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Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods To Explore The Visual Pathway And Brain Network Changes In Blindness Disease
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Book Synopsis Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging methods to explore the visual pathway and brain network changes in blindness disease by : Yan Tong
Download or read book Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging methods to explore the visual pathway and brain network changes in blindness disease written by Yan Tong and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-03-09 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multimodal MRI Investigation of Eye and Visual Brain by : Chin-Chak Ho
Download or read book Multimodal MRI Investigation of Eye and Visual Brain written by Chin-Chak Ho and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Multimodal MRI Investigation of Eye and Visual Brain" by Chin-chak, Ho, 何阡澤, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Although the eyes are physically isolated from the visual brain, the physiology and integrity of the eye are central to several eye diseases and neurodegeneration in the visual brain. MRI provides non-invasive, longitudinal and multi-parametric assessments of the visual system without depth limitation. The objective of this doctoral work is to develop and apply multimodal MRI for the assessment of aqueous humor dynamics, ocular fibrous tissue and visual pathway integrity in the visual system. The functional response in neural systems were further explored with BOLD and diffusion fMRI. Firstly, dynamic Gd-MRI was applied to visualize and assess aqueous humor dynamics upon sustained intraocular pressure elevation and pharmacological interventions. The results reflect the reduced gadolinium clearance upon microbead occlusion and respective drug actions after ocular hypotensive drug treatment. Abnormal gadolinium leakage into the vitreous was found in compromised aqueous-vitreous or blood-ocular barrier integrity. Gd-MRI allows spatiotemporal and quantitative evaluation of altered aqueous humor dynamics and ocular tissue permeability. Secondly, MAMRI was employed to reveal the structural details of the corneoscleral shell and their changes upon intraocular pressure elevation. At magic angle, high-resolution MRI revealed distinct scleral and corneal lamellar fibers, and collagen fiber crimps. Loaded sclera and cornea possessed significantly higher T2 and T2* than unloaded tissues at magic angle, suggestive of the changes in collagen fiber crimp and alignment. MAMRI can detect ocular fibrous microstructures without contrast agents, and can reveal their MR tissue property changes with IOP loading. Thirdly, multimodal MRI was utilized to investigate the effects of biomechanical or biochemical modulation on the sclera and cornea tissues. T2 in corneoscleral shell increased non-linearly with IOP loading and remained longer than unloaded tissues after being unpressurized. Biomechanical loading increased fractional anisotropy in the corneoscleral shell, while increasing glyceraldehyde and chondroitinase-ABC concentrations decreased diffusivities and increased magnetization transfer in cornea. Glyceraldehyde also increased magnetization transfer in sclera. The changes in MRI contrast mechanisms upon various modulation of the eye provide insight to the pathophysiological mechanisms in the corneoscleral shell and the efficacy of corneoscleral treatments. Fourthly, the effects of excitotoxic retinal injury on the retinal thickness, microstructual integrity and anterograde transport was evaluated in vivo by DTI, MEMRI and OCT. Directional diffusivities in the visual pathway and their correlations with retinal thickness suggested anterograde axonal degeneration and delayed demyelination along the visual pathway. The splenium of corpus callosum was reorganized at 4 weeks post injury. Furthermore, the NMDA-injured visual pathway showed reduced anterograde manganese transport. These results characterized the spatiotemporal changes in white matter integrity, the eye-brain relationships and structural-physiological relationships in the visual system. Lastly, BOLD and diffusion fMRI were used to explore the functional responses of neural systems. The efficacy of using unisensory stimuli to elicit cross-modal activation was examined by BOLD fMRI improving the understanding to cortical cross-modal activity and its influence
Book Synopsis Multimodal Imaging in Neurology by : Hans-Peter Müller
Download or read book Multimodal Imaging in Neurology written by Hans-Peter Müller and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of brain imaging is developing at a rapid pace and has greatly advanced the areas of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. The availability of neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic source imaging (MSI) has brought about breakthroughs in neuroscience. To obtain comprehensive information about the activity of the human brain, different analytical approaches should be complemented. Thus, in "intermodal multimodality" imaging, great efforts have been made to combine the highest spatial resolution (MRI, fMRI) with the best temporal resolution (MEG or EEG). "Intramodal multimodality" imaging combines various functional MRI techniques (e.g., fMRI, DTI, and/or morphometric/volumetric analysis). The multimodal approach is conceptually based on the combination of different noninvasive functional neuroimaging tools, their registration and cointegration. In particular, the combination of imaging applications that map different functional systems is useful, such as fMRI as a technique for the localization of cortical function and DTI as a technique for mapping of white matter fiber bundles or tracts. This booklet gives an insight into the wide field of multimodal imaging with respect to concepts, data acquisition, and postprocessing. Examples for intermodal and intramodal multimodality imaging are also demonstrated. Table of Contents: Introduction / Neurological Measurement Techniques and First Steps of Postprocessing / Coordinate Transformation / Examples for Multimodal Imaging / Clinical Aspects of Multimodal Imaging / References / Biography
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the International School on Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function - XII Workshop by : Federico Giove
Download or read book Proceedings of the International School on Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function - XII Workshop written by Federico Giove and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-09-06 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last thirty years, Magnetic Resonance has generated a wide revolution in biomedical research and in medical imaging in general. More recently, the "in vivo" studies of the human brain were extended by new original ways to the dynamic study of function and metabolism of the human brain. The enormous interest in expanding the investigation of the brain is emphasizing the search for new NMR methods capable of extracting information of so-far obscure aspects of the brain function. In fact, many quantitative approaches have been proposed in order to complement the information obtained by functional MRI, and several multimodal and multiparametric approaches have been developed to exploit the information, either functional or structural, made available by the flexible contrast generation typical of MRI, and to combine it with complementary information. The XII workshop of the International School on Magnetic Resonanceand Brain Function, held in Erice between 17 April and 6 May, 2016, was specially devoted to novel approaches aimed at better structural characterization of brain diseases, and at investigating frontiers MRI approaches to better understand the brain function. The papers included in this eBook offer a broad overview of the subjects covered during the Workshop, including applications of multiparametric MRI to neurological diseases, multimodal combination of MRI with electrophysiology, advanced methods for the investigation of brain networks and of brain physiology, and perspectives towards brain state reading.
Book Synopsis Methods for Imaging Brain Function Using BOLD and Viscoelastic Contrast by : Patricia Sheu Lan
Download or read book Methods for Imaging Brain Function Using BOLD and Viscoelastic Contrast written by Patricia Sheu Lan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern functional neuroimaging techniques have greatly advanced the field of neuroscience, with different modalities targeting distinctive aspects of brain physiology, functional architecture, and dynamics. Specifically, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) uses blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast to study the underlying neurovascular coupling. One of the limitations of fMRI is its low temporal resolution for collecting the time series data, which has been partially addressed in human brain imaging with the development of parallel imaging. However, parallel imaging is not attainable in some cases due to infeasibility of high-density phased-array coils. To overcome this, we developed an approach to accelerate fMRI acquisition without parallel imaging by adapting phase-offset multiplanar (POMP) imaging to echo-planar imaging (EPI), using gradient blips inspired by CAIPI to shift each of the simultaneously excited slices into different regions of an extended field-of-view, such that there is no aliasing of the simultaneously excited slices. Since fMRI only provides an indirect measure of neuronal activity, the neuroimaging community has been searching for different contrast mechanisms that can further elucidate the process of neuronal signaling. A new and emerging functional neuroimaging technique, functional magnetic resonance elastography (fMRE), measures changes in brain stiffness due to neural activity. We introduce a novel multi-modal method, fMRI-fMRE, to observe this neuromechanical coupling mechanism in the human brain. The novelty in our approach comes from utilizing a time series acquisition, similar in concept to that employed in fMRI, where the magnitude and phase information from the time series are processed and analyzed separately to arrive at both fMRI and fMRE activation maps. Since our simultaneous fMRI-fMRE method is both multi-modal and concurrent, it allows for comparison of the spatially localized BOLD and stiffness changes within the same scan, removing confounds inherent in separately acquired scans. Motivated by early reports that fMRE could provide an order of magnitude increase in temporal resolution, we initially tested this method with partial-brain scans, demonstrating stiffness increases in the visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. Subsequently, we extended the fMRI-fMRE method to whole-brain imaging to explore global brain stiffness dynamics in response to both visual and motor-planning tasks. The end of my thesis journey coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to widespread incidence of infection. To diminish the risk of virus transmission, many research MRI scanning facilities started to require continuous facial covering by scan subjects. Since mask-wearing can slightly change the carbon dioxide concentration in inspired air, and carbon dioxide is a potent vasodilator, the final project in this thesis investigates the effect of facial covering on fMRI BOLD signal.
Book Synopsis Dynamic Brain Imaging by : Hyder Fahmeed
Download or read book Dynamic Brain Imaging written by Hyder Fahmeed and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If a picture is worth a thousand words, then dynamic images of brain activity certainly warrant many, many more. This book will help users learn to decipher the dynamic imaging data that will be critical to our future understanding of complex brain functions. In recent years, there have been unprecedented methodological advancements in the imaging of brain activity. These techniques allow the measurement of everything from neural activity (e.g., membrane potential, ion ?ux, neurotransmitter ?ux) to energy metabolism (e.g., glucose consumption, oxygen consumption, creatine kinase ?ux) and functional hyperemia (e.g., blood ?ow, volume, oxygenation). This book deals with a variety of magnetic resonance, electrophysiology, and optical methods that are often used to measure some of these dynamic processes. All chapters were written by leading experts, spanning three continents, specializing in state-of-the-art methods. Brie?y, the book has ?ve sections. In the introductory section, there are two chapters; the ?rst one contains a brief pre- ble to dynamic brain imaging and the other presents a novel, analytical approach to processing of dynamically acquired data. The second section has four chapters and delves into a wide range of optical imaging methods. I am privileged to include a chapter from Lawrence B. Cohen, considered by many to be the authority on optical imaging and spectroscopy, both in vitro and in vivo [Cohen LB (1973) Physiol Rev.
Book Synopsis Application of Multimodal Imaging Combined with Artificial Intelligence in Eye Diseases by : Xin Huang
Download or read book Application of Multimodal Imaging Combined with Artificial Intelligence in Eye Diseases written by Xin Huang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-18 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Brain Networks by : Shi Cheng
Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Brain Networks written by Shi Cheng and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Brain Networks" by Shi, Cheng, 程实, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Brain operates on a network level. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides structural and functional images noninvasively with large field of view and at high spatial resolution and thus assumes an extremely valuable role in studying brain networks. The objectives of this doctoral work were to develop and apply novel MRI methods on human and rodent brains, for in vivo and global assessments of functional brain networks at resting and task-evoked states. Firstly, the feasibility of passband balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging for distortion-free and high-resolution resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) was investigated. Resting-state networks (RSNs) derived from bSSFP images were shown spatially and spectrally comparable to those derived from conventional gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) with considerable intra- and inter-subject reproducibility. High-resolution bSSFP corresponded well to the anatomical images, with RSNs exquisitely co-localized to gray matter. Furthermore, RSNs at areas of severe susceptibility were proved accessible including human anterior prefrontal cortex and rat piriform cortex. These findings demonstrated for the first time that passband bSSFP approach can be a promising alternative to GE-EPI for rsfMRI. It offers distortion-free and high-resolution RSNs and is potentially suited for high field studies. Secondly, to examine the macrovascular contributions to the spatial and spectral prosperities of resting-state networks, spin-echo echo-planar imaging (SE-EPI) with moderate diffusion weighting (DW) was proposed for rsfMRI. SE and DW suppressed the extravascular and intravascular contributions from macrovessels respectively. Significantly lower functional connectivity strength was observed in the posterior cingulate cortex of the default mode network derived from DW SE-EPI data comparing to that derived from SE-EPI, suggesting a confounding role played by the intravascular component from large veins, whereas no significant spectral difference was detected. Therefore, the DW SEEPI approach for rsfMRI may assist in better identifying and interpreting largescale brain networks with future improvement in temporal resolution by acceleration techniques and in sensitivity at higher field. Thirdly, rsfMRI was performed to evaluate the intrinsic functional networks in the corresponding anatomical visual brain connections traced by Mn-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). Strengths of resting-state functional connectivity appeared to couple with structural connectivity in MEMRI, demonstrating the sensitivity of these structural and functional connectivity MRI techniques for assessing the neuroarchitecture, neurophysiology and structural-functional relationships in the visual brain in vivo. Fourthly, the hypothesis that a regional activation identified via general linear model analysis of fMRI data reflects the summation of multiple distinct networks that carry different functional purposes was tested. Overlapping frontoparietal networks engaged in a simple single-digit multiplication task were found and their functional roles were evaluated through independent components analysis and contributive source analysis. Future studies incorporating different arithmetic tasks and resting state will shed more light upon how brain accomplishes arithmetic and more complex tasks in general. Lastly, benefiting from higher SNR, better spatial and temporal resolution at higher fiel
Book Synopsis Multimodal Imaging In Neurology : Special Focus On Mri Applications And Meg by : Hans-Peter Müller (Dr. rer. nat.)
Download or read book Multimodal Imaging In Neurology : Special Focus On Mri Applications And Meg written by Hans-Peter Müller (Dr. rer. nat.) and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of brain imaging is developing at a rapid pace and has greatly advanced the areas of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. The availability of neuroimaging techniques, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic source imaging (MSI) has brought about breakthroughs in neuroscience. To obtain comprehensive information about the activity of the human brain, different analytical approaches should be complemented. Thus, in "intermodalmultimodality" imaging, great efforts have been made to combine the highest spatial resolution (MRI, fMRI) with the best temporal resolution (MEG or EEG). "Intramodal multimodality" imaging combines various functional MRI techniques (e.g., fMRI, DTI, and/or morphometric/volumetric analysis). Themultimodal approach is conceptually based on the combination of different noninvasive functional neuroimaging tools, their registration and cointegration. In particular, the combination of imaging applications that map different functional systems is useful, such as fMRI as a technique for the localization of cortical function and DTI as a technique for mapping of white matter fiber bundles/tracts. This booklet gives an insight into the wide field of multimodal imaging with respect to concepts, data acquisition, and postprocessing. Examples for intermodal and intramodal multimodality imaging are also demonstrated.
Book Synopsis Analysis Methods for the Study of Multimodal MRI and Individual Variability in Brain Structure and Function by : Mohammed Patel
Download or read book Analysis Methods for the Study of Multimodal MRI and Individual Variability in Brain Structure and Function written by Mohammed Patel and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The past two decades have seen significant advances in the field of neuroimaging. Progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and increasing availability of large scale public datasets have made it more common for researchers to study the brain via multiple measures of brain structure and function. These rich datasets are accompanied by in depth behavioural phenotyping as well, so that researchers may relate neuroanatomical measurements to cognitive function. This offers a unique and exciting opportunity, but necessitates corresponding advances in analysis methods. Traditional univariate and single modality approaches suffer from limitations in the context of current large-scale multivariate analyses. The main contribution of this thesis is the integration of multimodal MRI data into a novel analytical framework which, using non-negative matrix factorization, enables the study of inter-individual variation and its relation to behavioural data. Chapter 3 presents a novel analytical framework for parcellating brain anatomy based on multimodal MRI data. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is applied to structural and diffusion MRI data of the human hippocampus in a sample of healthy young adults. This approach identifies four distinct hippocampus subregions, each displaying different anatomical properties. Additionally, we perform a multivariate brain-behaviour analysis to show that individual variation within each of the four regions demonstrates strong relationships to a wide variety of behavioural and demographic features. Chapter 4 studies the relationship between cortical anatomy and longitudinal cognitive trajectories. Here we study a unique sample of healthy elderly individuals from Whitehall II Imaging Sub Study, with structural and diffusion MRI data collected in late life and cognitive performance assessed from mid-life to late life at 5 year intervals. Applying the methods developed in Chapter 3, we identify two latent dimensions relating late life cortical anatomy and mid to late life cognitive trajectories. Each contains a mixture of maintenance and decline, suggesting a heterogenous relationship between brain and behaviour. Finally, we find that mid-life features are the dominant factor in determining late life phenotypes which adds substantial evidence towards using a full lifespan approach when studying aging. Chapter 5 studies structure-function relationships in the brain. Previous studies have shown that regions of the brain with similar structural properties are likely to share similar functional activity properties. We applied NMF to structural and functional measurements in a sample of healthy young adults to show that previous group level findings had indeed obscured individual level variability. This approach shows that in certain regions, some but not all individuals display strong structure-function coupling. This finding demonstrates how the NMF framework used in this thesis can go beyond group level findings to highlight individual variability. The techniques proposed in this thesis are adaptable to a variety of neuroimaging modalities and data types, and will thus provide advancements for future works to fully capitalize on the growth of the neuroimaging field to build towards individual level applications"--
Author :Wibke S. Müller-Forell Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :354027989X Total Pages :454 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology by : Wibke S. Müller-Forell
Download or read book Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology written by Wibke S. Müller-Forell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-29 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deals with imaging of pathology of the visual system. This book is divided into two parts, general and special. In the general part, important basics of modern imaging methods are discussed. The knowledge on the indication, technique, and results of functional MR imaging is also presented.
Book Synopsis Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Retina by : Govind Bhagavatheeshwaran
Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Retina written by Govind Bhagavatheeshwaran and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Visual Marks for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualization by : Guohao Zhang
Download or read book Visual Marks for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualization written by Guohao Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report results from two experiments ranking visual encoding methods and three node positioning techniques for visualizing brain connection derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain visualization designers face many design choices to depict the brain network. Inspired by the previous studies by Mackinlay and Cleveland et al., we re-think the rank of their effectiveness in complex brain network. In the first experiment, he effectiveness of nine visual marks in this experiment was tested through four selected brain network analysis tasks. The second experiment tested three node positioning techniques through two tasks. Results indicate our Ring visualization, a circular layout of the nodes, was found to be best suited for tasks involving neighbor identification and comparison. Showing adjacent matrix directly as grid was better for tasks comparing connection strength in lobe level. For the varied encoding methods compared, lightness and slope encoding were least accurate for interpreting encoded values. Length, size and angle encoding showed consistently good performance. Based on the results, suggestions for developing brain connection visualization are provided.
Book Synopsis Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences by : Matt A. Bernstein
Download or read book Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences written by Matt A. Bernstein and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-09-21 with total page 1041 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is among the most important medical imaging techniques available today. There is an installed base of approximately 15,000 MRI scanners worldwide. Each of these scanners is capable of running many different "pulse sequences", which are governed by physics and engineering principles, and implemented by software programs that control the MRI hardware. To utilize an MRI scanner to the fullest extent, a conceptual understanding of its pulse sequences is crucial. Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences offers a complete guide that can help the scientists, engineers, clinicians, and technologists in the field of MRI understand and better employ their scanner. Explains pulse sequences, their components, and the associated image reconstruction methods commonly used in MRI Provides self-contained sections for individual techniques Can be used as a quick reference guide or as a resource for deeper study Includes both non-mathematical and mathematical descriptions Contains numerous figures, tables, references, and worked example problems
Book Synopsis Pattern Analysis of the Human Connectome by : Dewen Hu
Download or read book Pattern Analysis of the Human Connectome written by Dewen Hu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents recent advances in pattern analysis of the human connectome. The human connectome, measured by magnetic resonance imaging at the macroscale, provides a comprehensive description of how brain regions are connected. Based on machine learning methods, multiviarate pattern analysis can directly decode psychological or cognitive states from brain connectivity patterns. Although there are a number of works with chapters on conventional human connectome encoding (brain-mapping), there are few resources on human connectome decoding (brain-reading). Focusing mainly on advances made over the past decade in the field of manifold learning, sparse coding, multi-task learning, and deep learning of the human connectome and applications, this book helps students and researchers gain an overall picture of pattern analysis of the human connectome. It also offers valuable insights for clinicians involved in the clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Download or read book Neuroimaging of Pain written by Luca Saba and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-08 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by world renowned scientists, this book expertly reviews all the imaging techniques and exciting new methods for the analysis of the pain, including novel tracers, biomarker, metabolomic and gene-array profiling, together with cellular, genetic, and molecular approaches. Recent advances in human brain imaging techniques have allowed a better understand of the functional connectivity in pain pathways, as well as the functional and anatomical alterations that occur in chronic pain patients. Modern imaging techniques have permitted rapid progress in the understanding of networks in the brain related to pain processing and those related to different types of pain modulation. Neuroimaging of Pain is designed to be a valuable resource for radiologists, neuroradiologists, neurologists and neuroscientists, working in hospitals and universities from junior trainees to consultants.
Author :W.Wolfgang Fleischhacker Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :3709161371 Total Pages :168 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis Stroke-Vascular Diseases by : W.Wolfgang Fleischhacker
Download or read book Stroke-Vascular Diseases written by W.Wolfgang Fleischhacker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of heart attacks, strokes and peripheral vascular disease, is one of the major killers in the world. By 2020 WHO statistics indicate that it will be the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in both the industrialised world and the underdeveloped world. The disease develops slowly over many years in the innermost layer of large and medium-sized arteries (Fig. 1) (Scott, 1995; Ross, 1999; Naumova and Scott, 2000; Glass and Witztum, 2001; Libby, 2001). It does not usually become manifest before the fourth of fifth decade, but then often strikes with devas tating suddenness. Fifty per cent of individuals still die (25 per cent immedi ately) from their first heart attack; and morbidity from coronary heart disease and stroke is very significant. The disease has a profound impact on health care services and on industrial economies. The lesions of atherosclerosis Autopsy studies show that in humans atherosclerosis begins in the first and second decade of life. A similar disease can be produced in experimental animals, where diet and genetics can be manipulated to produce identical lesions. The earliest lesions are fatty streaks. These consist of an accumulation of lipid-engorged macrophages (foam cells) and T and B lymphocytes in the arterial intima. With time, the fatty streaks progress to intermediate lesions, composed of foam cells and smooth muscle cells.
