Challenging the Modern Synthesis

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199377170
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis Challenging the Modern Synthesis by : Philippe Huneman

Download or read book Challenging the Modern Synthesis written by Philippe Huneman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its origin in the early 20th century, the Modern Synthesis theory of evolution has grown to become the orthodox view on the process of organic evolution. Its central defining feature is the prominence it accords to genes in the explanation of evolutionary dynamics. Since the advent of the 21st century, however, the Modern Synthesis has been subject to repeated and sustained challenges. These are largely empirically driven. In the last two decades, evolutionary biology has witnessed unprecedented growth in the understanding of those processes that underwrite the development of organisms and the inheritance of characters. The empirical advances usher in challenges to the conceptual foundations of evolutionary theory. The extent to which the new biology challenges the Modern Synthesis has been the subject of lively debate. Many current commentators charge that the new biology of the 21st century calls for a revision, extension, or wholesale rejection of the Modern Synthesis Theory of evolution. Defenders of the Modern Synthesis maintain that the theory can accommodate the exciting new advances in biology. The original essays collected in this volume survey the various challenges to the Modern Synthesis arising from the new biology of the 21st century. The authors are evolutionary biologists, philosophers of science, and historians of biology from Europe and North America. Each of the essays discusses a particular challenge to the Modern Synthesis treatment of inheritance, development, or adaptation. Taken together, the essays cover a spectrum of views, from those that contend that the Modern Synthesis can rise to the challenges of the new biology, with little or no revision required, to those that call for the abandonment of the Modern Synthesis. The collection will be of interest to researchers and students in evolutionary biology, and the philosophy and history of the biological sciences.

The Epigenetics Revolution

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231530714
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Epigenetics Revolution by : Nessa Carey

Download or read book The Epigenetics Revolution written by Nessa Carey and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics can potentially revolutionize our understanding of the structure and behavior of biological life on Earth. It explains why mapping an organism's genetic code is not enough to determine how it develops or acts and shows how nurture combines with nature to engineer biological diversity. Surveying the twenty-year history of the field while also highlighting its latest findings and innovations, this volume provides a readily understandable introduction to the foundations of epigenetics. Nessa Carey, a leading epigenetics researcher, connects the field's arguments to such diverse phenomena as how ants and queen bees control their colonies; why tortoiseshell cats are always female; why some plants need cold weather before they can flower; and how our bodies age and develop disease. Reaching beyond biology, epigenetics now informs work on drug addiction, the long-term effects of famine, and the physical and psychological consequences of childhood trauma. Carey concludes with a discussion of the future directions for this research and its ability to improve human health and well-being.

A Fragile Inheritance

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Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 1478003383
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis A Fragile Inheritance by : Saloni Mathur

Download or read book A Fragile Inheritance written by Saloni Mathur and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In A Fragile Inheritance Saloni Mathur investigates the work of two seminal figures from the global South: the New Delhi-based critic and curator Geeta Kapur and contemporary multimedia artist Vivan Sundaram. Examining their written and visual works over the past fifty years, Mathur illuminates how her protagonists’ political and aesthetic commitments intersect and foreground uncertainty, difficulty, conflict, and contradiction. This book presents new understandings of the culture and politics of decolonization and the role of non-Western aesthetic avant-gardes within the discourses of contemporary art. Through skillful interpretation of Sundaram's and Kapur’s practices, Mathur demonstrates how received notions of mainstream art history may be investigated and subjected to creative redefinition. Her scholarly methodology offers an impassioned model of critical aesthetics and advances a radical understanding of art and politics in our time.

Inheritance

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Publisher : Alice James Books
ISBN 13 : 1948579782
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (485 download)

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Book Synopsis Inheritance by : Taylor Johnson

Download or read book Inheritance written by Taylor Johnson and published by Alice James Books. This book was released on 2020-11-10 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inheritance is a black sensorium, a chapel of color and sound that speaks to spaciousness, surveillance, identity, desire, and transcendence. Influenced by everyday moments of Washington, DC living, the poems live outside of the outside and beyond the language of categorical difference, inviting anyone listening to listen a bit closer. Inheritance is about the self’s struggle with definition and assumption.

