2). We found that spine formation was significantly enhanced after 3 days of training, which was followed by an equal and opposite increase in spine elimination by day 6 and then a return to baseline levels for the remainder of the training duration. New spines formed on day 3 were preferentially stabilized and were correlated with performance gains. Next, I tested whether a variation of the photothrombotic stroke model that confines laser illumination to individual arteries on the cortical surface, could better reproduce aspects of the vascular penumbra, such that it would be better suited for examining how structural remodeling events are influenced by the penumbra. We monitored post-ischemic cerebral blood flow (CBF) at 6, 48, and 120 h following MC infarcts and found that artery-targeted photothrombosis created a wider, more graded penumbra. In addition, it instigated vascular structural remodeling, and caused impairments in skilled-reaching performance in mice. Lastly, I examined the impact of RT on spine dynamics and recovery of skilled reaching performance following photothrombotic infarcts to MC. We found that ischemia instigated widespread increases in spine turnover that persisted for up to 5 weeks. RT increased the stabilization of new spines formed in weeks 2 and 3 after ischemia, which was correlated with improvements in skilled reaching, indicating that new spine maintenance could represent a structural mechanism for the recovery of reaching performance.
