Natos Failure In Libya Lessons For Africa

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NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa

Author : Horace Campbell
Publisher : African Books Collective
ISBN 13 : 0798303700
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa by : Horace Campbell

Download or read book NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa written by Horace Campbell and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings erupted in Africa, in the first two months of the year 2011, with the chant, 'the people want to bring down the regime', there was hope all over the continent that these rebellions were part of a wider African Awakening. President Ben Ali of Tunisia was forced to step down and fled to Saudi Arabia. Within a month of Ben Ali's departure, Hosni Mubarak of Egypt was removed from power by the people, who mobilised a massive revolutionary movement in the country. Four days after the ousting of Mubarak, sections of the Libyan people rebelled in Benghazi. Within days, this uprising was militarised, with armed resistance countered by declarations from the Libyan leadership vowing to use raw state power to root out the rebellion. The first Libyan demonstrations occurred on February 15, 2011, but by February 21 there were reports that innocent civilians were in imminent danger of being massacred by the army. This information was embellished by reports of the political leadership branding the rebellious forces as 'rats'.

Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya

Author : Horace Campbell
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1583674136
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (836 download)

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Book Synopsis Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya by : Horace Campbell

Download or read book Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya written by Horace Campbell and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this incisive account, scholar Horace Campbell investigates the political and economic crises of the early twenty-first century through the prism of NATO’s intervention in Libya. He traces the origins of the conflict, situates it in the broader context of the Arab Spring uprisings, and explains the expanded role of a post-Cold War NATO. This military organization, he argues, is the instrument through which the capitalist class of North America and Europe seeks to impose its political will on the rest of the world, however warped by the increasingly outmoded neoliberal form of capitalism. The intervention in Libya—characterized by bombing campaigns, military information operations, third party countries, and private contractors—exemplifies this new model. Campbell points out that while political elites in the West were quick to celebrate the intervention in Libya as a success, the NATO campaign caused many civilian deaths and destroyed the nation’s infrastructure. Furthermore, the instability it unleashed in the forms of militias and terrorist groups have only begun to be reckoned with, as the United States learned when its embassy was attacked and personnel, including the ambassador, were killed. Campbell’s lucid study is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand this complex and weighty course of events.

Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya

Author : Horace Campbell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781583674192
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya by : Horace Campbell

Download or read book Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya written by Horace Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this incisive account, scholar Horace Campbell investigates the political and economic crises of the early twenty-first century through the prism of NATOOCOs intervention in Libya. He traces the origins of the conflict, situates it in the broader context of the Arab Spring uprisings, and explains the expanded role of a post-Cold War NATO. This military organization, he argues, is the instrument through which the capitalist class of North America and Europe seeks to impose its political will on the rest of the world, however warped by the increasingly outmoded neoliberal form of capitalism. The intervention in LibyaOCocharacterized by bombing campaigns, military information operations, third party countries, and private contractorsOCoexemplifies this new model. Campbell points out that while political elites in the West were quick to celebrate the intervention in Libya as a success, the NATO campaign caused many civilian deaths and destroyed the nationOCOs infrastructure. Furthermore, the instability it unleashed in the forms of militias and terrorist groups have only begun to be reckoned with, as the United States learned when its embassy was attacked and personnel, including the ambassador, were killed. CampbellOCOs lucid study is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand this complex and weighty course of events.

The NATO Intervention in Libya

Author : Kjell Engelbrekt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134514107
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis The NATO Intervention in Libya by : Kjell Engelbrekt

