Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

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Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Larry M. Miller
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119626005
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Larry M. Miller

Download or read book Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Larry M. Miller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading "green" analytical and purification separations technology. Modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading method used to analyze and purify chiral and achiral chemical compounds, many of which are pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical candidates, and natural products including cannabis-related compounds. This book covers current SFC instrumentation as it relates to greater robustness, better reproducibility, and increased analytical sensitivity. Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases covers the history, instrumentation, method development and applications of SFC. The authors provided readers with an overview of analytical and preparative SFC equipment, stationary phases, and mobile phase choices. Topics covered include: Milestones of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography; Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids; Instrumentation for SFC; Detection in SFC; Achiral SFC Method Development; Chiral SFC Method Development; and Preparative Scale SFC. The book also includes highlights of modern applications of SFC in the final chapters—namely pharmaceuticals, consumer products, foods, polymers, petroleum-related mixtures, and cannabis—and discusses the future of SFC. Provides a clear explanation of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical fluids, which gives the reader a better understanding of the basis for improved performance in SFC compared to HPLC and GC Describes the advantages of SFC as a green alternative to HPLC and GC for the analysis of both polar, water-soluble, and non-polar analytes Details both achiral and chiral SFC method development, including modifiers, additives, the impact of temperature and pressure, and stationary phase choices Details why SFC is the premier modern preparative chromatographic technique used to purify components of mixtures for subsequent uses, both from performance and economic perspectives Covers numerous detectors, with an emphasis on SFC-MS, SFC-UV, and SFC-ELSD (evaporative light scattering detection) Describes the application of SFC to numerous high-value application areas Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases will be of great interest to professionals, students, and professors involved in analytical, bioanalytical, separations science, medicinal, petroleum, and environmental chemistries. It will also appeal to pharmaceutical scientists, natural-product scientists, food and consumer-products scientists, chemical engineers, and managers in these areas.

Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Larry M. Miller
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118948394
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Larry M. Miller

Download or read book Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Larry M. Miller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-12-12 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading "green" analytical and purification separations technology. Modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading method used to analyze and purify chiral and achiral chemical compounds, many of which are pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical candidates, and natural products including cannabis-related compounds. This book covers current SFC instrumentation as it relates to greater robustness, better reproducibility, and increased analytical sensitivity. Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases covers the history, instrumentation, method development and applications of SFC. The authors provided readers with an overview of analytical and preparative SFC equipment, stationary phases, and mobile phase choices. Topics covered include: Milestones of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography; Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids; Instrumentation for SFC; Detection in SFC; Achiral SFC Method Development; Chiral SFC Method Development; and Preparative Scale SFC. The book also includes highlights of modern applications of SFC in the final chapters—namely pharmaceuticals, consumer products, foods, polymers, petroleum-related mixtures, and cannabis—and discusses the future of SFC. Provides a clear explanation of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical fluids, which gives the reader a better understanding of the basis for improved performance in SFC compared to HPLC and GC Describes the advantages of SFC as a green alternative to HPLC and GC for the analysis of both polar, water-soluble, and non-polar analytes Details both achiral and chiral SFC method development, including modifiers, additives, the impact of temperature and pressure, and stationary phase choices Details why SFC is the premier modern preparative chromatographic technique used to purify components of mixtures for subsequent uses, both from performance and economic perspectives Covers numerous detectors, with an emphasis on SFC-MS, SFC-UV, and SFC-ELSD (evaporative light scattering detection) Describes the application of SFC to numerous high-value application areas Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases will be of great interest to professionals, students, and professors involved in analytical, bioanalytical, separations science, medicinal, petroleum, and environmental chemistries. It will also appeal to pharmaceutical scientists, natural-product scientists, food and consumer-products scientists, chemical engineers, and managers in these areas.

