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Modeling Electron Transport Within The Framework Of Hydrodynamic Description Of Hall Thrusters Preprint
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Book Synopsis Modeling Electron Transport Within the Framework of Hydrodynamic Description of Hall Thrusters (Preprint). by :
Download or read book Modeling Electron Transport Within the Framework of Hydrodynamic Description of Hall Thrusters (Preprint). written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we consider kinetic effects related to electron transport in the framework on hydrodynamic model of the plasma flow inside the Hall thruster channel. In particular, kinetics of the near wall conductivity (NWC) is analyzed and analytical expression is derived that takes into account the sheath effects. The NWC model is incorporated into the hydrodynamic model. In addition we consider an effect of SEE electron thermalization. It is found that current predicted by the analytical model can provide reasonable solution without any fitting parameters.
Book Synopsis Dynamic Models of Electron Transport in Hall Thruster Simulations by : Eunsun Cha
Download or read book Dynamic Models of Electron Transport in Hall Thruster Simulations written by Eunsun Cha and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hall-effect thruster (HET) is an electrostatic propulsion device that relies on the Hall effect to generate a dense ExB electron current to ionize the propellant gas. In simulating Hall thrusters, describing electron cross- eld transport has been one of the greatest challenges because the electron transport in a Hall thruster is anomalously higher than that predicted by classical collision theory. Researchers have suggested some explanations of the anomalous transport, but they have failed to establish a reliable physical model for general applications. Establishing a physical model that is applicable to various types of Hall thrusters in various operating conditions is an objective of this work. In this thesis, a 2-D hybrid particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation for the Stanford Hall thruster (SHT) is used to implement the transport (electron mobility) models. Among various attempts, an entropy closure model, as well as a turbulent transport model were successfully implemented and demonstrated results that show reasonable agreement to measured data. The entropy closure model uses a 1-D entropy transport equation in the plasma of a Hall thruster discharge to derive a relation for electron mobility as a function of other plasma properties. The simulated results show a reasonable agreement with experiments. The turbulent transport model seeks for a more straightforward way to incorporate the entropy production mechanism into the simulation. By assuming that the Joule heating is the main source of entropy production, we adopted the turbulent kinetic theory to relate the energy dissipated from the largest eddies with the energy production rate. Through a scaling analysis, electron mobility is expressed as an explicit function of other plasma properties of the simulation. The simulated electron mobility captures the electron transport phenomenon measured experimentally. To test the transportability of the turbulent model, the simulation was modi ed for an SPT-type thruster with a different geometry than the SHT. Also, an alternative propellant, molecular nitrogen, was simulated on the geometry of the SHT using the turbulent model. The dynamic mobility models make it possible to observe the dynamic characteristics of the Hall thruster. The mobility models in this study magnify the capability of Hall thruster simulations to explore design space cost effectively.
Book Synopsis Numerical Study of Current Driven Instabilities and Anomalous Electron Transport in Hall-effect Thrusters by : Jonathan Tran
Download or read book Numerical Study of Current Driven Instabilities and Anomalous Electron Transport in Hall-effect Thrusters written by Jonathan Tran and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma turbulence and the resulting anomalous electron transport due to azimuthal current driven instabilities in Hall-effect thrusters is a promising candidate for developing predictive models for the observed anomalous transport. A theory for anomalous electron transport and current driven instabilities has been recently studied by [Lafluer et al., 2016a]. Due to the extreme cost of fully resolving the Debye length and plasma frequency, hybrid plasma simulations utilizing kinetic ions and quasi-steady state fluid electrons have long been the principle workhorse methodology for Hall-effect thruster modeling. Using a reduced dimension particle in cell simulation implemented in the Thermophysics Universal Research Framework developed by the Air Force Research Lab, we show collective electron-wave scattering due to large amplitude azimuthal fluctuations of the electric field and the plasma density. These high-frequency and short wavelength fluctuations can lead to an effective cross-field mobility many orders of magnitude larger than what is expected from classical electron-neutral momentum collisions in the low neutral density regime. We further adapt the previous study by [Lampe et al., 1971] and [Stringer, 1964] for related current driven instabilities to electric propulsion relevant mass ratios and conditions. Finally, we conduct a preliminary study of resolving this instability with a modified hybrid simulation with the hope of integration with established hybrid Hall-effect thruster simulations.
Book Synopsis Plasma Oscillations and Associated Electron Transport Within Hall Thrusters by : Aaron Kombai Knoll
Download or read book Plasma Oscillations and Associated Electron Transport Within Hall Thrusters written by Aaron Kombai Knoll and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hall thruster is a type of plasma propulsion system for space vehicle applications. The thrust produced by this device is derived from the momentum of ions, which are accelerated to high exit velocities by the action of an electric field sustained within the plasma. The advantage of the Hall thruster compared to conventional chemical rocket propulsion is a significantly higher exhaust velocity, which leads to better utilization of propellant mass. Since the early days of Hall thruster research, experiments have suggested that the mobility of electrons along the axis of the thruster, perpendicular to an imposed magnetic field, is higher than can be explained by classical collision transfer processes alone. A lack of understanding regarding the mechanism for this enhanced mobility has proved a significant challenge toward the development of reliable simulations capable of predicting the performance of these devices. This thesis examines the role of high frequency plasma oscillations on the electron mobility using a combination of experimental studies on a laboratory Hall thruster, and numerical simulations capable of capturing these oscillations and quantifying their impact on the electron mobility. Two high frequency oscillations were consistently observed in the experiments: a 10MHz mode which appeared strongest in the vicinity of the anode, and a 4.5MHz mode which was strongest in the mid-channel region of the thruster. These were relatively low wave number (long wavelength) oscillations: approximately 6cm for the 4.5MHz oscillation and 3cm for the 10MHz oscillation. The angle of these waves varied considerably depending on the operating conditions of the thruster. They were found to be closely aligned to the axis of the thruster for experiments conducted with Xenon propellant, and were aligned with the circumference of the thruster (in the direction of electron drift) for experiments conducted with Krypton. A Hall thruster simulation, formulated in the axial-azimuthal coordinates of the thruster, was able to capture high frequency oscillations in reasonable agreement with experimental findings: 13MHz near the anode and 5MHz in the mid-channel region of the thruster for 160V discharge conditions. The simulation results demonstrated the crucial role of these oscillations in regulating the electron transport. In the vicinity of these oscillations the electron mobility was increased by a factor of five or more. The central finding of this thesis is that high frequency oscillations in the range 1 - 50MHz can account for the observed discrepancy between classical and experimental electron mobility in the Hall thruster.
Book Synopsis Electron Transport and Ion Acceleration in a Low-power Cylindrical Hall Thruster by :
Download or read book Electron Transport and Ion Acceleration in a Low-power Cylindrical Hall Thruster written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conventional annular Hall thrusters become inefficient when scaled to low power. Cylindrical Hall thrusters, which have lower surface-to-volume ratio, are therefore more promising for scaling down. They presently exhibit performance comparable with conventional annular Hall thrusters. Electron cross-field transport in a 2.6 cm miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster (100 W power level) has been studied through the analysis of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations of electron dynamics in the thruster channel. The numerical model takes into account elastic and inelastic electron collisions with atoms, electron-wall collisions, including secondary electron emission, and Bohm diffusion. We show that in order to explain the observed discharge current, the electron anomalous collision frequency [nu][sub B] has to be on the order of the Bohm value, [nu][sub B] [approx] [omega][sub c]/16. The contribution of electron-wall collisions to cross-field transport is found to be insignificant. The plasma density peak observed at the axis of the 2.6 cm cylindrical Hall thruster is likely to be due to the convergent flux of ions, which are born in the annular part of the channel and accelerated towards the thruster axis.
Book Synopsis Field Structure and Electron Transport in the Near-field of Coaxial Hall Thrusters by : Andrew Wayne Smith
Download or read book Field Structure and Electron Transport in the Near-field of Coaxial Hall Thrusters written by Andrew Wayne Smith and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hall thruster is an electric propulsion device developed in the former USSR during the Cold War, capable of efficiently providing sustained, low-levels of thrust. Coaxial Hall thrusters are comprised of an annular channel (at the base of which the anode is generally found), and a series of electromagnets that produce a predominantly radial magnetic field near the channel exit. A cathode, located outside the annular channel, injects electrons that serve a dual purpose: they neutralize the ion beam, and they sustain the core discharge. They plasma ions can achieve considerable exhaust velocities, lending the Hall thruster a high specific impulse; however, the propellant flow rate is generally on the order of a few mg/s, keeping the overall thrust low. Despite their desirable high efficiency, the detailed physics of Hall thruster operation is not clearly understood. In particular, the mechanism by which electrons are able to diffuse across the magnetic field lines at a rate in excess of classical predictions is the subject of dispute and ongoing research. Rectifying this deficiency within the near-field region (defined to lie between the exit plane of the annular channel and the external cathode) is the primary motivation for this work. A clear understanding of the mechanisms of electron transport in the near-field can aid the development of more efficient thrusters and provide direction for future experiments. The present study approaches the problem