Militia Order In Afghanistan

Download Militia Order In Afghanistan full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Militia Order In Afghanistan ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Militia Order in Afghanistan

Author : Matthew P. Dearing
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000406776
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Militia Order in Afghanistan by : Matthew P. Dearing

Download or read book Militia Order in Afghanistan written by Matthew P. Dearing and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-18 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a new insight into when and why paramilitary groups in Afghanistan engage in protective or predatory behavior against the civilians they purportedly defend. In Afghanistan’s counterinsurgency environment, America leaned on militias to provide order and stabilize communities cut off from weak central government institutions. However, the lucrative market of protection challenged militia loyalty, as many engaged in banditry, vendettas, and predation. This book examines the varying militia experiments in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2020 and their outcomes through three sub-national case studies. It argues that successful militia experiments in Afghanistan involved inclusion of local orders, where communities had well-established social structures and accountability mechanisms in place, and state patrons relied upon those structures as a restraint against militia behavior. Complementary management ensured patrons leaned on communities for strong accountability systems. But such environments were far from the norm. When patrons ignored community controls, militias preyed on civilians as they monopolized the market of protection. This book adds to the rich literature on the U.S. experience in Afghanistan, but differs by focusing on the interplay between states, communities, and militias. This book will be of much interest to students of military and strategic studies, Asian politics, security studies and International Relations.

"Just Don't Call it a Militia"

Author : Rachel Reid
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781564328069
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis "Just Don't Call it a Militia" by : Rachel Reid

Download or read book "Just Don't Call it a Militia" written by Rachel Reid and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With US plans to withdraw troops and hand over security to the Afghan government by 2014, the US and Afghan governments have embraced a high-risk strategy of arming tens of thousands of men in a new village-level defense force. Called the Afghan Local Police (ALP), it is the latest in a long line of new security forces and militias the US and other international forces have worked with in recent years to pave the way for the exit of international troops. The Afghan government has also recently reactivated various irregular armed groups, particularly in the north. Just Don't Call It a Militia, based primarily on interviews in Kabul, Wardak, Herat, and Baghlan, with additional interviews in Kandahar, Kunduz, and Uruzgan, first surveys attempts over the past decade to create civilian defense forces in Afghanistan. While some efforts have been more successful than others, all have at times been hijacked by local strongmen or by ethnic or political factions, spreading fear, exacerbating local political tensions, fueling vendettas and ethnic conflict, and in some areas even playing into the hands of Taliban insurgents, thus subverting the very purpose for which the militias were created. Against this backdrop, we then provide an account of the ALP one year after it was created, detailing instances in which local groups are again being armed without adequate oversight or accountability. We conclude that unless urgent steps are taken to prevent ALP units from engaging in abusive and predatory behavior, the ALP could exacerbate the same perverse dynamics that subverted previous efforts to use civilian defense forces to advance security and public order"--Cover, p. [4].

Unity of Effort

Author : Christopher Jon Lamb
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437929478
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unity of Effort by : Christopher Jon Lamb

Download or read book Unity of Effort written by Christopher Jon Lamb and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study ascribes the lack of progress in Afghanistan more to forces and donors working at cross-purposes than to insufficient resources. The authors call for an indirect approach that emphasizes working through indigenous forces. They cite U.S. special operations forces (SOF) failure to support counterinsurgency objectives as an example of military units working at cross-purposes. The authors recommend three ways to improve unity of effort: all Operation ¿Enduring Freedom¿ forces (except SOF) should be merged into one common mission with international forces; decisionmaking authority between U.S. military and civilian leaders should be clarified; and SOF operations must focus on the indirect approach. Illustrations.

Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428910808
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy by :

Download or read book Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The defense debate tends to treat Afghanistan as either a revolution or a fluke: either the "Afghan Model" of special operations forces (SOF) plus precision munitions plus an indigenous ally is a widely applicable template for American defense planning, or it is a nonreplicable product of local idiosyncrasies. In fact, it is neither. The Afghan campaign of last fall and winter was actually much closer to a typical 20th century mid-intensity conflict, albeit one with unusually heavy fire support for one side. And this view has very different implications than either proponents or skeptics of the Afghan Model now claim. Afghan Model skeptics often point to Afghanistan's unusual culture of defection or the Taliban's poor skill or motivation as grounds for doubting the war's relevance to the future. Afghanistan's culture is certainly unusual, and there were many defections. The great bulk, however, occurred after the military tide had turned not before-hand. They were effects, not causes. The Afghan Taliban were surely unskilled and ill-motivated. The non-Afghan al Qaeda, however, have proven resolute and capable fighters. Their host's collapse was not attributable to any al Qaeda shortage of commitment or training. Afghan Model proponents, by contrast, credit precision weapons with annihilating enemies at a distance before they could close with our commandos or indigenous allies. Hence the model's broad utility: with SOF-directed bombs doing the real killing, even ragtag local militias will suffice as allies. All they need do is screen U.S. commandos from the occasional hostile survivor and occupy the abandoned ground thereafter. Yet the actual fighting in Afghanistan involved substantial close combat. Al Qaeda counterattackers closed, unseen, to pointblank range of friendly forces in battles at Highway 4 and Sayed Slim Kalay.

