Nanomaterial Interactions With Plant Cellular Mechanisms And Macromolecules And Agricultural Implications

Download Nanomaterial Interactions With Plant Cellular Mechanisms And Macromolecules And Agricultural Implications full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Nanomaterial Interactions With Plant Cellular Mechanisms And Macromolecules And Agricultural Implications ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications

Author : Jameel M. Al-Khayri
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031208781
Total Pages : 509 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications by : Jameel M. Al-Khayri

Download or read book Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications written by Jameel M. Al-Khayri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the recent progress of nanotechnology with emphasis on the interaction between nanoparticles and plants on the cellular level. It is devoted to understanding the pathways of nanomaterials entry into plant cell and their influence on cellular organelle processes and influence on crop yield. It consists of 16 chapters grouped in 3 parts: Part I Cellular mechanisms, Part II Cellular macromolecules, and Part III Implications of nanomaterials. Chapters present the plant response to nanomaterial applications including morphological, physiochemical, and anatomical changes and their effect on plant growth and productivity. The book discusses the mechanisms of absorbance and translocation of nanoparticles and their interaction with the plant cellular biochemical compounds and organelles. It presents the current perspective of nanomaterials influence on cellular processes which include photosynthesis, photorespiration and pigment synthesis and accumulation. In addition, it provides current understanding of the impact of nanomaterials on cellular macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, and antioxidant defense activities. Collectively, these processes and biochemical compounds have implications on crop yield. Chapters are written by globally recognized scientists and subjected to a rigorous review process to ensure quality presentation and scientific precision. Chapter begins with an introduction that covers similar contexts and includes a detailed discussion of the topic accompanied by high-quality color images, diagrams, and relevant details and concludes with recommendations for future study directions. Chapter "Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Secondary Metabolism" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Author : Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030061183
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance by : Mirza Hasanuzzaman

Download or read book Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance written by Mirza Hasanuzzaman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-04 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants have to manage a series of environmental stresses throughout their entire lifespan. Among these, abiotic stress is the most detrimental; one that is responsible for nearly 50% of crop yield reduction and appears to be a potential threat to global food security in coming decades. Plant growth and development reduces drastically due to adverse effects of abiotic stresses. It has been estimated that crop can exhibit only 30% of their genetic potentiality under abiotic stress condition. So, this is a fundamental need to understand the stress responses to facilitate breeders to develop stress resistant and stress tolerant cultivars along with good management practices to withstand abiotic stresses. Also, a holistic approach to understanding the molecular and biochemical interactions of plants is important to implement the knowledge of resistance mechanisms under abiotic stresses. Agronomic practices like selecting cultivars that is tolerant to wide range of climatic condition, planting date, irrigation scheduling, fertilizer management could be some of the effective short-term adaptive tools to fight against abiotic stresses. In addition, “system biology” and “omics approaches” in recent studies offer a long-term opportunity at the molecular level in dealing with abiotic stresses. The genetic approach, for example, selection and identification of major conditioning genes by linkage mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTL), production of mutant genes and transgenic introduction of novel genes, has imparted some tolerant characteristics in crop varieties from their wild ancestors. Recently research has revealed the interactions between micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and plant stress responses exposed to salinity, freezing stress and dehydration. Accordingly transgenic approaches to generate stress-tolerant plant are one of the most interesting researches to date. This book presents the recent development of agronomic and molecular approaches in conferring plant abiotic stress tolerance in an organized way. The present volume will be of great interest among research students and teaching community, and can also be used as reference material by professional researchers.

Nanoparticles in Plant Biotic Stress Management

Author : Masudulla Khan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819708516
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanoparticles in Plant Biotic Stress Management by : Masudulla Khan

Download or read book Nanoparticles in Plant Biotic Stress Management written by Masudulla Khan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress

Author : Ganesh C. Nikalje
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394185804
Total Pages : 709 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress by : Ganesh C. Nikalje

Download or read book Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress written by Ganesh C. Nikalje and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-11-27 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of cutting-edge biotechnological approaches for enhancing plant secondary metabolites to address abiotic stress, offering valuable insights into the future of utilizing plants for medicinal and industrial purposes. Various books on plant secondary metabolites are available, however, no book has an overview of the recent trends and future prospects of all the methods available to enhance the contents of the plant secondary metabolites. Plant Secondary Metabolites and Abiotic Stress aims to give an overview of all the available strategies to ameliorate abiotic stress in plants by modulating secondary metabolites using biotechnological approaches including plant tissue cultures, synthetic metabolic pathway engineering, targeted gene silencing, and editing using RNAi and CRISPR CAS9 technologies.