on two fronts. First, an extensive, 3-D map of the plasma potential (in addition to the floating potential and electron temperature) is obtained via a series of time-resolved experiments. These transient measurements are referenced to the periodic oscillation in the discharge current of Hall thrusters (known as the breathing-mode) and provide an unprecedented visualization of the low-frequency field dynamics. Second, the electron transport physics in the near-field is investigated in 3-D, electron-kinetic simulations. These simulations implement the experimentally-observed plasma potential (and, in some cases, fluctuations in the plasma potential). These simulations demonstrate that the 3-D nature of the fields is an important driver of near-field transport; however, collisions with the front-face of the thruster are critical to the anomalous diffusion of electrons across the magnetic field lines in this region. In simulations that considered static fields, up to 35 % of the electrons reached the channel during simulated lifetimes exceeding 1 microsecond, but often yielded very inhomogeneous density distributions. Imposing the measured helical plasma potential fluctuations in the simulations resulted in a dramatic azimuthal homogenization of the electron density distribution, and reduced the fraction of electrons reaching the channel to about 10 %, on par with experimental observations. In every case tested, plasma potential fluctuations (both axial and helical at a variety of frequencies) reduced the electron current reaching the channel. The results further suggest that the location and orientation of the cathode (as well as the properties of the emitted electron beam) have a strong effect on the transport. Gas-phase collisions, even when allowed to occur at a greatly exaggerated rate, are found to have negligible effect on either the channel/beam current ratio or the density distribution in the near-field. These results also suggest that random turbulence in the plasma properties (at least for frequencies less than or equal to 10 MHz) is unlikely to significantly impact the net electron transport (i.e., the channel/beam current ratio or density distribution). Importantly, axisymmetric simulations are found to yield dramatically disparate results (often yielding zero electron-current transport to the channel) compared to the simulations that considered 3-D fields (which introduce azimuthal components in the electric and magnetic fields); a result which questions the validity of pervasive 2-D Hall thruster simulations.
Book Synopsis Electron Cross Field Transport Modeling in Radial-axial Hybrid Hall Thruster Simulations by : Michelle Kristin Scharfe
Download or read book Electron Cross Field Transport Modeling in Radial-axial Hybrid Hall Thruster Simulations written by Michelle Kristin Scharfe and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Two-dimensional Axial-azimuthal (Z-Ø) Simulation of Cross-field Electron Transport in a Hall Thruster Plasma Discharge by : Cheryl Meilin Lam
Download or read book Two-dimensional Axial-azimuthal (Z-Ø) Simulation of Cross-field Electron Transport in a Hall Thruster Plasma Discharge written by Cheryl Meilin Lam and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hall thruster (or Hall effect thruster) is an electric propulsion device used for space flight applications. Despite its use as a deployed production technology, much of the underlying plasma physics which governs thruster behavior and performance is not well understood. Specifically, laboratory experiments indicate an anomalously high electron mobility in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, which exceeds that predicted by classical theory. Predicting this so-called anomalous electron transport remains a key research challenge. One possible mechanism for the generation of super-classical electron transport is the interaction of correlated quasi-coherent fluctuations in the plasma properties. Instabilities in the plasma can lead to quasi-coherent wave fluctuations in the electric potential, electron number density, and electron velocities; if these fluctuations are appropriately correlated, they can serve to either enhance or reduce electron transport across the magnetic field. In this work, we use numerical simulations as a tool to characterize axial and azimuthal fluctuations in the plasma discharge properties and study their impact on cross-field electron transport. We employ a two-dimensional axial-azimuthal (z-theta) model to simulate an annular Hall thruster discharge. We use a hybrid fluid-Particle-In-Cell approach in which the positive ion (Xe+) and neutral (Xe) species are modeled using a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) treatment and the electrons are modeled as a fluid continuum. The ion and neutral species are modeled as discrete collisionless superparticles; due to their large mass and consequently large Larmor radius, we neglect the magnetic field effect on the ions. For the electron fluid, we include the first three moments of the Boltzmann equation to obtain 2D continuity and momentum equations, using the drift-diffusion approximation, and a quasi-1D energy equation. The PIC and fluid treatments are coupled by assuming space charge neutrality, or quasineutrality, between the ions and electrons. We chose a simulated thruster model geometry and operating conditions to enable comparisons to experimental measurements of the Stanford Hall Thruster (SHT) laboratory discharge. The simulated thruster channel is 8 cm long, with an outer diameter of 9.4 cm; we include the full azimuth throughout the simulated domain, which includes the entire channel length and the near-plume. Using a non-uniform spatial resolution of 3 mm - 10 mm and maximum time step of 10 ns, we can achieve a simulated time of extent on the order of milliseconds, using a single PC processor core for a wall clock time of several days. We present results for a representative simulated low voltage operating condition. Simulated plasma properties are compared to experimental measurements of the plasma properties and the effective electron mobility. We further analyze the simulated data to characterize predicted axial and azimuthal fluctuations