Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions by :

Download or read book Multifunctional Fuel Additives for Reduced Jet Particulate Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report was developed under SBIR contract. A study on fuel additives to suppress soot emissions from gas turbines burning JP-8 was completed. The program consisted of a multifaceted approach involving experimental and computational screening tools to assess the effectiveness of multifunctional additives. The experimental program demonstrated that a laminar drop tube furnace at the University of Utah could effectively screen a large number of additives relatively rapidly and inexpensively as a function of furnace temperature, injection orifice size, injection pressure, and oxygen concentration. Additives were found to be most effective under highly oxidizing conditions. Soot reductions of over 90% were observed for metal-containing additives, know ignition enhancers, and a range of proprietary additives. Modeling capabilities for assessing the effectiveness of additives were developed. Soot models using the method of moments and sectional methods were combined with detailed kinetics models for surrogates of JP-8. the models were validated with experimental data in the literature for a number of simple fuels. Detailed Kinetic mechanisms were developed for two ignition enhancers in the study, di-tertiary butyl peroxide and 2-ethyl-hexyl-nitrate. The kinetic models were incorporated in a CFD code to evaluate diffusion flames representative of the drop tube and swirl stabilized combustor.

Effects of Fuel Additives on Air Pollutant Emissions from Distillate-oil-fired Furnaces

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Fuel Additives on Air Pollutant Emissions from Distillate-oil-fired Furnaces by : G. B. Martin

Download or read book Effects of Fuel Additives on Air Pollutant Emissions from Distillate-oil-fired Furnaces written by G. B. Martin and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reduction of Particulate Emissions in Turbine Engines Using the +100 Additive

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Reduction of Particulate Emissions in Turbine Engines Using the +100 Additive by :

Download or read book Reduction of Particulate Emissions in Turbine Engines Using the +100 Additive written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. military spends approximately about $3.5 billion (2003 dollars) per year for aviation fuel. This corresponds to 3 to 4 billion gallons per year (~10% of total U.S. aviation fuel use). The fleet average emission index for particulate matter (PM) has been estimated to be approximately 0.04 g/kg of fuel burned. The total amount of particulate emissions for aircraft in the United States is estimated at 3 million kg per year. Although there is some uncertainty in these estimates, they are consistent with the magnitude being used to estimate global emissions from aircraft (Niedzwiecki, 1998). Airborne particles pose both health and environmental risks. The health effects of particulate matter are related to its ability to penetrate the respiratory system. Particulate matter 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) can enter the lungs and end up in lung capillaries and air sacs (alveoli), causing a variety of respiratory problems. Particulate emissions contribute to environmental problems such as visibility impairment (haze) and may contribute to increased signature (infrared emissions) from military aircraft, thus increasing aircraft detectability/vulnerability in enemy territory. Gas turbine engines and ground support equipment are major local sources of PM2.5 particles. The health and environmental concerns from particulate emissions motivated this work to evaluate the use of the +100 (BetzDearborn SpecAid 8Q462) additive in jet fuel as a means to reduce the particulate emissions from military gas turbine engines. The +100 additive was developed to increase the thermal stability of JP-8 fuel in order to reduce carbon buildup in fuel system components and injection nozzles. Mostly military aircraft (~3,000) are currently using the +100 additive; however, the additive is also suitable for commercial aircraft due to the similarities of JP-8 and Jet A.

Effect of Fuel Additives on Carbon Deposition in a J33 Single Combustor

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Fuel Additives on Carbon Deposition in a J33 Single Combustor by : Edmund R. Jonash

Download or read book Effect of Fuel Additives on Carbon Deposition in a J33 Single Combustor written by Edmund R. Jonash and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Jet Engine Particulate Emissions as a Function of Fuel Formulation (additives)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Jet Engine Particulate Emissions as a Function of Fuel Formulation (additives) by : Melissa Rae Wilson

Download or read book Jet Engine Particulate Emissions as a Function of Fuel Formulation (additives) written by Melissa Rae Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fuel Additives

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119707412
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Fuel Additives by : Robert D. Tack