Handbook of Photosynthesis

Author : Mohammad Pessarakli
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 104003165X
Total Pages : 827 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Photosynthesis by : Mohammad Pessarakli

Download or read book Handbook of Photosynthesis written by Mohammad Pessarakli and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-07-31 with total page 827 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fourth Edition of the Handbook of Photosynthesis offers a unique and comprehensive collection of topics in the field of photosynthesis, serving as an invaluable resource in this field. With contributions from 95 scientists and experts from over 20 countries, this volume has been divided into 13 parts, each serving independently to facilitate the understanding of the material. FEATURES Presents comprehensive information on photosynthesis under normal and environmental stress conditions Covers artificial photosynthesis and its future-related issues Contains 25 new chapters and 18 extensively revised and expanded chapters Includes three new sections: Influence of Nanoparticles on Photosynthesis; Protection of Photosynthesis System and Stress Alleviation Strategies by Photosynthates Manipulations and Photosynthesis Efficiency in Plants under Multiple Abiotic and Biotic Stressors; and Artificial Photosynthesis and Its Future Contains numerous tables, figures, illustrations, and case studies to facilitate the comprehension of the material as well as thousands of index words A primary resource in its field, Handbook of Photosynthesis, Fourth Edition, provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, academics, and for university courses, with the information as a valuable source to plan, implement, and evaluate strategies for dealing with photosynthesis issues.

Urban Horticulture - Sustainable Gardening in Cities

Author : Burhanettin İmrak
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1837694877
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (376 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Urban Horticulture - Sustainable Gardening in Cities by : Burhanettin İmrak

Download or read book Urban Horticulture - Sustainable Gardening in Cities written by Burhanettin İmrak and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-08-30 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Edited Volume Urban Horticulture - Sustainable Gardening in Cities is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of urban horticulture. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the horticulture research area. All chapters are complete in themselves but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on urban horticulture and sustainable gardening in cities, and open new possible research paths for further novel developments.

Nanofertilizer Synthesis: Methods and Types

Author : Kamel A Abd-Elsalam
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443135363
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanofertilizer Synthesis: Methods and Types by : Kamel A Abd-Elsalam

Download or read book Nanofertilizer Synthesis: Methods and Types written by Kamel A Abd-Elsalam and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano-Fertilizer Synthesis and Types?discusses the production of a variety of nano-fertilizers, including biological, chemical, and mechanical types. Nano-fertilizers aid in nutrition control by increasing nutrient consumption efficiency as nutrients are bonded to nano-dimensional adsorbents, which in turn release nutrients considerably more slowly than traditional fertilizers. As the nano-fertilizer sector advances, one approach is to concentrate on macro elements (N, P, K), as switching to nano-fertilizers may result in significant environmental benefits by replacing the majority of these nutrients. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of nanomaterials employing bacteria, algae, yeast, fungus, actinomycetes, and plants has opened up a new field of study for the creation of inorganic nanoparticles as environmentally benign fertilizers. Because of the several-fold increase in the surface-to-volume ratio of nano-forms of nutrients, and their appropriateness for foliar application, where environmental losses are further decreased, nano-fertilizers may achieve higher efficiency. However, before nano-fertilizers are manufactured and commercialized, further research should be conducted to assess their impact for both humans and the environment. While there are some nano-fertilizer products available, the nano-fertilizer production industry still requires additional public and private sector support and development. Nano-Fertilizers Synthesis and Types presents the latest information, highlights the benefits and impacts of each, and provides a single-volume resource to help effectively and efficiently identify options based on use-case. Exploring the topic from the various mechanistic types to the relevant regulatory, safety, and economic aspects, this volume will be appropriate for those working with and researching new nano-fertilizers. - Guides in the identification of appropriate nano-fertilizer options based on use-case - Addresses both target plant and environmental considerations - Includes economic and regulatory insights

Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity

Author : Jameel M. Al-Khayri
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981995245X
Total Pages : 1073 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity by : Jameel M. Al-Khayri

Download or read book Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity written by Jameel M. Al-Khayri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 1073 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Agroecosystems

Author : Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031413296
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Agroecosystems by : Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam

Download or read book Nanofertilizers for Sustainable Agroecosystems written by Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-11-28 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale chemical fertilizer application causes irreparable damage to soil structure, mineral cycles, soil microbial flora, plants, and other food chains across ecosystems, culminating in heritable mutations in future generations of consumers. A better way forward is the use of nanofertilizers to focus on macro elements (N, P, K), as switching to nanofertilizers may result in large environmental benefits by replacing the majority of these nutrients. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of nanomaterials using bacteria, algae, yeast, fungus, actinomycetes, and plants has opened up a new avenue of research in the production of inorganic nanoparticles as ecologically friendly fertilizers. Nanofertilizers should also attain increased efficiency because of a several-fold increase in the surface-to-volume ratio of nano-forms of nutrients and their suitability for foliar application, where environmental losses are further reduced. Nanostructured fertilizers can also improve nutrient use efficiency through strategies such as targeted distribution and progressive or controlled-release as they can precisely release their active molecules in response to environmental cues and biological demands. Recent research shows nanofertilizers can increase agricultural productivity by speeding up seed germination, seedling growth, photosynthetic activity, nitrogen metabolism, and carbohydrate and protein synthesis. The potential agricultural benefits of nanofertilizers, their modes of action, and the fate of nanomaterials in soil are all discussed in this book. It also covers nanofertilizer formulation and delivery, applications, uptake, translocation, and their fate in plants, as well as their impact on plant physiology and metabolism. Nutrient nanoformulation is a valuable method that has the potential to alter the agricultural sector and provide solutions to current and future concerns for sustainable and climate-sensitive crops

Advances in Phytonanotechnology

Author : Mansour Ghorbanpour
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128153237
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Phytonanotechnology by : Mansour Ghorbanpour

Download or read book Advances in Phytonanotechnology written by Mansour Ghorbanpour and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Phytonanotechnology: From Synthesis to Application guides readers through various applications of nanomaterials on plants by presenting the latest research related to nanotechnology and nanomaterials on plant systems. The book focuses on the effects of these applications on plant morphology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology and genetics. Sections cover the impact on plant yield, techniques, a review of positive and negative impacts, and an overview of current policies regarding the use of nanotechnology on plants. Additionally, the book offers insights into the appropriate application of nanoscience to plants and crops for improved outcome and an exploration of their bioavailability and toxicity in the environment. - Discusses the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to nanomaterials and the ability of the nanomaterials in modifying the genetic constitution of plants - Emphasizes new applications of nanomaterials, including nanosensors technology and nanomaterials as nanocarriers based antimicrobial phytochemicals - Presents the role of nanotechnology as a novel technique for the remediation of heavy metals by plants

Innovations in Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Volume 1

Author : Irina Samoylenko
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031706730
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (317 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovations in Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Volume 1 by : Irina Samoylenko

Download or read book Innovations in Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Volume 1 written by Irina Samoylenko and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nanotechnology, Food Security and Water Treatment

Author : K M Gothandam
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319701665
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanotechnology, Food Security and Water Treatment by : K M Gothandam

Download or read book Nanotechnology, Food Security and Water Treatment written by K M Gothandam and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-08 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews advanced nanotechnology in food, health, water and agriculture. In food, nanobiosensors display an unprecedented efficiency for the detection of allergens, genetically modified organisms and pathogens. In agriculture, nanofertilisers improve plant nutrition by releasing nutrients slowly and steadily. Nanomaterials synthesised using biomass such as fungi are further found remarkable to clean waters polluted by heavy metals. However, as newly introduced materials in the environment, nanoparticles may exhibit toxic effects, which are reviewed in this book. In the context of climate change, methods for water desalinisation are also presented.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms

Author : Loutfy H. Madkour
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128224967
Total Pages : 782 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms by : Loutfy H. Madkour

Download or read book Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms written by Loutfy H. Madkour and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-27 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Nanoparticles, and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Cell Death Mechanisms presents the role of ROS?mediated pathways cellular signaling stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, nanomaterials, and the mechanisms by which metalloids and nanoparticles induce their toxic effects. The book covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and free radicals on macromolecules cells organisms, heavy metals?induced cell responses, oxidative stress, the source of oxidants, and the roles of ROS, oxidative stress and oxidative damage mechanisms. It also examines the nanotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials and the effects of nanoparticle interactions. Antioxidant defense therapy and strategies for treatment round out the book, making it an ideal resource for researchers and professional scientists in toxicology, environmental chemistry, environmental science, nanomaterials and the pharmaceutical sciences. - Covers the ecotoxicology of environmental heavy metal ions and the interactions between specific heavy metals?induced cell responses and oxidative stress - Provides a better understanding of the mechanism of nanomaterial-induced toxicity as a first defense for hazard prevention - Covers recent advances in new nanomedication technologies for the effects of NPs on oxidative stress, ROS and ER stress - Discusses the effects of interactions between antioxidant defense therapy, ROS and strategies for treatment