in the electric potential, electron number density, and electron velocities. We consider the simulated wave fluctuations in the context of linearized fluid theory models for specific dispersive propagation modes, as we attempt to characterize their impact on the effective axial electron transport for various axial regions within the thruster discharge. For the simulated time and spatial scales presented here, correlated fluctuations appear to enhance electron transport in some regions of the discharge and inhibit electron transport in others. In the mid-channel region, where we believe gradients and in the electron density and magnetic field may contribute to gradient-driven waves, we observe enhancement of the electron mobility beyond classical mobility values. Near the channel exit plane, however, we observe a distinct electron transport barrier, similar to that observed in experimental measurements. Just upstream of the channel exit plane, correlated fluctuations in the electron number density and the axial electron velocity appear to generate negative current which opposes the positive bulk discharge current; in this region, we believe the axial shear in the electron velocity may play a role in disrupting fluctuations and reducing electron transport. In both cases, it is clear that simulated wave fluctuations impact axial electron transport. Even in regions of observed transport enhancement, however, the simulated fluctuation-driven transport does not fully account for the experimentally-observed super-classical mobility. We believe that an additional transport mechanism -- perhaps electron wall scattering or higher frequency, shorter wavelength fluctuations -- is necessary to account for the experimentally-observed electron mobility. Towards this end, we present results for additional simulations which include an artificially enhanced electron collision frequency; these simulations show improved agreement with experimental results and confirm the need to include additional physical mechanisms for anomalous electron transport. Finally, suggestions for future work are included.
Book Synopsis Plasma Simulations by Example by : Lubos Brieda
Download or read book Plasma Simulations by Example written by Lubos Brieda and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of plasmas is crucial in improving our understanding of the universe, and they are being increasingly utilised in key technologies such as spacecraft thrusters, plasma medicine, and fusion energy. Providing readers with an easy to follow set of examples that clearly illustrate how simulation codes are written, this book guides readers through how to develop C++ computer codes for simulating plasmas primarily with the kinetic Particle in Cell (PIC) method. This text will be invaluable to advanced undergraduates and graduate students in physics and engineering looking to learn how to put the theory to the test. Features: Provides a step-by-step introduction to plasma simulations with easy to follow examples Discusses the electrostatic and electromagnetic Particle in Cell (PIC) method on structured and unstructured meshes, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and Vlasov solvers Covered topics include Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) collisions, surface interactions, axisymmetry, and parallelization strategies. Lubos Brieda has over 15 years of experience developing plasma and gas simulation codes for electric propulsion, contamination transport, and plasma-surface interactions. As part of his master’s research work, he developed a 3D ES-PIC electric propulsion plume code, Draco, which is to this date utilized by government labs and private aerospace firms to study plasma thruster plumes. His Ph.D, obtained in 2012 from George Washington University, USA, focused on a multi-scale model for Hall thrusters utilizing fluid-kinetic hybrid PIC codes. He has since then been involved in numerous projects involving development and the use of plasma simulation tools. Since 2014 he has been teaching online courses on plasma simulations through his website: particleincell.com.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Plasma Physics by : J. A. Bittencourt
Download or read book Fundamentals of Plasma Physics written by J. A. Bittencourt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Plasma Physics is a general introduction designed to present a comprehensive, logical and unified treatment of the fundamentals of plasma physics based on statistical kinetic theory, with applications to a variety of important plasma phenomena. Its clarity and completeness makes the text suitable for self-learning and for self-paced courses. Throughout the text the emphasis is on clarity, rather than formality, the various derivations are explained in detail and, wherever possible, the physical interpretations are emphasized. The mathematical treatment is set out in great detail, carrying out the steps which are usually left to the reader. The problems form an integral part of the text and most of them were designed in such a way as to provide a guideline, stating intermediate steps with answers.
Book Synopsis Performance Evaluation of the SPT-140 by :
Download or read book Performance Evaluation of the SPT-140 written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Norbert G. H. Meyendorf Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :3662089882 Total Pages :435 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (62 download)
Book Synopsis Nondestructive Materials Characterization by : Norbert G. H. Meyendorf
Download or read book Nondestructive Materials Characterization written by Norbert G. H. Meyendorf and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With an emphasis on aircraft materials, this book describes techniques for the material characterization to detect and quantify degradation processes such as corrosion and fatigue. It introduces readers to these techniques based on x-ray, ultrasonic, optical and thermal principles and demonstrates the potential of the techniques for a wide variety of applications concerning aircraft materials, especially aluminum and titanium alloys. The advantages and disadvantages of various techniques are evaluated.