Extrachromosomal Inheritance

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Extrachromosomal Inheritance by : John L. Jinks

Download or read book Extrachromosomal Inheritance written by John L. Jinks and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nordic Inheritance Law through the Ages

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Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004435581
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Nordic Inheritance Law through the Ages by :

Download or read book Nordic Inheritance Law through the Ages written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-07-13 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles in Nordic Inheritance Law through the Ages – Spaces of Action and Legal Strategies explore the significance of inheritance law through the use of topical and in-depth studies that bring life to historical and contemporary Nordic inheritance law practices.

A Troublesome Inheritance

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698163796
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis A Troublesome Inheritance by : Nicholas Wade

Download or read book A Troublesome Inheritance written by Nicholas Wade and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2014-05-06 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on startling new evidence from the mapping of the genome, an explosive new account of the genetic basis of race and its role in the human story Fewer ideas have been more toxic or harmful than the idea of the biological reality of race, and with it the idea that humans of different races are biologically different from one another. For this understandable reason, the idea has been banished from polite academic conversation. Arguing that race is more than just a social construct can get a scholar run out of town, or at least off campus, on a rail. Human evolution, the consensus view insists, ended in prehistory. Inconveniently, as Nicholas Wade argues in A Troublesome Inheritance, the consensus view cannot be right. And in fact, we know that populations have changed in the past few thousand years—to be lactose tolerant, for example, and to survive at high altitudes. Race is not a bright-line distinction; by definition it means that the more human populations are kept apart, the more they evolve their own distinct traits under the selective pressure known as Darwinian evolution. For many thousands of years, most human populations stayed where they were and grew distinct, not just in outward appearance but in deeper senses as well. Wade, the longtime journalist covering genetic advances for The New York Times, draws widely on the work of scientists who have made crucial breakthroughs in establishing the reality of recent human evolution. The most provocative claims in this book involve the genetic basis of human social habits. What we might call middle-class social traits—thrift, docility, nonviolence—have been slowly but surely inculcated genetically within agrarian societies, Wade argues. These “values” obviously had a strong cultural component, but Wade points to evidence that agrarian societies evolved away from hunter-gatherer societies in some crucial respects. Also controversial are his findings regarding the genetic basis of traits we associate with intelligence, such as literacy and numeracy, in certain ethnic populations, including the Chinese and Ashkenazi Jews. Wade believes deeply in the fundamental equality of all human peoples. He also believes that science is best served by pursuing the truth without fear, and if his mission to arrive at a coherent summa of what the new genetic science does and does not tell us about race and human history leads straight into a minefield, then so be it. This will not be the last word on the subject, but it will begin a powerful and overdue conversation.

The Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Genetics

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441973389
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis The Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Genetics by : Nan M. Laird

Download or read book The Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Genetics written by Nan M. Laird and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the statistical models and methods that are used to understand human genetics, following the historical and recent developments of human genetics. Starting with Mendel’s first experiments to genome-wide association studies, the book describes how genetic information can be incorporated into statistical models to discover disease genes. All commonly used approaches in statistical genetics (e.g. aggregation analysis, segregation, linkage analysis, etc), are used, but the focus of the book is modern approaches to association analysis. Numerous examples illustrate key points throughout the text, both of Mendelian and complex genetic disorders. The intended audience is statisticians, biostatisticians, epidemiologists and quantitatively- oriented geneticists and health scientists wanting to learn about statistical methods for genetic analysis, whether to better analyze genetic data, or to pursue research in methodology. A background in intermediate level statistical methods is required. The authors include few mathematical derivations, and the exercises provide problems for students with a broad range of skill levels. No background in genetics is assumed.

Inheritance

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780578412665
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Inheritance by : Riane Menardi Morrison

Download or read book Inheritance written by Riane Menardi Morrison and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-21 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inheritance: Minimal Quilts for the Modern Home features over a dozen modern quilt patterns and techniques for quilters of all skill levels.