Locals Rule

Author : Austin G. Long
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 9780833076595
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (765 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Locals Rule by : Austin G. Long

Download or read book Locals Rule written by Austin G. Long and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes the use and management of local defense forces in eight major counterinsurgencies from 1945 to the present‹Indochina, Algeria, South Vietnam, Oman, El Salvador, Southern Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Iraq‹in order to inform U.S. and allied operations in Afghanistan as well as other current or future conflicts.

A Military History of Afghanistan

Author : Ali Ahmad Jalali
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700624074
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Military History of Afghanistan by : Ali Ahmad Jalali

Download or read book A Military History of Afghanistan written by Ali Ahmad Jalali and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2017-03-17 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history of Afghanistan is largely military history. From the Persians and Greeks of antiquity to the British, Soviet, and American powers in modern times, outsiders have led military conquests into the mountains and plains of Afghanistan, leaving their indelible marks on this ancient land at the juncture of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. In this book Ali Ahmad Jalali, a former interior minister of Afghanistan, taps a deep understanding of his country's distant and recent past to explore Afghanistan's military history during the last two hundred years. With an introductory chapter highlighting the major military developments from early times to the foundation of the modern Afghan state, Jalali's account focuses primarily on the era of British conquest and Anglo-Afghan wars; the Soviet invasion; the civil war and the rise of the Taliban; and the subsequent U.S. invasion. Looking beyond persistent stereotypes and generalizations—e.g., the "graveyard of empires" designation emerging from the Anglo-Afghan wars of the 19th century and the Soviet experience of the 1980s—Jalali offers a nuanced and comprehensive portrayal of the way of war pursued by both state and non-state actors in Afghanistan against different domestic and foreign enemies, under changing social, political, and technological conditions. He reveals how the structure of states, tribes, and social communities in Afghanistan, along with the scope of their controlled space, has shaped their modes of fighting throughout history. In particular, his account shows how dynastic wars and foreign conquests differ in principle, strategy, and method from wars initiated by non-state actors including tribal and community militias against foreign invasions or repressive government. Written by a professional soldier, politician, and noted scholar with a keen analytical grasp of his country's military and political history, this magisterial work offers unique insight into the military history of Afghanistan—and thus, into Afghanistan itself.

Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias

Author : Richard H. Shultz
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231129831
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias by : Richard H. Shultz

Download or read book Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias written by Richard H. Shultz and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By focusing on four specific hotbeds of instability-Somalia, Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Iraq-Richard H. Shultz Jr. and Andrea J. Dew carefully analyze tribal culture and clan associations, examine why "traditional" or "tribal" warriors fight, identify how these groups recruit, and where they find sanctuary, and dissect the reasoning behind their strategy. Their new introduction evaluates recent developments in Iraq and Afghanistan, the growing prevalence of Shultz and Dew's conception of irregular warfare, and the Obama Defense Department's approach to fighting insurgents, terrorists, and militias. War in the post-Cold War era cannot be waged through traditional Western methods of combat, especially when friendly states and outside organizations like al-Qaeda serve as powerful allies to the enemy. Bridging two centuries and several continents, Shultz and Dew recommend how conventional militaries can defeat these irregular yet highly effective organizations.

Long Hard Road

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Long Hard Road by :

Download or read book Long Hard Road written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The call to war is often met by young soldiers who lack an understanding of what they are about to encounter. These young soldiers must be trained, prepared, and then led in battle by those with experience and understanding--the Noncommissioned Officer Corps. In an effort to preserve the history of the US Army Noncommissioned Officer and to provide future noncommissioned officers with an understanding of the actions necessary to prepare soldiers and to lead them in war, the US Army Sergeants Major Academy undertook a program to gather and publish the stories of NCOs who had served in both Afghanistan and Iraq. Most of the papers received were from students of the US Army Sergeants Major Course who had already deployed to either Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation Iraqi Freedom. This work highlights a few of those stories. A wide range of topics have been chosen to allow the reader to understand the preparations, training, and actions needed for NCOs to accomplish their missions ... Many of the selected stories were shortened and edited for clarity; however, every attempt was made to remain true to the author's original intent"--Forward.