Book Synopsis Modeling and Computational Methods for Kinetic Equations by : Pierre Degond
Download or read book Modeling and Computational Methods for Kinetic Equations written by Pierre Degond and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-07 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years kinetic theory has developed in many areas of the physical sciences and engineering, and has extended the borders of its traditional fields of application. New applications in traffic flow engineering, granular media modeling, and polymer and phase transition physics have resulted in new numerical algorithms which depart from traditional stochastic Monte--Carlo methods. This monograph is a self-contained presentation of such recently developed aspects of kinetic theory, as well as a comprehensive account of the fundamentals of the theory. Emphasizing modeling techniques and numerical methods, the book provides a unified treatment of kinetic equations not found in more focused theoretical or applied works. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is devoted to the most fundamental kinetic model: the Boltzmann equation of rarefied gas dynamics. Additionally, widely used numerical methods for the discretization of the Boltzmann equation are reviewed: the Monte--Carlo method, spectral methods, and finite-difference methods. Part II considers specific applications: plasma kinetic modeling using the Landau--Fokker--Planck equations, traffic flow modeling, granular media modeling, quantum kinetic modeling, and coagulation-fragmentation problems. Modeling and Computational Methods of Kinetic Equations will be accessible to readers working in different communities where kinetic theory is important: graduate students, researchers and practitioners in mathematical physics, applied mathematics, and various branches of engineering. The work may be used for self-study, as a reference text, or in graduate-level courses in kinetic theory and its applications.
Book Synopsis Plasma Spectroscopy by : Takashi Fujimoto
Download or read book Plasma Spectroscopy written by Takashi Fujimoto and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2004-06-17 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the characteristics of optical radiation, or a spectrum, emitted by various plasmas. In plasma, the same atomic species can produce quite different spectra, or colours, depending on the nature of the plasma. This book gives a theoretical framework by which a particular spectrum can be interpreted correctly and coherently. The uniqueness of the book lies in its comprehensive treatment of the intensity distribution of spectral lines and the population density distribution among the atomic levels in plasmas. It is intended to provide beginners with a good perspective of the field, laying out the physics in an extremely clear manner and starting from an elementary level. A useful feature of the book is the asterisked sections and chapters which can be skipped by readers who only wish to gain a quick and basic introduction to plasma spectroscopy. It will also be useful to researchers working actively in the field, acting as a guide for carrying out experiments and interpreting experimental observations.
Book Synopsis Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Its Applications by : Jose Manuel Vega
Download or read book Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Its Applications written by Jose Manuel Vega and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-09-22 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Higher Order Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Its Applications provides detailed background theory, as well as several fully explained applications from a range of industrial contexts to help readers understand and use this innovative algorithm. Data-driven modelling of complex systems is a rapidly evolving field, which has applications in domains including engineering, medical, biological, and physical sciences, where it is providing ground-breaking insights into complex systems that exhibit rich multi-scale phenomena in both time and space. Starting with an introductory summary of established order reduction techniques like POD, DEIM, Koopman, and DMD, this book proceeds to provide a detailed explanation of higher order DMD, and to explain its advantages over other methods. Technical details of how the HODMD can be applied to a range of industrial problems will help the reader decide how to use the method in the most appropriate way, along with example MATLAB codes and advice on how to analyse and present results. - Includes instructions for the implementation of the HODMD, MATLAB codes, and extended discussions of the algorithm - Includes descriptions of other order reduction techniques, and compares their strengths and weaknesses - Provides examples of applications involving complex flow fields, in contexts including aerospace engineering, geophysical flows, and wind turbine design
Book Synopsis Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots by : Davide Brugali
Download or read book Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots written by Davide Brugali and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-19 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots, SIMPAR 2014, held in Bergamo, Italy, in October 2014. The 49 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on simulation, modeling, programming, architectures, methods and tools, and systems and applications.
Book Synopsis Ceramic and Glass Materials by : James F. Shackelford
Download or read book Ceramic and Glass Materials written by James F. Shackelford and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-04-12 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a concise, up-to-date book that covers a wide range of important ceramic materials used in modern technology. Chapters provide essential information on the nature of these key ceramic raw materials including their structure, properties, processing methods and applications in engineering and technology. Treatment is provided on materials such as alumina, aluminates, Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite. The chapter authors are leading experts in the field of ceramic materials. An ideal text for graduate students and practising engineers in ceramic engineering, metallurgy, and materials science and engineering.