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Colin F. Poole
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128093676
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Colin F. Poole

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Colin F. Poole and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a rapidly developing laboratory technique for the separation and identification of compounds in mixtures. Significant improvements in instrumentation have rekindled interest in SFC in recent years and enhanced its standing in the scientific community. Many scientists are familiar with column liquid chromatography and its strengths and weaknesses, but the possibilities brought to the table by SFC are less well-known and are underappreciated. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography is a thorough and encompassing reference that defines the concept of contemporary practice in SFC and how it should be implemented in laboratory science. Given the changes that have taken place in SFC, this book presents contemporary aspects and applications of the technique and introduces SFC as a natural solution in the larger field of separation science. The focus on state-of-the-art instrumental SFC distinguishes this work as the go-to reference work for those interested in implementing the technique at an advanced level. Edited and authored by world-leading chromatography experts Provides comprehensive coverage of SFC in a single source Extensive referencing facilitates identification of key research developments More than 200 figures and tables aid in the retention of key concepts

Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Curt M. White
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Curt M. White

Download or read book Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Curt M. White and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Gérard Rossé
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 311049812X
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Gérard Rossé

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Gérard Rossé and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) provides a timely overview of SFC application areas which were unimaginable just a decade ago. This two-volume series opens with an overview of the history and expectant future of SFC and continues with recent applications in the pharmaceutical industry and other fascinating areas of science. SFC has found its place in the pharmaceutical industry with an increasing body of applications for chiral and achiral molecules in both the research and development phases of the drug discovery process. As illustrated in this two-volume series, the current interest in SFC extends well beyond the pharmaceutical industry. Chapters encompassing applications for polar and non-polar mixtures of importance are covering widely disparate areas in substance abuse, natural products including cannabinoids, bioactive lipids, flavor and fragrance. With its broad balance and coverage, this two-volume book constitutes a unique educational platform to students and scientists for many years to come. The major objective of this book editions is to inspire and stimulate readers to continue exploring the possibilities of exploiting supercritical fluids as a particular media for analysis, purifications and synthesis

Analysis with Supercritical Fluids: Extraction and Chromatography

Author : Bernd Wenclawiak
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642774741
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis with Supercritical Fluids: Extraction and Chromatography by : Bernd Wenclawiak

Download or read book Analysis with Supercritical Fluids: Extraction and Chromatography written by Bernd Wenclawiak and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of supercritical fluids in analytical chemistry is still grow ing. More and more analysts are discovering the favorable advan tages for a number of applications. Especially supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to its simplicity. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) has become better established and the development of this technique has been accelerated by the many applications with capillary col umns which have been published in the literature. At first SFC equipment was based on instruments commonly used for liquid chromatography, and the first commercial in struments were derived from this technology. However, capillary columns can be much more easily interfaced to gas chromatogra phy equipment especially to the detectors commonly used for Oc. Many stationary phases both for packed micro columns and capillary columns have been designed for SFC purposes extending this technology to LC and OC. The most common fluid applied in SFC and SFE is carbon dioxide. The advantages of supercritical CO , such as having dif 2 fusivity like a gas and solvating power depending on temperature and pressure, are also valid for other fluids and modified fluids. Both properties are valuable for sample extraction and extraction selectivity.

Unified Chromatography

Author : J. F. Parcher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Unified Chromatography by : J. F. Parcher

Download or read book Unified Chromatography written by J. F. Parcher and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here, authors specializing in different branches of chromatography--including gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high-pressure liquid chromatography--describe their fields while drawing out connections with other branches.

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Gérard Rossé
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110619067
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Gérard Rossé

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Gérard Rossé and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) provides a timely overview of SFC application areas which were unimaginable just a decade ago. This two-volume series opens with an overview of the history and expectant future of SFC and continues with recent applications in the pharmaceutical industry and other fascinating areas of science. SFC has found its place in the pharmaceutical industry with an increasing body of applications for chiral and achiral molecules in both the research and development phases of the drug discovery process. As illustrated in this two-volume series, the current interest in SFC extends well beyond the pharmaceutical industry. Chapters encompassing applications for polar and non-polar mixtures of importance are covering widely disparate areas in substance abuse, natural products including cannabinoids, bioactive lipids, flavor and fragrance. With its broad balance and coverage, this two-volume book constitutes a unique educational platform to students and scientists for many years to come. The major objective of this book editions is to inspire and stimulate readers to continue exploring the possibilities of exploiting supercritical fluids as a particular media for analysis, purifications and synthesis

The Use of Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Download The Use of Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis PDF Online Free

Author : Vincent Desfontaine
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Use of Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis by : Vincent Desfontaine

Download or read book The Use of Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis written by Vincent Desfontaine and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction

Author : Thomas Caudell
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9789057024092
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction by : Thomas Caudell

Download or read book Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction written by Thomas Caudell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-03-08 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the fundamental and practical aspects of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and extraction. It discusses packed columns in SFC; detection in SFC; supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectroscopy; and evaporative light scattering detection in SFC.

