National cinema in Turkey from a cultural perspective

Download National cinema in Turkey from a cultural perspective PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668739749
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (687 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis National cinema in Turkey from a cultural perspective by : Bora Kurum

Download or read book National cinema in Turkey from a cultural perspective written by Bora Kurum and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic Paper from the year 2018 in the subject Communications - Mass Media, grade: 3, Bilgi University İstanbul (Communication), course: Modernization in Turkey, language: English, abstract: This study focuses on the national cinema in Turkey within cultural perspective or similar. It delves further into the perpetual efforts of Halit Refiğ to pave the way for acceptance of a culture-based national cinema, his achievements in persuading his countrymen to embrace culture-based cinema and the challenges he faced during his period as a film director, film critic and theoretician pushing forward for his standpoint in support for the matter. Common to the evolution of other numerous film art industries, the studio system in Turkey has seen a significant transformation, predominantly influenced by filmmakers, film critics, theoreticians and intellectuals. Enthusiastically and painstakingly advocating for a national cinema that embraces the Turkish cultural aesthetics, Halit Refiğ was one of the key players that would ultimately see the Turkish film industry remodel for the good of the future generation. He had to endure the massive and rapidly changing political storm that hit Turkey in the 1960s as well as take into consideration the aspect of cultural diversity apparent from the continuous mixing and merging of different cultures. During his time as a film director, Refiğ together with his team, known for the fight for a National Cinema Movement, faced awful dissent from their opponents, the Turkish Cinematheque Association (Erdogan). Undoubtedly, that was a tough period for Halit Refiğ.

Turkish Cinema

Download Turkish Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 1861895836
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (618 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Turkish Cinema by : Gönül Dönmez-Colin

Download or read book Turkish Cinema written by Gönül Dönmez-Colin and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Films often act as a prism that refracts the issues facing a nation, and Turkish cinema in particular serves to encapsulate the cultural and social turmoil of modern-day Turkey. Acclaimed film scholar Gönül Dönmez-Colin examines here the way that national cinema reveals the Turkish quest for a modern identity. Marked by continually shifting ethnic demographics, politics, and geographic borders, Turkish society struggles to reconcile modern attitudes with traditional morals and centuries-old customs. Dönmez-Colin examines how contemporary Turkish filmmakers address this struggle in their cinematic works, positing that their films revolve around ideas of migration and exile, and give voice to previously subsumed “denied identities” such as that of the Kurds. Turkish Cinema also crucially examines how these films confront taboo subjects such as homosexuality, incest, and honor killings, issues that have only become viable subjects of discussion in the new generation of Turkish citizens. A deftly written and thought-provoking study, Turkish Cinema will be invaluable for scholars of Middle East studies and cinephiles alike.

Cinema and Nation

Download Cinema and Nation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780415208635
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cinema and Nation by : Mette Hjort

Download or read book Cinema and Nation written by Mette Hjort and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cinema and Nation considers the ways in which film production and reception are shaped by ideas of national belonging and examines the implications of globalisation for the concept of national cinema.

New Perspectives on Turkey

Download New Perspectives on Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Perspectives on Turkey by :

Download or read book New Perspectives on Turkey written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The New Wave in Turkey's Cinema

Download The New Wave in Turkey's Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Proverbial Elephant
ISBN 13 : 9163944197
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (639 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Wave in Turkey's Cinema by : Tage T.E. Luxembourgeus