The Inheritance of Loss

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Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
ISBN 13 : 1555845916
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (558 download)

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Book Synopsis The Inheritance of Loss by : Kiran Desai

Download or read book The Inheritance of Loss written by Kiran Desai and published by Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Man Booker Prize: An “extraordinary” novel “lit by a moral intelligence at once fierce and tender” (The New York Times Book Review). In a crumbling, isolated house at the foot of Mount Kanchenjunga in the Himalayas, an embittered old judge wants only to retire in peace. But his life is upended when his sixteen-year-old orphaned granddaughter, Sai, arrives on his doorstep. The judge’s chatty cook watches over the girl, but his thoughts are mostly with his son, Biju, hopscotching from one miserable New York restaurant job to another, trying to stay a step ahead of the INS. When a Nepalese insurgency threatens Sai’s new-sprung romance with her tutor, the household descends into chaos. The cook witnesses India’s hierarchy being overturned and discarded. The judge revisits his past and his role in Sai and Biju’s intertwining lives. In a grasping world of colliding interests and conflicting desires, every moment holds out the possibility for hope or betrayal. Published to extraordinary acclaim, The Inheritance of Loss heralds Kiran Desai as one of our most insightful novelists. She illuminates the pain of exile and the ambiguities of postcolonialism with a tapestry of colorful characters and “uncannily beautiful” prose (O: The Oprah Magazine). “A book about tradition and modernity, the past and the future—and about the surprising ways both amusing and sorrowful, in which they all connect.” —The Independent

A Choice of Inheritance

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Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674127753
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (277 download)

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Book Synopsis A Choice of Inheritance by : David Bromwich

Download or read book A Choice of Inheritance written by David Bromwich and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the last two centuries, literature has tested the authority of the individual and the community. With a historical as well as an interpretative emphasis, Bromwich explores this tension. He shows why the public-mindedness of the eighteenth century is as limited a model for readers now as the individualism of the nineteenth century.

Modern Quilts

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Publisher : C&T Publishing Inc
ISBN 13 : 1617455997
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Quilts by : Modern Quilt Guild