Download or read book The NATO Intervention in Libya written by Kjell Engelbrekt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores ‘lessons learned’ from the military intervention in Libya by examining key aspects of the 2011 NATO campaign. NATO’s intervention in Libya had unique features, rendering it unlikely to serve as a model for action in other situations. There was an explicit UN Security Council mandate to use military force, a strong European commitment to protect Libyan civilians, Arab League political endorsement and American engagement in the critical, initial phase of the air campaign. Although the seven-month intervention stretched NATO’s ammunition stockpiles and political will almost to their respective breaking points, the definitive overthrow of the Gaddafi regime is universally regarded as a major accomplishment. With contributions from a range of key thinkers and analysts in the field, the book first explains the law and politics of the intervention, starting out with deliberations in NATO and at the UN Security Council, both noticeably influenced by the concept of a Responsibility to Protect (R2P). It then goes on to examine a wide set of military and auxiliary measures that governments and defence forces undertook in order to increasingly tilt the balance against the Gaddafi regime and to bring about an end to the conflict, as well as to the intervention proper, while striving to keep the number of NATO and civilian casualties to a minimum. This book will be of interest to students of strategic studies, history and war studies, and IR in general.

Finance Capital and the NATO Intervention in Libya - Summary - The Ruling in the High Court of Britain in Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) Vs. Goldman Sachs, the Financial Behemoth of Wall Street Revealed how Firms in the Financialization of

Download Finance Capital and the NATO Intervention in Libya - Summary - The Ruling in the High Court of Britain in Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) Vs. Goldman Sachs, the Financial Behemoth of Wall Street Revealed how Firms in the Financialization of PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Finance Capital and the NATO Intervention in Libya - Summary - The Ruling in the High Court of Britain in Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) Vs. Goldman Sachs, the Financial Behemoth of Wall Street Revealed how Firms in the Financialization of by :

Download or read book Finance Capital and the NATO Intervention in Libya - Summary - The Ruling in the High Court of Britain in Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) Vs. Goldman Sachs, the Financial Behemoth of Wall Street Revealed how Firms in the Financialization of written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discussion for this policy brief builds upon the thesis first developed in my book entitled Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the forging of African Unity.3 One of the un- intended consequences of the NATO intervention in Libya was to advance the pace of the understanding of the necessity to unify the peoples of Africa and for clarity about the nature of. [...] 2, May 2018 The reader's attention is hereby drawn to the judgment in the High Court of London in October 2016 during the Libyan Investment Authority vs Goldman Sachs case.4 This was the outcome of a two-and-a-half-year legal battle between Goldman Sachs and Libya's $67 billion sovereign fund over the use of the resources of Libya in the speculative activities of the financial oligarchy in the wor. [...] It is clear therefore that the Central Bank of Libya that was tightly controlled outside of the International Monetary Fund, the National Oil Company of Libya that was tightly controlled by the Libyan Government and the Libyan Investment Authority were the targets of the liberal intellectuals of the West and the Western banking structures. [...] Despite the post intervention stories of the success of the bombing campaign the vaunted cooperation between the forces was hampered by the lack of interoperability between the computerized systems of the USA and the other 'allies." There was no cooperation in relation to battlefield information collection and exploitation system (BICES). [...] The contradictions in international relations of the West has meant that though the European Parliament has identified Wahhabism as the main source of the so-called global terrorism, the United States and the West are the close allies of the Saudi state.

The Cauldron

Author : Rob Weighill
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190916222
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cauldron by : Rob Weighill

Download or read book The Cauldron written by Rob Weighill and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2018 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Attacking conventional wisdom, Weighill and Gaub argue that NATO's intervention in Libya was soundly conceived and executed

Political Rationale and International Consequences of the War in Libya

Author : Dag Henriksen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191080152
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Political Rationale and International Consequences of the War in Libya by : Dag Henriksen

Download or read book Political Rationale and International Consequences of the War in Libya written by Dag Henriksen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Political Rationale and International Consequences of the War in Libya focuses on the international intervention in Libya in 2011, and tries to answer two broad questions; (1) What was the political rationale for the various actors to proceed as they did in the lead-up and conduct of the military intervention in Libya?, (2) What are the consequences of the UN-authorized military intervention in Libya? R2P was the public raison d'être of the war, and an important legitimizing factor of the intervention. Still, the humanitarian situation was a necessary, but not in and by itself an adequate precondition for intervention. A number of factors coalesced to enable the intervention. While the humanitarian situation triggered the intervention, in reality a variety of national interests governed the approach by the various international actors, and more often than not, these motives were not rooted in the particular circumstances in Libya. The book offers a combination of unique perspectives. While the perspectives of the US, France, and the UK on the Libyan Crisis/War have been well documented, the Arabic and Scandinavian political and military dynamics have been much less so. While the perspectives of NATO, the UN, and R2P have been debated, the view from the Arab League and African Union (AU) have been less in focus. The volume redresses that imbalance and offers the most broad-ranging analysis yet of a key moment in recent international relations.