Download or read book The New Wave in Turkey's Cinema written by Tage T.E. Luxembourgeus and published by Proverbial Elephant. This book was released on 2018 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the collapse of Turkey’s domestic popular cinema, also known as Yesilcam, in the late 1980s, cinema in the country entered a new phase. Following this painful collapse, after a relatively long period of silence, a new generation of independent directors along with a few members of the older generation directors who insisted on making films despite the unsuitable conditions, emerged. This book brings together ten different articles published for the first time each written about a film made after 2000 in Turkey and argues the emergence of a New Wave in the country’s cinema. In this book you will find: A Dead Father and His Children: An Introduction by Tage T. E. Luxembourgeus and Mumin Baris A Brief Descent into Liquid Fear in Emin Alper’s Abluka by İlknur Bilir Albüm: A Photographic Representation of Stillness and Social Life in the Provinces by Saniye İnce With or Without You: Ana Yurdu in the Context of Existentialist Feminism by M. Elif Demoğlu Bahoz: A Breeze to The Third Cinema by Mehmet Güldoğan Baskın: The Horror of the Scapegoats by Sertaç Koyuncu When the coin lands on its edge. Yazı Tura: A critical look at a critical film by Tage T. E. Luxembourgeus An Ecocritical Reading: Yurt as a Story of Pillage and Homelessness by Aygün Şen The new Milli cinema: Semih Kaplanoğlu’s Yusuf Trilogy by Mumin Baris Zenne: A Movie That Stands Far From The LGBTI’s Struggle in Turkey by Bawer Çakır 9: The Metaphor of Mahalle (Neighbourhood) as Country by Zehra Cerrahoğlu Zıraman

New Perspectives on Consumer Culture Theory and Research

Download New Perspectives on Consumer Culture Theory and Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443846643
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Perspectives on Consumer Culture Theory and Research by : Renáta Sedláková

Download or read book New Perspectives on Consumer Culture Theory and Research written by Renáta Sedláková and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the post-socialist countries, the subject of consumption has not received sufficient attention from the perspective of Consumer Culture Theory. The opinion has long prevailed among the majority of social scientists from this region that consumer society and consumptive behaviour is a socially destructive phenomenon and one of the main causes of problems in contemporary society. This impression has prevented them from scrutinizing the symbolic dimension of consumption and led them to a critical analysis of the social causes and environmental consequences of excessive consumption. The examination of symbolic aspects of consumer culture or the mutual interaction of culture and marketing communication, for example, have remained outside the realm of academic interest. The absence of comprehensive academic interest in the topic of consumer culture does not, however, mean that consumer culture is not a subject of research. Such research, instead, takes place outside of the sphere of the university in the commercial sector and is primarily focused on issues of how to successfully sell products and services. Due to competitive concerns, commercial research into consumer culture has led to the privatization of its results, which runs contrary to the ideal of science as an open and critical project. The goal of this book is to create a counterbalance to this “science in the shadows” and overcome the mutual distrust between the academic and commercial spheres and make possible the transfer of recent discoveries between the two parties. This publication is dedicated to the exploration of three areas of consumer culture: research on consumer culture and consumer behaviour in post-socialist countries (especially in the Czech Republic), new developments in the theory of consumer culture and innovative methodological approaches to its research and, finally, to recent criticism of consumer culture and consumerism. It emerged from the collaboration of a team of authors made up of leading European researchers in the field of consumer culture, such as Kate Soper (London Metropolitan University), Franz Liebl (Berlin University of the Arts) and Rainer Gries (University of Vienna), as well as promising young scholars from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Sweden, Serbia, Poland and Portugal. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of sociology, cultural studies, marketing and market research.

Experiencing National Culture Abroad

Download Experiencing National Culture Abroad PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031732987
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Experiencing National Culture Abroad by : Burcu Dabak Özdemir

Download or read book Experiencing National Culture Abroad written by Burcu Dabak Özdemir and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Perspectives On Global Culture

Download Perspectives On Global Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education (UK)
ISBN 13 : 0335205690
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Perspectives On Global Culture by : Harindranath, Ramaswami