Download or read book Modern Quilts written by Modern Quilt Guild and published by C&T Publishing Inc. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alexander, Paige Allocca, Cinzia Anderson, Kari L. Aschehoug, Daisy P. Asinari, Neva Ault, Jill Averinos, Melissa Barbagallo, Teresa Barbin, Linda Barsness, Rachel Bearden, Nathalie Beebe, Mickey Bencsko, Michelle Engel Bermingham, Wendy Berrill, Hayley Berryhill, Andrea Bird, Bev Black, Heather Blakesley, Katie Boenish, Anna Bond, Sarah Borger, Susan Boudreaux, Mathew Bowman, Angela Box-McCoy, Kristyn Brand, Jenna Brickey, Cheryl Brown, Jessica Bryan, Rebecca Burnett, Rebecca Butler, Amy Caggiano, Arianna Callahan, Megan Camalick, Chelsea Chahley, Leanne Christ, Joan Cier, Emily Cifaldi-Morrill, Sheri Coffey, Emily Coffey, Miriam Cohen, Leanne Cole, Pamela J. Converse, Carson Corcoran, Amber Corry, Melissa Costa, Ruth Craft, Violet Crow, Nancy Dackson, Elizabeth Daksiewicz, Nicole Dandekar, Shruti Daniels, Rosalind Darby, Ben Daum, Kristy Davis, Michelle Day, Leah Deise, Alexis Deister, Anne Dithmer, Katherine Doane, Emily Doering, Shawna Dorr, Rachael Duling, Karen Dunn, Charlayne Eichler-Messmer, Kim Elliott, Libs Elliott, Heidi Evans, Season Faughnan, Tara Ferguson, Heather Ferrill James, Donna Findlay Wolfe, Victoria Fleckenstein, Krista Flower, Lysa Frieden, Wendy Friedlander, Carolyn Friend, Amy Fuchs, Yvonne Gee's Bend Gering, Jacquie Gold, Penny Gold, Lesley Goodwin, Hillary Gregory, Mary Greuter, Yara Griffin, Scott D. Grotrian, Carole Anne Haight Carlton, Alissa Hannon, Shelly Harp, Charlene Harrell, Phoebe Hartman, Elizabeth Hartrich, Laura Harvatine, Liz Harvey Lee, Karen Haynes, Luke Heinrich, Lee Heisler, Carol Heitland, Brigitte Henderson, Shea Henderson, Angie Hennebury, Krista Hertzer, Katrina Hohnstreiter, Amanda Hone Murdock, Kamie Hubbard, Solidia Hungerford, Linda Hutchinson, Rossie Ireland Beaver, Cassandra Jalbert, Debra L. Jenkins, Jeannie Jenkins, Lee Johnston, Jennifer Jones, Faith Jones, Kat Jones Rossotti, Jennifer Jubie, Becca June, Agatha Keahey, Carla Kehnle, Nydia Kerr, Bill Kerr, Mary Khaja, Samarra Kight, Kim Kimber, Chawne Kloke, Jennifer Knauer, Thomas Kyle, Susan Lang, Lauren Larson, Katie Leray, Melissa Levin, Tami Lichner, Alyssa Loewenberg, Marsha Lyon, Jenny MacDonald, Susan Maple, Karen Maroon, Nikki Marston, Gwen McDowell Hopper, Laura Mehling, Dena Menardi, Riane Menzer, Mary Miller Curley, Melissa Molen, Colleen Myer, Darby Neblett, Nicole Neill, Lindsey Nichols, Sheri O'Malley, Stacey Lee Olszewski, Bernie Orth, Lou Page, Shannon Pagliai, Shelly Paquette, Suzanne Parkes, Heidi Parson, Emily Patel, Krishma Pedersen, Katie Perrigo, Christine Perrino, Barbara Pettway, Mary Ann Pina, Gina Poplin, Elaine Wick Porcella, Yvonne Pukstas, Laura Purvis, Nancy Quilts, Quantum Ramsey Keasler, Mary Rapp, Katie Reeves, Olan Reiter, Michelle Ricks, Christine Ringle, Weeks Roach, Rebecca Rocco, Pam Roth, Wendy Rouse, Daniel Ruyle, Stephanie Ryan, Kristi Saafir, Latifah Samborski, Annette Sanclaria, Judy Santistevan, Susan Schmidt, Denyse Schraw, Sarah Schroeder, Kristi Schwarz, Dorie Seitz, Sarah Sessions, Emily Sharman, Stacey Sheridan, Caro Shibley, Beth Shields, Kristin Sipes, Lisa Skardal, Steph Skumanich, Shelby Slusser Clay, Susan Smith, Juli Irene Soper, Kim Sorenson, Jen Soto, Maritza Sovey, Corinne Sparkles, Molli Spiridon, Linda Stead, Lindsay Strong, Susan Struckmeyer, Amy Sullivan, Anne Sutters, Silvia Toye, Jessica Tuazon, Melanie Upitis, Kathryn Vandeyar, Diana Varner, Marla Vinegrad, Betsy Vojtechovsky, Kari Volckening, Bill Wade, Amy Walker, Lucinda Walters, Angela Watson, Christa Wayne, Dena Wells, Jean Whittington, Nancy Wikander, Carrie Wilkie, Michelle Williams, Suzy Williams, Julia Wilson, Sarah Withers, Krista Wood, Kelly Wood, Sherri Lynn Workman, Mary York, Kathy Young, Jaime

The Inheritance of Orquídea Divina

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1982188413
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (821 download)

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Book Synopsis The Inheritance of Orquídea Divina by : Zoraida Córdova

Download or read book The Inheritance of Orquídea Divina written by Zoraida Córdova and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-09-07 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perfect for fans of Alice Hoffman, Isabel Allende, and Sarah Addison Allen, this is a gorgeously written novel about a family searching for the truth hidden in their past and the power they’ve inherited, from the author of the acclaimed and “giddily exciting” (The New York Times Book Review) Brooklyn Brujas series. The Montoyas are used to a life without explanations. They know better than to ask why the pantry never seems to run low or empty, or why their matriarch won’t ever leave their home in Four Rivers—even for graduations, weddings, or baptisms. But when Orquídea Divina invites them to her funeral and to collect their inheritance, they hope to learn the secrets that she has held onto so tightly their whole lives. Instead, Orquídea is transformed, leaving them with more questions than answers. Seven years later, her gifts have manifested in different ways for Marimar, Rey, and Tatinelly’s daughter, Rhiannon, granting them unexpected blessings. But soon, a hidden figure begins to tear through their family tree, picking them off one by one as it seeks to destroy Orquídea’s line. Determined to save what’s left of their family and uncover the truth behind their inheritance, the four descendants travel to Ecuador—to the place where Orquídea buried her secrets and broken promises and never looked back. Alternating between Orquídea’s past and her descendants’ present, The Inheritance of Orquídea Divina is an enchanting novel about what we knowingly and unknowingly inherit from our ancestors, the ties that bind, and reclaiming your power.