All Necessary Measures?

Author : Ian Martin
Publisher : Hurst Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1787388573
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis All Necessary Measures? by : Ian Martin

Download or read book All Necessary Measures? written by Ian Martin and published by Hurst Publishers. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The international intervention after the 2011 Libyan uprising against Muammar Gaddafi was initially considered a remarkable success: the UN Security Council’s first application of the ‘responsibility to protect’ doctrine; an impending civilian massacre prevented; and an opportunity for democratic forces to lead Libya out of a forty-year dictatorship. But such optimism was soon dashed. Successive governments failed to establish authority over the ever-proliferating armed groups; divisions among regions and cities, Islamists and others, split the country into rival administrations and exploded into civil war; external intervention escalated. Ian Martin gives his first-hand view of the questions raised by the international engagement. Was it a justified response to the threat against civilians? What brought about the Security Council resolutions, including authorising military action? How did NATO act upon that authorisation? What role did Special Forces operations play in the rebels’ victory? Was a peaceful political settlement ever possible? What post-conflict planning was undertaken, and should or could there have been a major peacekeeping or stabilisation mission during the transition? Was the first election held too soon? As Western interventions are reassessed and Libya continues to struggle for stability, this is a unique account of a critical period, by a senior international official who was close to the events.

Toppling Qaddafi

Author : Christopher S. Chivvis
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107659264
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Toppling Qaddafi by : Christopher S. Chivvis

Download or read book Toppling Qaddafi written by Christopher S. Chivvis and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-12-16 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toppling Qaddafi is a carefully researched, highly readable look at the role of the United States and NATO in Libya's war of liberation and its lessons for future military interventions. Based on extensive interviews within the US government, this book recounts the story of how the United States and its European allies went to war against Muammar Qaddafi in 2011, why they won the war, and what the implications for NATO, Europe, and Libya will be. This was a war that few saw coming, and many worried would go badly awry, but in the end the Qaddafi regime fell and a new era in Libya's history dawned. Whether this is the kind of intervention that can be repeated, however, remains an open question - as does Libya's future and that of its neighbors.

Routledge Handbook of NATO

Author : John Andreas Olsen
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040026265
Total Pages : 613 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of NATO by : John Andreas Olsen

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of NATO written by John Andreas Olsen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-10 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of the development and importance of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), its role in international relations and its influence on history. The volume examines the Alliance’s evolution in breadth, depth and context by analysing and explaining why and how NATO has endured and remained relevant since its creation. To present an inclusive study of the Alliance’s activities and milestone events and to offer a glimpse of future challenges, the book’s 29 chapters fall into six thematic sections that act as frameworks and allow the exploration of specific topics that pertain to the evolution of NATO: Part I: History of NATO, 1949–2024 Part II: Key Enduring Themes, 1949–2024 Part III: Military Operations, 1995–2024 Part IV: National Perspectives, 1949–2024 Part V: Regional Perspectives, 1949–2024 Part VI: Future Prospects, 2024– This handbook will be of much interest to students and researchers of NATO, strategic studies, defence studies and International Relations, as well as for staff and fellows at security- and defence-oriented think tanks and government officials, military personnel and other practitioners in the areas of foreign affairs and defence.

The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa

Author : Obert Hodzi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319973495
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa by : Obert Hodzi

Download or read book The End of China’s Non-Intervention Policy in Africa written by Obert Hodzi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-22 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a compelling analysis and explanation of shifts in China’s non-intervention policy in Africa. Systematically connecting the neoclassical realist theoretical logic with an empirical analysis of China’s intervention in African civil wars, the volume highlights a methodical interlink between theoretical and empirical analysis that takes into consideration the changing status of rising powers in the global system and its effect on their intervention behaviour. Based on field research and expert interviews, it provides a rigorous analysis of China’s emergent intervention behaviour in some key African conflicts in Libya, South Sudan and Mali and broadens the study of external interventions in civil wars to include the intervention behaviour of non-Western rising powers. Obert Hodzi is Visiting Researcher at the African Studies Center, Boston University, USA, and Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Helsinki, Finland.