Weapon of Choice

Author : Charles H. Briscoe
Publisher : www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK
ISBN 13 : 9781907521874
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Weapon of Choice by : Charles H. Briscoe

Download or read book Weapon of Choice written by Charles H. Briscoe and published by www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK. This book was released on 2010-01 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 2003, this is the first unclassified official history authored by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command relating to Operation Enduring Freedom. Contains extensive maps and illustrations. Previously difficult to obtain, this extensive study shows what Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) accomplished to drive the Taliban from power and to destroy al-Quaeda and Taliban strongholds as part of the global war on terrorism during Operation Enduring Freedom.

War in Afghanistan

Author : Catherine Dale
Publisher : Nimble Books
ISBN 13 : 9781608880683
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis War in Afghanistan by : Catherine Dale

Download or read book War in Afghanistan written by Catherine Dale and published by Nimble Books. This book was released on 2010-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discusses the Afghan War from its inception to the present date and examines a number of key strategic and operational issues facing the U.S. Government regarding its further engagement in the war.

Military Adaptation in Afghanistan

Author : Theo Farrell
Publisher : Stanford Security Studies
ISBN 13 : 9780804785891
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (858 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Military Adaptation in Afghanistan by : Theo Farrell

Download or read book Military Adaptation in Afghanistan written by Theo Farrell and published by Stanford Security Studies. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When NATO took charge of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) for Afghanistan in 2003, ISAF conceptualized its mission largely as a stabilization and reconstruction deployment. However, as the campaign has evolved and the insurgency has proved to more resistant and capable, key operational imperatives have emerged, including military support to the civilian development effort, closer partnering with Afghan security forces, and greater military restraint. All participating militaries have adapted, to varying extents, to these campaign imperatives and pressures. This book analyzes these initiatives and their outcomes by focusing on the experiences of three groups of militaries: those of Britain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the US, which have faced the most intense operational and strategic pressures; Germany, who's troops have faced the greatest political and cultural constraints; and the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Taliban, who have been forced to adapt to a very different sets of circumstances.

Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict

Author : Mark Sedra
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 0415453089
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict by : Mark Sedra

Download or read book Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict written by Mark Sedra and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to provide a comprehensive assessment of small arms and security-related issues in post-9/11 Afghanistan. It includes case studies which reveal the findings of in-depth field research on hitherto neglected regions of the country, and provides a distinctive balance of thematic analysis, conceptual models and empirical research. Exploring various facets of armed violence and measures to tackle it, the volume provides significant insight into broader issues such as the efficacy of international assistance, the 'shadow' economy, warlordism, and the Taliban-led insurgency. In an effort to deconstruct and demystify Afghanistan's alleged 'gun culture', it also explores some of the prevailing obstacles and opportunities facing the country in its transition period. In so doing, the book offers valuable lessons to the state-builders of Afghanistan as well as those of other countries and regions struggling to emerge from periods of transition. This book will be of much interest to all students of Afghanistan, small arms, insurgency, Asian Studies, and conflict studies in general.

A Different Kind of War

Author : Donald P. Wright
Publisher : www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK
ISBN 13 : 9781907521157
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (211 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Different Kind of War by : Donald P. Wright

Download or read book A Different Kind of War written by Donald P. Wright and published by www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK. This book was released on 2010-07 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on hundreds of oral interviews and unclassified documents, this study offers a comprehensive chronological narrative of the first four years of Operation Enduring Freedom.

Locals Rule

Author :
Publisher : RAND Corporation
ISBN 13 : 9780833077158
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (771 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Locals Rule by :

Download or read book Locals Rule written by and published by RAND Corporation. This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Local defense forces have played a key role in counterinsurgencies throughout the 20th century. With the recent development of the Afghan Local Police (ALP) as a major part of the U.S.-led counterinsurgency campaign in Afghanistan, lessons learned from earlier efforts to build local defense have become increasingly salient. This study examines eight cases of local defense forces used in the context of counterinsurgency in Indochina, Algeria, South Vietnam, Oman, El Salvador, Southern Lebanon, Afghanistan, and Iraq. It covers an extensive time period (from 1945 to the present) and geographic scope, as well as a wide range of intervening countries and regimes, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, and the Soviet Union. The authors compare the lessons learned from these eight cases and apply them to the current development of the ALP, in order to outline potential challenges and to suggest a way forward that takes into account the historical experience.