Download or read book Perspectives On Global Culture written by Harindranath, Ramaswami and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2006-06-01 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A cogent and incisive exploration of many of the key debates at the heart of postcolonial cultural studies, with a timely focus on the 'underside' of the much-hyped process of globalisation" David Morley, Professor of Communications, Goldsmiths College, UK. "Rawaswami Harindranath's lively book provides us with a comprehensive and engaging overview of the views from the margins in the global debate about globalisation and culture. Written with admirable clarity, this book fills in the blind spots of much Western theorising of the 'underside' of globalisation and makes a forceful argument for a truly critical and non-Eurocentric cosmopolitanism." Professor Ien Ang, ARC Professorial Fellow, University of Western Sydney This book explores significant aspects of the cultural and social impact of globalization on the developing world by examining intellectual contributions and cultural expression in Latin America, Africa, and South and South East Asia. How do we understand and conceptualize the 'underside' of globalization? How can voices from the margins challenge dominant discourses? In what ways do 'culture wars' contribute to the politics of nationalism, indigeneity, and 'race'? The book surveys key debates on the politics of representation and cultural difference, paying particular attention to issues such as subalternity, cultural nationalism, third cinema, multiculturalism, and indigenous communities. It offers an original synthesis of ideas on these topics, and traces the lines of connection between national cultural and political projects during anti-colonial struggles and more contemporary forms of national and transnational cinema and television. Harindranath invites us to consider non-metropolitan cultural forms in the context of contemporary issues relating to the politics of difference. Perspectives on Global Culture is important reading for students and researchers in media and cultural studies and sociology, as well as for those interested in debates on 'race' and ethnicity.

Kurdish Documentary Cinema in Turkey

Download Kurdish Documentary Cinema in Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443857165
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Kurdish Documentary Cinema in Turkey by : Suncem Kocer

Download or read book Kurdish Documentary Cinema in Turkey written by Suncem Kocer and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-14 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Without a doubt, this decade’s most discussed and developed documentary productions in Turkey come from Kurdistan, a name that provokes nationalist panic in Turkey, yet delineates distinct cultural, linguistic, and political boundaries nonetheless. Documentary film productions by Kurdish filmmakers from Turkey determine the major tendencies of this emergent genre, with such productions offering a unique opportunity for a nuanced understanding of national cinema. The larger body of films, fiction and non-fiction termed as Kurdish cinema complicates the category of national cinema, a concept discussed heatedly within the field of cinema studies. Documentary film is proving to be a particularly complex tool for the Kurdish social and political existence, as Kurds lack the official tools of history-writing and cultural preservation that are categorically associated with the capacities of a state. By delving into Kurdish documentary films as products of complex societal, political, and historical processes, the articles in the volume highlight the intersections of media production, film text, and audience reception, and expand on vibrant debates in the field of film and media studies through situated case studies. Bringing these chapters together, this book will stimulate academic discussion around this emergent and lively genre of documentary film production, and encourage further research and publication.

Cross-dressing in Turkish Cinema

Download Cross-dressing in Turkish Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755634241
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cross-dressing in Turkish Cinema by : Burcu Dabak

Download or read book Cross-dressing in Turkish Cinema written by Burcu Dabak and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-05-06 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As in western cinema, cross-dressing is a recurrent theme in Turkish film. But what do these films, whose characters typically cross-dress in order to escape enemies or other threats, tell us about the modern history of the Turkish Republic? This book examines cross-dressing in Turkish films in the context of formative events in modern Turkish political history, arguing that this trope coincides with and is illustrative of trauma induced by Turkey's multiple coup d'etats, periods of authoritarianism, enforced secularism and 'modernization'. Burcu Dabak Ozdemir analyses five case study films wherein she reveals that cross-dressing characters are able to escape persecutors and surveillance - key instruments of oppression during Turkey's coups. She shows how cross-dressing in the films examined become a destabilising force, a form of implicit resistance against state power, both political and in terms of binaries of gender and identity, and a means to register moments of national trauma. The book historicises the concept of cross-dressing in modern Turkey by examining what the author argues is a formative trauma worked through in the films examined: the westernization policies of the Kemalist regime whose most immediate symbolic presence was worn - the enforced adoption of western dress by citizens. Of interest to scholars of gender, queer, film and trauma studies, the book will also appeal to students and scholars of contemporary Turkish culture and society.