Libya in the Arab Spring

Author : Ramazan Erdağ
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137587725
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Libya in the Arab Spring by : Ramazan Erdağ

Download or read book Libya in the Arab Spring written by Ramazan Erdağ and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-22 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By examining Libya’s security architecture before and after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) intervention in 2011, this book aims to answer three questions. First, what were the security patterns in Libya within the Middle East security complex before the Arab Spring? Second, to what extent did the Arab Spring and the revolution and intervention processes in Libya affect this security architecture? And third, what are the implications of the Libyan revolution and the NATO intervention on regional security and on the security sub-complexes of the Middle East in the post-Arab Spring era? The author addresses these issues by providing a micro-level analysis of amity-enmity patterns, power distribution and external power interests.

Regional Organizations and Peacemaking

Author : Peter Wallensteen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317696697
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Regional Organizations and Peacemaking by : Peter Wallensteen

Download or read book Regional Organizations and Peacemaking written by Peter Wallensteen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-08-21 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the new and difficult roles of regional organizations in peacemaking after the end of the Cold War and how they relate to the United Nations (UN). Regional organizations have taken an increasingly prominent role in international efforts to deal with international security. The book highlights the complex interaction between the regional and sub-regional organizations, on the one hand, and their relations with the United Nations, on the other. Thus, the general issues of UN and its authority are scrutinized from legal, practical and geopolitical perspectives. Taking on a broad geographical focus on Africa, the Arab world and Europe, the book also provides an extensive range of case studies, with detailed analysis of particular situations, organizations and armed conflicts. The authors scrutinise the heterogeneous relationship between the different organizations as well as the challenges to them: political resources, legal standing, financial assets, capabilities and organizational set up. Moreover, they investigate whether regional organizations, as compared to the UN, are better suited to deal with today’s intra-state conflicts. The book also aims to dissect the evolution of these institutions historically – in relation to Chapter VIII of the UN Charter which mentions the resort to 'regional arrangements’ for conflict management – as well as more generally in relation to the principles of international law and UN principles of peacemaking. This book, written by a mixture of established scholars, diplomats and high-level policymakers, will be of great interest to students as well as practitioners in the field of peace and conflict studies, regional security, international organisations, conflict management and IR in general.

Protection of Civilians

Author : Haidi Willmot
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191045497
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Protection of Civilians by : Haidi Willmot

Download or read book Protection of Civilians written by Haidi Willmot and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protection of civilians is a highly topical issue at the forefront of international discourse, and has taken a prominent role in many international deployments. It has been at the centre of debates on the NATO intervention in Libya, UN deployments in Darfur, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and on the failures of the international community in Sri Lanka and Syria. Variously described as a moral responsibility, a legal obligation, a mandated peacekeeping task, and the culmination of humanitarian activity, it has become a high-profile concern of governments, international organisations, and civil society, and a central issue in international peace and security. This book offers a multidisciplinary treatment of this important topic, harnessing perspectives from international law and international relations, traversing academia and practice. Moving from the historical and philosophical development of the civilian protection concept, through relevant bodies of international law and normative underpinnings, and on to politics and practice, the volume presents coherent cross-cutting analysis of the realities of conflict and diplomacy. In doing so, it engages a series of current debates, including on the role of politics in what has often been characterized as a humanitarian endeavour, and the challenges and impacts of the use of force. The work brings together a wide array of eminent academics and respected practitioners, incorporating contributions from legal scholars and ethicists, political commentators, diplomats, UN officials, military commanders, development experts and humanitarian aid workers. As the most comprehensive publication on the subject, this will be a first port of call for anyone studing or working towards a better protection of civilians in conflict.