Download or read book Fuel Additives written by Robert D. Tack and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-07-06 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FUEL ADDITIVES Explore a complete and insightful review of fuel additives In Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology, petroleum industry chemist R. D. Tack delivers a comprehensive and practical exploration of various types of fuel additives, the problems they’re meant to address, what they do, their chemistries and preparations, and a discussion of how they work. The book introduces and summarizes refinery operations to an extent that discussions of fuels in the following chapters become easier to understand. Then follow detailed descriptions of problems that occur for reasons of the ways in which liquid petroleum fuels are transported, stored, and used. In these discussions, their applications to jet fuel, heating oils, gasoline, diesel fuels, and bunker fuels are covered. Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology also includes: A thorough overview of fuels, including discussions of refinery operations and processes and the application of fuel additives Aids to the transportation and storage of liquid petroleum fuels: practical discussions of stabilizers against oxidative degradation, drag reducers, static dissipators, anti-foamants, demulsifiers, de-icers, and biocides Comprehensive explorations of fuel detergents, including their chemistries and proposals to their mechanisms of action In-depth examinations of cold flow improvers, with detailed descriptions of the waxing problems that they solve Combustion improvers that improve the efficiencies of fuel combustion in engines, burners, and particulate filters—while also reducing emissions Additives that protect metal surfaces against wear, by providing lubricity, and corrosion Perfect for chemists working in the petroleum industry, Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in related areas and seeking a quick understanding of topics such as oxidative stability, corrosion, or wax crystallization since 1974.

An Organic Diesel Fuel Additive for the Reduction of Particulate Emissions

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (527 download)

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Book Synopsis An Organic Diesel Fuel Additive for the Reduction of Particulate Emissions by : G. E. Andrews

Download or read book An Organic Diesel Fuel Additive for the Reduction of Particulate Emissions written by G. E. Andrews and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives by :

Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion. Delivery Order 0005: Mitigation of Particulates Using Fuel Additives written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall technical objective of the program was to develop an additive for JP-8, JP-5, and diesel fuels that will reduce both the mass Emissions Index (grams of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) and the number density Emissions Index (particle number density of PM2.5 emissions/kilogram of fuel) in the exhaust of military gas turbine engines by 70 percent. This report summarizes the results of work performed at United Technologies Research Center. Baseline studies were performed with ethanol added to ethylene, as the method and procedures could be validated against the existing experimental database. Experiments were performed in laminar premixed burner-stabilized flat flames. Soot was reduced by factors of about 50% with ethanol. Subsequent tests were performed with mixtures of heptane/toluene/ethylene to provide a better simulation of real fuel chemistry. The most significant effects were observed with a proprietary additive which apparently contains a metal. The use of metals is not perceived to be an environmentally acceptable approach. The next most effective additive is a commercial fuel additive, Kleen, which contains a variety of oxygenated (nitro) compounds. Reductions of soot emissions on the order of 30% were observed. Mixed results were obtained with pyridine, and modeling results show negligible influence of this additive. Finally, advances to a fundamental soot formation model were accomplished by comparing simulations of coflow diffusion flames to experimental data sets. This work resulted in proposed changes to the gas-phase kinetics and soot inception models and identifying the importance of treating soot ageing and radiation losses. The overall goal of identifying an additive that can reduce soot emissions by 70% was not achieved, without use of a metal-containing additive or with very high levels of the additive (>10% by weight).

Fuels and Fuel-Additives

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111879639X
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Fuels and Fuel-Additives by : S. P. Srivastava

Download or read book Fuels and Fuel-Additives written by S. P. Srivastava and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-16 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines all stages of fuel production, from feedstocks to finished products Exploring chemical structures and properties, this book sheds new light on the current science and technology of producing energy efficient and environmentally friendly fuels. Moreover, it explains the role of fuel-additives in the production cycle. This expertly written and organized guide to fuels and fuel-additives also presents requirements, rules and regulations, including US and EU standards governing automotive emissions, fuel quality and specifications, alternate fuels, biofuels, antioxidants, deposit control detergents/dispersants, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and polymeric fuel-additives. Fuels and Fuel-Additives covers all stages and facets of the production of engine fuels as well as heating and fuel oils. The book begins with a quick portrait of the future of fuels and fuel production. Then, it sets forth the regulations controlling exhaust gas emissions and fuel quality from around the world. Next, the book covers: Processing of engine fuels derived from crude oil, including the production of blending components Production of alternative fuels Fuel-additives for automotive engines Blending of fuels Key properties of motor fuels and their effects on engines and the environment Aviation fuels The final chapter of the book deals with fuel oils and marine fuels. Each chapter is extensively referenced, providing a gateway to the primary and secondary literature in the field. At the end of the book, a convenient glossary defines all the key terms used in the book. Examining the full production cycle from feedstocks to final products, Fuels and Fuel-Additives is recommended for students, engineers, and scientists working in fuels and energy production.