Turkish Migration, Identity and Integration

Download Turkish Migration, Identity and Integration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1910781142
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Turkish Migration, Identity and Integration by : Ibrahim Sirkeci

Download or read book Turkish Migration, Identity and Integration written by Ibrahim Sirkeci and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction by Çağlar, Sirkeci, Şeker; Mobilities of Turkish migrants in Europe by Pötzschke; Incentive to migrate and to return to home country by Kahn and Billfeld; Turkish refugees and their use of health and social services in London by Yaylagül, Yazıcı and Leeson; Child poverty in Sweden among immigrants by Gustafsson and Österberg; Alevis' transnational practices and identity in the UK by Akdemir; Turkish teachers' views on European identity in Belgium by Yaylacı; Language maintenance and negotiating integration by Baskin; From retreating to resisting by Hametner; Social communication among Turks in Belgium by Yaylacı; Tiryaki Kukla - Smoking cessation and tobacco prevention among migrants in Switzerland by Gross, Arnold and Schaub; "Rewriting" Turkish-German cinema from the bottom-up by Alkin; Grounded theory and transnational audience reception by Özalpman; Turkish Muslims in a German city by Hackett;An Investigation on the Turkish Religious Foundation of the UK by Çoştu and Çoştu

The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema

Download The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349958220
Total Pages : 742 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (499 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema by : Aaron Han Joon Magnan-Park

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema written by Aaron Han Joon Magnan-Park and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-04 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection offers new approaches to theorizing Asian film in relation to the history, culture, geopolitics and economics of the continent. Bringing together original essays written by established and emerging scholars, this anthology transcends the limitations of national borders to do justice to the diverse ways in which the cinema shapes Asia geographically and imaginatively in the world today. From the revival of the Silk Road as the “belt and road” of a rising China to historical ruminations on the legacy of colonialism across the continent, the authors argue that the category of “Asian cinema” from Turkey to the edges of the Pacific continues to play a vital role in cutting-edge film research. This handbook will serve as an essential guide for committed scholars, students, and all those interested in the past, present, and possible future of Asian cinema in the 21st century.

Poetics of Slow Cinema

Download Poetics of Slow Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319968726
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Poetics of Slow Cinema by : Emre Çağlayan

Download or read book Poetics of Slow Cinema written by Emre Çağlayan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-12 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses slow cinema, a contemporary global production trend that has recently gained momentum in film theory and criticism. Slow films dispense with narrative progression in favour of a contemplative mood, which is stretched out to the extreme in order to impel viewers to confront cinematic temporality in all its undivided glory. Despite its critical reputation as an oblique mode of film practice, slow cinema continues to attract, challenge and provoke audiences. Focusing on filmmakers Béla Tarr, Tsai Ming-liang and Nuri Bilge Ceylan, this book identifies nostalgia, absurd humour and boredom as intrinsic dimensions of slow cinema and explores the ways in which these directors negotiate local filmmaking conventions with the demands of a global cinephile niche. As the first study to treat slow cinema both as an aesthetic style and as an institutional discourse, Poetics of Slow Cinema offers an illuminating perspective on the tradition’s historical genealogy and envisions it with a Janus-faced disposition in the age of digital technologies—lamenting at once the passing of difficult, ambiguous modernist film and capitalizing on the yearning for its absence.

Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication

Download Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522569995
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication by : Önay Dogan, Betül

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication written by Önay Dogan, Betül and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2018-11-09 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Culture is one of the most important elements for explaining individuals' behaviors within the social structure. It meets the various social needs of members of a society by directing how individuals must react to various events and how to act in specific circumstances. A planned and systematic process is required for disseminating this cultural accumulation as a policy, which is produced collectively by all members within their everyday life practices. The Handbook of Research on Examining Cultural Policies Through Digital Communication provides emerging research on this aspect of cultural policy, which is formed within the framework of this systematic process in a strategic manner and can be defined as various activities of the state intended for art, human sciences, and cultural inheritance. Creating such cultural policies involves the establishment of measures and organizations required for the development of each individual, providing economic and social facilities, all of which are actions intended for directing society. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as long-distance education, digital citizenship, and public diplomacy, this book is ideally designed for academicians, researchers, advanced-level students, sociologists, international and national organizations, and government officials.

Global Perspectives on Soft Power Management in Business

Download Global Perspectives on Soft Power Management in Business PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Perspectives on Soft Power Management in Business by : Kankaew, Kannapat

Download or read book Global Perspectives on Soft Power Management in Business written by Kankaew, Kannapat and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-10-09 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global Perspectives on Soft Power Management in Business provides a comprehensive exploration of the impactful role of soft power in influencing socio-economic dynamics. In today's interconnected world, soft power drives economic growth through the dissemination of beliefs, cultures, shared norms, and popular trends, creating a country's brand image. This edited volume brings together scholars from diverse academic backgrounds to objectively discuss and analyze the sustainable management, design thinking, and integration of soft power. The book delves into the pros and cons of soft power impact, explores soft power knowledge management in different industries, examines soft power marketing and presentation strategies, and investigates the relationship between technology and soft power. Moreover, it emphasizes that success in the global marketplace is not solely reliant on technological advancements, but also on the added value of products through sophisticated services—a concept encompassed by soft power. This book proves invaluable to undergraduate and graduate students studying business, cultural, and hospitality management, as well as professionals in public and private organizations, universities, professors and lecturers, policy makers, and those in the film and music industry.

The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey

Download The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429559062
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey by : Joost Jongerden

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey written by Joost Jongerden and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-26 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook discusses the new political and social realities in Turkey from a range of perspectives, emphasizing both changes as well as continuities. Contextualizing recent developments, the chapters, written by experts in their fields, combine analytical depth with a broad overview. In the last few years alone, Turkey has experienced a failed coup attempt; a prolonged state of emergency; the development of a presidential system based on the supreme power of the head of state; a crackdown on traditional and new media, universities and civil society organizations; the detention of journalists, mayors and members of parliament; the establishment of political tutelage over the judiciary; and a staggering economic crisis. It has also terminated talks with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK); intervened in and occupied mountainous border areas in northern Iraq to fight that organization; occupied Afrin and strips of territory in northern Syria; intervened in Libya; articulated an assertive transnational politics toward “kin” across the world; strained its relations with the European Union and the US, while developing relations with Russia; flirted with China’s intercontinental Belt and Road Initiative; and carved out a presence in Africa, to name just a few of the most recent developments. This volume provides a comprehensive and wide-ranging overview of the making of modern Turkey. It is a key reference for students and scholars interested in political economy, security studies, international relations and Turkish studies.

Australian National Cinema

Download Australian National Cinema PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134933487
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Australian National Cinema by : Tom O'Regan

Download or read book Australian National Cinema written by Tom O'Regan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-08-10 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tom O'Regan's book is the first of its kind on Australian post-war cinema. It takes as its starting point Bazin's question 'What is cinema?'and asks what the construct of a 'national' cinema means. It looks at the broader concept from a different angle, taking film beyond the confines of 'art' into the broader cultural world. O'Regan's analysis situates Australian cinema in its historical and cultural perspective producing a valuable insight into the issues that have been raised by film policy, the cinema market place and public discourse on film production strategies. Since 1970 Australian film has enjoyed a revival. This book contains detailed critiques of the key films of this period and uses them to illustrate the recent theories on the international and Australian cinema industries. Its conclusions on the nature of the nation's cinema and the discourses within it are relevant within a far wider context; film as a global phenomenon.