Humanitarian and Military Intervention in Libya and Syria

Author : Aran M. Lewis
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000826252
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Humanitarian and Military Intervention in Libya and Syria by : Aran M. Lewis

Download or read book Humanitarian and Military Intervention in Libya and Syria written by Aran M. Lewis and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the contradictions in Britain’s humanitarian and military intervention in Libya and Syria, beginning with the Arab spring in 2010. The book assesses the contradictions between the expressed humanitarian intentions of British military interveners and the impact of their actions on the putative beneficiary states. It demonstrates that, as a result of foreign intervention, both Libya and Syria were rendered non-functional as unitary nations and suffered extensive harm to their people and infrastructure. To evaluate the effectiveness and credibility of humanitarian warfare, the author conducts a thematic analysis of debates on Libya and Syria in the House of Commons. The book provides a detailed study of intentions and motives expressed by Members of Parliament, of consequent British state actions and their outcomes, and of MPs’ reactions to outcomes. It provides ample evidence of duplicity, insincerity, indifference to harm, and ulterior motives for violence that undermine moral claims and support the argument that, although humanitarian warfare may be possible, the leading Western activist states (Britain, France, and the USA) are poorly qualified to carry it out. Illustrating a systemic failure of strategy and accountability in British foreign policy, this book will be of interest to scholars and graduates of Humanitarian Studies, International Relations and Military Studies.

Partnership Peace Operations

Author : Hideaki Shinoda
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1351396358
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Partnership Peace Operations by : Hideaki Shinoda

Download or read book Partnership Peace Operations written by Hideaki Shinoda and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Partnership" is a key concept in contemporary international peace operations. There is no universal model of peace operations in contemporary international society. Ad hoc arrangements of "partnership" between the United Nations and various regional organizations are consequences of the complex circumstances of international security. The ways in which "partnerships" are organised differently in different regions reflect each region's distinctive security situation. The universal nature of "liberal peacebuilding" is thus maintained only by ad hoc arrangements. All the UN peacekeeping operations in Africa have some partnership linkages with regional or sub-regional organizations ranging from the African Union (AU) and regional mechanisms to the European Union (EU). What are the conditions and characteristics that enable or lead to partnership peacekeeping in Africa? How should we understand lower levels of partnership peacekeeping in other regions? By highlighting key characteristics of partnership peacekeeping, the book explores these issues and argues that partnership is a reflection of political circumstances. The book provides an unexplored but critical perspective to understand the contemporary world for those who study International Relations, Security Studies, International Organizations, and Peace Studies.

Jihadist Insurgent Movements

Author : Paul B. Rich
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351705849
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Jihadist Insurgent Movements by : Paul B. Rich

Download or read book Jihadist Insurgent Movements written by Paul B. Rich and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This path-breaking collection of papers examines the phenomenon of jihadist insurgent movements in the Middle East and North, East and West Africa. It argues that military and strategic analysts have paid insufficient attention to the phenomenon of jihadism in insurgent movements, partly due to a failure to take the role of religion sufficiently seriously in the ideological mobilisation of recruits by guerrilla movements stretching back to the era of "national liberation" after World War Two. Several essays in the collection examine Al Qaeda and ISIL as military as well as political movements while others assess Boko Haram in West Africa, Al Shabaab in Somalia and jihadist movements in Libya. Additionally, some authors discuss the recruitment of foreign fighters and the longer-term terrorist threat posed by the existence of jihadist movements to security and ethnic relations in Europe Overall, this volume fills an important niche between studies that look at Islamic fundamentalism and "global jihad" at the international level and micro studies that look at movements locally. It poses the question whether jihadist insurgencies are serious revolutionary threats to global political stability or whether, like Soviet Russia after its initial revolutionary phase of the 1920s, they can be ultimately contained by the global political order. The volume sees these movements as continuing to evolve dynamically over the next few years suggesting that, even if ISIL is defeated, the movement that brought it into being will still exist and very probably morph into new movements. Jihadist Insurgent Movements was originally published as a special issue of Small Wars & Insurgencies.