Packed Column SFC

Author : T A Berger
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1847551602
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis Packed Column SFC by : T A Berger

Download or read book Packed Column SFC written by T A Berger and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Packed Column SFC is the third title to be published in this series and has been produced as a result of the dramatic re-emergence, in the last three years, of packed column instrumentation. This has led to a redefinition of the technique and an urgent need for a practical guide that deals with its subtleties. This book fulfils that need and deals exclusively with packed column SFC. It places the emphasis on understanding the underlying chemistry in order to perform rapid, systematic optimizations and provides many practical tips to help the new user avoid problems unique to SFC. It also proposes a detailed scheme for method development and provides lists of prioritized guidelines. The book clears up some of the confusion that surrounds the analytical use of supercritical fluids and assists the user in understanding the power and utility of this technique. Detailed chapters cover the most promising new application areas for packed column SFC, which are often overlooked in the mainstream chromatography literature. Like the other books in this popular series, Packed Column SFC will prove an invaluable guide and is essential reading for graduates, postgraduates and researchers with interests in pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemistry, small polar drug molecules, chiral analysis, environmental chemistry, and chromatography/instrumentation.

Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction

Author : Thomas Caudell
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351422502
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (514 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction by : Thomas Caudell

Download or read book Practical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction written by Thomas Caudell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of fundamental as well as practical aspects of supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction. It addresses topics such as: packed columns in SFC; detection in SFC; supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectroscopy; and evaporative light scattering detection in SFC.

Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Larry M. Miller
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119625998
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Larry M. Miller

Download or read book Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Larry M. Miller and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading "green" analytical and purification separations technology. Modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is the leading method used to analyze and purify chiral and achiral chemical compounds, many of which are pharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical candidates, and natural products including cannabis-related compounds. This book covers current SFC instrumentation as it relates to greater robustness, better reproducibility, and increased analytical sensitivity. Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases covers the history, instrumentation, method development and applications of SFC. The authors provided readers with an overview of analytical and preparative SFC equipment, stationary phases, and mobile phase choices. Topics covered include: Milestones of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography; Physical Properties of Supercritical Fluids; Instrumentation for SFC; Detection in SFC; Achiral SFC Method Development; Chiral SFC Method Development; and Preparative Scale SFC. The book also includes highlights of modern applications of SFC in the final chapters—namely pharmaceuticals, consumer products, foods, polymers, petroleum-related mixtures, and cannabis—and discusses the future of SFC. Provides a clear explanation of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical fluids, which gives the reader a better understanding of the basis for improved performance in SFC compared to HPLC and GC Describes the advantages of SFC as a green alternative to HPLC and GC for the analysis of both polar, water-soluble, and non-polar analytes Details both achiral and chiral SFC method development, including modifiers, additives, the impact of temperature and pressure, and stationary phase choices Details why SFC is the premier modern preparative chromatographic technique used to purify components of mixtures for subsequent uses, both from performance and economic perspectives Covers numerous detectors, with an emphasis on SFC-MS, SFC-UV, and SFC-ELSD (evaporative light scattering detection) Describes the application of SFC to numerous high-value application areas Modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: Carbon Dioxide Containing Mobile Phases will be of great interest to professionals, students, and professors involved in analytical, bioanalytical, separations science, medicinal, petroleum, and environmental chemistries. It will also appeal to pharmaceutical scientists, natural-product scientists, food and consumer-products scientists, chemical engineers, and managers in these areas.

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Author : Gregory K. Webster
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814463019
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Chromatography by : Gregory K. Webster

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Chromatography written by Gregory K. Webster and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical chemists in the pharmaceutical industry are always looking for more-efficient techniques to meet the analytical challenges of today's pharmaceutical industry. One technique that has made steady advances in pharmaceutical analysis is supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). SFC is meeting the chromatography needs of the industry by provi

Practical Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Research and Development

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323884881
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Research and Development by :