Inheritance Systems and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108607381
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Inheritance Systems and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis by : Eva Jablonka

Download or read book Inheritance Systems and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis written by Eva Jablonka and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-04 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current knowledge of the genetic, epigenetic, behavioural and symbolic systems of inheritance requires a revision and extension of the mid-twentieth-century, gene-based, 'Modern Synthesis' version of Darwinian evolutionary theory. We present the case for this by first outlining the history that led to the neo-Darwinian view of evolution. In the second section we describe and compare different types of inheritance, and in the third discuss the implications of a broad view of heredity for various aspects of evolutionary theory. We end with an examination of the philosophical and conceptual ramifications of evolutionary thinking that incorporates multiple inheritance systems.

The Foundations of Genetics

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483282651
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis The Foundations of Genetics by : F. A. E. Crew

Download or read book The Foundations of Genetics written by F. A. E. Crew and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Foundations of Genetics describes the historical development of genetics with emphasis on the contributions to advancing genetical knowledge and the various applications of genetics. The book reviews the work of Gregor Mendel, his Law of Segregation, and of Ernst Haeckel who suggested that the nucleus is that part of the cell that is responsible for heredity. The text also describes the studies of W. Johannsen on "pure lines," and his introduction of the terms gene, genotype, and phenotype. The book explains the theory of the gene and the notion that hereditary particles are borne by the chromosomes (Sutton-Boveri hypothesis). Of the constituent parts of the nucleus only the chromatin material divides at mitosis and segregates during maturation. Following studies confirm that the chromatin material, present in the form of chromosomes with a constant and characteristic number and appearance for each species, is indeed the hereditary material. The book describes how Muller in 1927, showed that high precision energy radiation is the external cause to mutation in the gene itself if one allele can mutate without affecting its partner. The superstructure of genetics built upon the foundations of Mendelism has many applications including cytogenetics, polyploidy, human genetics, eugenics, plant breeding, radiation genetics, and the evolution theory. The book can be useful to academicians and investigators in the fields of genetics such as biochemical, biometrical, microbial, and pharmacogenetics. Students in agriculture, anthropology, botany, medicine, sociology, veterinary medicine, and zoology should add this text to their list of primary reading materials.

The Inheritance

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Author :
Publisher : Faber & Faber Plays
ISBN 13 : 9780571362264
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis The Inheritance by : Matthew Lopez

Download or read book The Inheritance written by Matthew Lopez and published by Faber & Faber Plays. This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired by the novel Howards End by E.M. Forster.

The Inheritance

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Author :
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815738463
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis The Inheritance by : Mara E. Karlin

Download or read book The Inheritance written by Mara E. Karlin and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring how the U.S. military can move beyond Iraq and Afghanistan Since the September 11, 2001, attacks, the U.S. military has been fighting incessantly in conflicts around the globe, often with inconclusive results. The legacies of these conflicts have serious implications for how the United States will wage war in the future. Yet there is a stunning lack of introspection about these conflicts. Never in modern U.S. history has the military been at war for so long. And never in U.S. history have such long wars demanded so much of so few. The legacy of wars without end include a military that feels the painful effects of war but often feels alone. The public is less connected to the military now than at any point in modern U.S. history. The national security apparatus seeks to pivot away from these engagements and to move on to the next threats—notably those emanating from China and Russia. Many young Americans question whether it even makes sense to invest in the military. At best, there are ad hoc, unstructured debates about Iraq or Afghanistan. Simply put, there has been no serious, organized stock-taking by the public, politicians, opinion leaders, or the military itself of this inheritance. Despite being at war for the longest continuous period in its history, the military is woefully unprepared for future wars. But the United States cannot simply hit the reset button. This book explores this inheritance by examining how nearly two decades of war have influenced civil-military relations, how the military goes to war, how the military wages war, who leads the military and who serves in it, how the military thinks about war, and above all, the enduring impact of these wars on those who waged them. If the U.S. military seeks to win in the future, it must acknowledge and reconcile with the inheritance of its long and inconclusive wars. This book seeks to help them do so.