Metal Nanoparticles in Microbiology

Author : Mahendra Rai
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642183123
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Metal Nanoparticles in Microbiology by : Mahendra Rai

Download or read book Metal Nanoparticles in Microbiology written by Mahendra Rai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-02 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following an introduction to biogenic metal nanoparticles, this book presents how they can be biosynthesized using bacteria, fungi and yeast, as well as their potential applications in biomedicine. It is shown that the synthesis of nanoparticles using microbes is eco-friendly and results in reproducible metal nanoparticles of well-defined sizes, shapes and structures. This biotechnological approach based on the process of biomineralization exploits the effectiveness and flexibility of biological systems. Chapters include practical protocols for microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and microbial screening methods for isolating a specific nanoparticle producer as well as reviews on process optimization, industrial scale production, biomolecule-nanoparticle interactions, magnetosomes, silver nanoparticles and their numerous applications in medicine, and the application of gold nanoparticles in developing sensitive biosensors.

Organic Pollutants

Author : M. Vasanthy
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030724417
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Organic Pollutants by : M. Vasanthy

Download or read book Organic Pollutants written by M. Vasanthy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-23 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the identification of emerging organic pollutants, mainly from industrial sources, their associated toxicological threats, and the latest green methods and biotechnological solutions to abate harmful impacts on people and the environment. The chapters present reviews on current applied toxicology research, occupational health hazards and green remedial solutions for pollution control in terrestrial and aquatic environments, with the aim of raising public awareness of these issues and providing chemists, toxicologists and environmental scientists with the knowledge to combat organic pollutants through sustainable means. Readers will learn about the multi-dimensional applications of materials and processes which harvest energy out of environmental remediation technologies, as well as the roles of biotechnology and nanotechnology in addressing high pollutant load. Specific attention is paid to technologies that draw energy through wastewater remediation, as this covers the primary means by which organic pollutants are introduced into the environment from industry and other sources. The book will be of use to pollution control boards, industry regulators, and students and researchers in the fields of biotechnology, biomedical science, hydrology and water chemistry.

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41

Author : Shamsul Hayat
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030339963
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41 by : Shamsul Hayat

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 41 written by Shamsul Hayat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents recent developments involving the role of nanoparticles on plant physiology and growth. Nanotechnology applications include improvement of agricultural production using bio-conjugated NPs (encapsulation), transfer of DNA in plants for development of insect pest-resistant varieties, nanoformulations of agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement, and nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for identification of diseases and residues of agrochemicals. Recent findings on the increased use of nanotechnology in agriculture by densely populated countries such as China and India indicate that this technology may impart a substantial impact on reducing hunger, malnutrition, and child mortality.

Fungal Nanotechnology

Author : Ram Prasad
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319684248
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fungal Nanotechnology by : Ram Prasad

Download or read book Fungal Nanotechnology written by Ram Prasad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-25 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungal nanotechnology has great prospects for developing new products with industrial, agricultural, medicinal, and consumer applications in a wide range of sectors. The fields of chemical engineering, agri-food, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, and medical device development all employ fungal products, with fungal nanomaterials currently used in applications ranging from drug development to the food industry and agricultural biotechnology. Fungal agents are an environmentally friendly, clean, non‐toxic agent for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and employ both intracellular and extracellular methods. The simplicity of scaling up and downstream processing and the presence of fungal mycelia which afford an increased surface area provide key advantages. In addition, the large spectrum of synthesized nanoparticle morphologies and the substantially faster biosynthesis rate in cell-free filtrate (due to the higher amount of proteins secreted in fungi) make this a particularly enticing route. Understanding the diversity of fungi in assorted ecosystems, as well as their interactions with other microorganisms, animals, and plants, underpins real and innovative technological developments and the applications of metal nanoparticles in many disciplines including agriculture, catalysis, and biomedical biosensors. Importantly, biogenic fungal nanoparticles show significant synergistic characteristics when combined with antibiotics and fungicides to offer substantially greater resistance to microbial growth and applications in nanomedicine ranging from topical ointments and bandages for wound healing to coated stents.