Enduring voices: Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003-2005

Author : Christopher Noel Koontz
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160872334
Total Pages : 584 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (723 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Enduring voices: Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003-2005 by : Christopher Noel Koontz

Download or read book Enduring voices: Oral Histories of the U.S. Army Experience in Afghanistan, 2003-2005 written by Christopher Noel Koontz and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2008 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on State and Human Security

Author : U. S. Military
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781983154300
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (543 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on State and Human Security by : U. S. Military

Download or read book The Impact of Pro-Government Militias on State and Human Security written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do pro-government militias impact state and human security? Throughout the world, governments are more frequently interacting with and employing armed groups and militias in order to increase their security and position through unofficial means. Additionally, throughout the current academic literature, there are significant disagreements on the impacts of pro-government militias on state and human security. This thesis examines the relationship and impact of pro-government militias on state and human security by conducting a comparative analysis on two recent pro-government militias, the Afghan Local Police in Afghanistan and the Janjaweed in Sudan. The resulting analysis of this research generates two major theses: First, that the use of pro-government militias can provide limited increases in security to the principal who employed them; second, that we should expect to see an inverse relationship between pro-government militia employment and human security. This study also identifies several areas where the international community should focus, in order to understand how current or future pro-government militias may impact state and human security. I. INTRODUCTION * A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION * B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH * C. LITERATURE REVIEW * 1. Pro-government Militias: Definitions and Typologies * 2. The Principal-Agent Dilemma and the Deniability of Militias * 3. Pro-government Militias: Monopoly of Force and Regime Security * 4. Pro-government Militias and Human Security * D. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES * E. RESEARCH DESIGN * F. THESIS OVERVIEW * II. THE AFGHAN LOCAL POLICE * A. INTRODUCTION * B. HISTORY OF MILITIAS IN AFGHANISTAN * C. THE DECISION TO ESTABLISH THE AFGHAN LOCAL POLICE * 1. Factors leading up to the Establishment of the ALP * 2. Mission and Formal Establishment * 3. Recruitment, Training, and Expansion * D. THE IMPACT OF THE AFGHAN LOCAL POLICE ON STATE SECURITY AND STABILITY * 1. A Case for a Positive Impact * 2. A Case for a Negative Impact * 3. Analysis of the Overall Impact of the ALP on State Security * E. THE IMPACT OF THE AFGHAN LOCAL POLICE ON HUMAN SECURITY * 1. Example Cases of Human Rights Violations by the ALP * 2. The Importance of the Locality and Localized Group Dynamics * 3. Analysis of the Overall Impact of the ALP on Human Security * F. THE AFGHAN LOCAL POLICE IN KUNDUZ PROVINCE * G. CONCLUSION * III. THE JANJAWEED * A. INTRODUCTION * B. BACKGROUND * 1. A Brief History of Darfur * 2. A History of Militia Use and Khartoum's Militia Strategy * 3. Factors Leading to 2003 Conflict * C. THE DECISION TO EMPLOY THE JANJAWEED * 1. Onset of the Conflict and the Impact of Early Governmental Losses * 2. The Benefit of the Janjaweed's Deniability and "Out of Control" Nature to the GoS * 3. Analysis of Why the GoS Decided to Utilize the Janjaweed * D. THE IMPACT OF THE JANJAWEED ON STATE SECURITY * 1. A Case for a Positive Impact * 2. A Case for a Negative Impact * 3. Analysis of the Overall Impact of the Janjaweed on State Security * E. THE IMPACT OF THE JANJAWEED ON HUMAN SECURITY * 1. Example Cases and Characterizations of Human Rights Violations * 2. The Importance of the Locality and Localized Group Dynamics * 3. Analysis of the Overall Impact of the Janjaweed on Human Security * F. CONCLUSION * IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND OVERALL IMPLICATIONS * A. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS * 1. Research Questions and Hypothesis Evaluated * 2. Limits of the Analysis and Future Research * B. OVERALL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS

Reconstructing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan

Author : Special Inspector for Afghanistan Reconstruction (U.S.)
Publisher : U.S. Independent Agencies and Commissions
ISBN 13 : 9780160948312
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (483 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reconstructing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan by : Special Inspector for Afghanistan Reconstruction (U.S.)

Download or read book Reconstructing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan written by Special Inspector for Afghanistan Reconstruction (U.S.) and published by U.S. Independent Agencies and Commissions. This book was released on 2017-08 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is the second in a series of lessons learned reports which examine how the U.S. government and Departments of Defense, State, and Justice carried out reconstruction programs in Afghanistan. In particular, the report analyzes security sector assistance (SSA) programs to create, train and advise the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) between 2002 and 2016. This publication concludes that the effort to train the ANDSF needs to continue, and provides recommendations for the SSA programs to be improved, based on lessons learned from careful analysis of real reconstruction situations in Afghanistan. The publication states that the United States was never prepared to help create Afghan police and military forces capable of protecting that country from internal and external threats. It is the hope of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), John F. Sopko, that this publication, and other SIGAR reports will create a body of work that can help provide reasonable solutions to help United States agencies and military forces improve reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan. Related items: Counterterrorism publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/counterterrorism Counterinsurgency publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/counterinsurgency Warfare & Military Strategy publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/warfare-military-strategy Afghanistan War publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/afghanistan-war