Download or read book Practical Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Research and Development written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-12-02 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Research and Development provides a valuable “go-to reference for many difficult-to-solve challenges using pertinent chromatographic theory, first-hand case studies, and examples provided from academic and industry experts. This text also enables professors teaching an analytical instrumental course to introduce and instruct students about one of the most sustainable and powerful separation methods currently available. While the text has broad applicability across industrial sectors, it focuses primarily on application in the pharmaceutical industry. The book is designed to allow readers to align current HPLC/UHPLC capabilities with SFC as an orthogonal tool for project specific methods in the pharmaceutical industry. It highlights where SFC falls on the spectrum of useful chromatographic tools for routine and challenging separative methods. Experienced HPLC users who are interested in developing knowledge in orthogonal separation techniques, as well as newcomers to the field of separation science, will find this text particularly useful. Chapters address where SFC may fit the analytical needs of the pharmaceutical industry and alert the readers as to where the technique will not fit. Readers will gain an understanding of how and where SFC may be applied and adapted more routinely across the pharmaceutical industry as a ‘green’ way of undertaking separation opportunities and challenges. Areas within the pharmaceutical industry include early drug discovery, process chemistry, and late stage development and manufacturing. Describes approaches to SFC column and mobile phase selection for method development for both analytical and preparative tasks Gives practical examples of how analytical SFC enables the monitoring of synthetic reactions including unstable intermediates, chiral and achiral polar reactants and products across small and large modalities Provides need-focused case studies for pharmaceutical analysts, process chemists, and contract chemistry facilities that can benefit from monitoring or purifying polar intermediates, mutagenic impurities, nitrosamines and other reaction by-products including excipients and metabolites

Handbook of Advanced Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Author : Michal Holcapek
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128117338
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Advanced Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry Techniques by : Michal Holcapek

Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry Techniques written by Michal Holcapek and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-07 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Advanced Chromatography /Mass Spectrometry Techniques is a compendium of new and advanced analytical techniques that have been developed in recent years for analysis of all types of molecules in a variety of complex matrices, from foods to fuel to pharmaceuticals and more. Focusing on areas that are becoming widely used or growing rapidly, this is a comprehensive volume that describes both theoretical and practical aspects of advanced methods for analysis. Written by authors who have published the foundational works in the field, the chapters have an emphasis on lipids, but reach a broader audience by including advanced analytical techniques applied to a variety of fields. Handbook of Advanced Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry Techniques is the ideal reference for those just entering the analytical fields covered, but also for those experienced analysts who want a combination of an overview of the techniques plus specific and pragmatic details not often covered in journal reports. The authors provide, in one source, a synthesis of knowledge that is scattered across a multitude of literature articles. The combination of pragmatic hints and tips with theoretical concepts and demonstrated applications provides both breadth and depth to produce a valuable and enduring reference manual. It is well suited for advanced analytical instrumentation students as well as for analysts seeking additional knowledge or a deeper understanding of familiar techniques. Includes UHPLC, HILIC, nano-liquid chromatographic separations, two-dimensional LC-MS (LCxLC), multiple parallel MS, 2D-GC (GCxGC) methodologies for lipids analysis, and more Contains both practical and theoretical knowledge, providing core understanding for implementing modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques Presents chapters on the most popular and fastest-growing new techniques being implemented in diverse areas of research

Supercritical Fluid Extraction and its Use in Chromatographic Sample Preparation

Author : S.A. Westwood
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401121648
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Supercritical Fluid Extraction and its Use in Chromatographic Sample Preparation by : S.A. Westwood

Download or read book Supercritical Fluid Extraction and its Use in Chromatographic Sample Preparation written by S.A. Westwood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: by Professor D. E. Games, Mass Spectrometry Research Unit, University College of Swansea Sample preparation can be viewed as occupying a Cinderella role in analytical science. However, the quality of sample preparation plays a key role in high In the past decade, there has been quality analysis and deserves higher stature. considerable interest in the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) as an alternative to conventional procedures for the preparation of samples for ana lysis. The driving force for this development is the need for automated, sim pler, faster, non-destructive and selective methods for extraction, preferably using non-toxic extraction media which are easily disposed of. Utilization of supercritical fluids for extraction fulfils these requirements because of their unique physical chemical properties and usually low toxicity. Selectivity can be achieved by suitable selection of pressure (density), temperature and modi fier conditions which enable solvating power to be varied. The high diffusivity of supercritical fluids provides rapid sample penetration and extraction. Use of fluids with low critical temperatures enables extraction to be conducted under mild thermal conditions ensuring that thermally labile compounds do not decompose. The technique can be used off-line, and the extracts analysed by appropriate techniques, or it can be used on-line, by coupling with a variety of chromatographic techniques. These can then, if necessary, be coupled fur ther with spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared, ultra violet or mass spectrometry, to provide specific identification or structural information.