Application of Particulate Traps and Fuel Additives for Reduction of Exhaust Emissions

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis Application of Particulate Traps and Fuel Additives for Reduction of Exhaust Emissions by : B. Wiedemann

Download or read book Application of Particulate Traps and Fuel Additives for Reduction of Exhaust Emissions written by B. Wiedemann and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309102472
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-14 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rocket and air-breathing propulsion systems are the foundation on which planning for future aerospace systems rests. A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs assesses the existing technical base in these areas and examines the future Air Force capabilities the base will be expected to support. This report also defines gaps and recommends where future warfighter capabilities not yet fully defined could be met by current science and technology development plans.

Fuel-Additive System for Test Cells

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis Fuel-Additive System for Test Cells by : Dale W. Folsom

Download or read book Fuel-Additive System for Test Cells written by Dale W. Folsom and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project was to provide the U.S. Air Force with design data and a prototype of a fuel-additive system capable of reducing plume opacity during testing of a jet engine in a test cell. Jet engines are tested in a test cell after servicing and before placement in an aircraft. Certain jet engines, J-57, J-79, and TF-33 in particular, generate soot which exits the test cell in a plume of greater than 20 percent opacity (Ringelmann number of 1 or greater). This opacity exceeds the opacity limit (20 percent) set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The U.S. Air Force has previously funded projects that found two jet fuel additives, ferrocene and cerium octoate, that reduce the plum opacity. The scope of this project included the design, construction, and testing of a prototype fuel-additive system. The following report describes the fuel-additive system requirements, design parameters, design, fabrication, and testing of the prototype system. The prototype fuel-additive system, properly built and operated, will provide the U.S. Air Force a means of testing jet engines in test cells while staying within EPA opacity limits. (aw).

From Glycerol to Value-Added Products

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889635775
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis From Glycerol to Value-Added Products by : Patrick Cognet

Download or read book From Glycerol to Value-Added Products written by Patrick Cognet and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Proceedings, Seventeenth National 4-H Club Congress

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings, Seventeenth National 4-H Club Congress by :

Download or read book Proceedings, Seventeenth National 4-H Club Congress written by and published by . This book was released on 1938* with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Emissions Reduction by Catalytic Reformulation of Jet Fuel

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Emissions Reduction by Catalytic Reformulation of Jet Fuel by :

Download or read book Emissions Reduction by Catalytic Reformulation of Jet Fuel written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the naval bases proposed to accept deployment of the Joint Strike Fighter are in non-attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for the emissions of ozone precursors: oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) and reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The emissions of particulate matter including soot are also a concern. The Navy would benefit from a cleaner fuel so that high performance engines can run cleaner and criteria pollutants in the exhaust, regulated by the Clean Air Act, will be reduced. This project undertook demonstration of an innovative catalyst with potential to reformulate jet fuel to result in reduced emissions from gas turbine engines. Phase I work completed emissions measurements from a modular, atmospheric combustor, and a 3,300 lb thrust gas turbine engine. For both, jet fuel went through an exposure period to catalyst in the fuel storage tank before testing, and in-line canisters of catalyst were also tested. Emissions measurements were performed for sequential firing with untreated and treated fuels. Gas phase data from the atmospheric combustor (Jet-A and JP-8 fuels) and the turbine engine (Jet-A fuel) showed no measurable benefit in emissions reduction by any of the catalyst formulations tested. Smoke number data from the turbine engine also showed no measurable benefit, but the low smoke condition may have prevented conclusive observation.

Combustion Chemistry of Fuel Additives for Reduced Engine Emission

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Combustion Chemistry of Fuel Additives for Reduced Engine Emission by : Suman Mallik

Download or read book Combustion Chemistry of Fuel Additives for Reduced Engine Emission written by Suman Mallik and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fuel Additives

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780905332376
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (323 download)

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Book Synopsis Fuel Additives by :

Download or read book Fuel Additives written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: