Military Capabilities for Hybrid War

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Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 083305287X
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Military Capabilities for Hybrid War by : David E Johnson

Download or read book Military Capabilities for Hybrid War written by David E Johnson and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2014-05-20 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Israel Defense Forces have gained much experience against hybrid opponents--Hezbollah and Hamas--in recent conflicts in Lebanon and Gaza. The lessons from these experiences are relevant to understanding the capabilities the U.S. Army and the joint force will require in the future. Principal findings highlight the importance of combined arms fire and maneuver; precision, standoff fires; responsive air and artillery support; and heavy forces.

Hybrid Warfare

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107026083
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by : Williamson Murray

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by Williamson Murray and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-09 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid warfare has been an integral part of the historical landscape since the ancient world, but only recently have analysts - incorrectly - categorised these conflicts as unique. Great powers throughout history have confronted opponents who used a combination of regular and irregular forces to negate the advantage of the great powers' superior conventional military strength. As this study shows, hybrid wars are labour-intensive and long-term affairs; they are difficult struggles that defy the domestic logic of opinion polls and election cycles. Hybrid wars are also the most likely conflicts of the twenty-first century, as competitors use hybrid forces to wear down America's military capabilities in extended campaigns of exhaustion. Nine historical examples of hybrid warfare, from ancient Rome to the modern world, provide readers with context by clarifying the various aspects of conflicts and examining how great powers have dealt with them in the past.

Hybrid Warfare

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Author :
Publisher : One Billion Knowledgeable
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (661 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by : Fouad Sabry

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by Fouad Sabry and published by One Billion Knowledgeable. This book was released on 2024-05-29 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is Hybrid Warfare Hybrid warfare is a theory of military strategy, first proposed by Frank Hoffman, which employs political warfare and blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and cyberwarfare with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy, lawfare, regime change, and foreign electoral intervention. By combining kinetic operations with subversive efforts, the aggressor intends to avoid attribution or retribution. The concept of hybrid warfare has been criticized by a number of academics and practitioners due to its alleged vagueness, its disputed constitutive elements, and its alleged historical distortions. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Hybrid warfare Chapter 2: Guerrilla warfare Chapter 3: No first use Chapter 4: Asymmetric warfare Chapter 5: Military strategy Chapter 6: Military doctrine Chapter 7: Unconventional warfare Chapter 8: Proxy war Chapter 9: Deterrence theory Chapter 10: Fourth-generation warfare (II) Answering the public top questions about hybrid warfare. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Hybrid Warfare.

Russian "Hybrid Warfare"

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190934735
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Russian "Hybrid Warfare" by : Ofer Fridman

Download or read book Russian "Hybrid Warfare" written by Ofer Fridman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last decade, 'Hybrid Warfare' has become a novel yet controversial term in academic, political and professional military lexicons, intended to suggest some sort of mix between different military and non-military means and methods of confrontation. Enthusiastic discussion of the notion has been undermined by conceptual vagueness and political manipulation, particularly since the onset of the Ukrainian Crisis in early 2014, as ideas about Hybrid Warfare engulf Russia and the West, especially in the media. Western defense and political specialists analyzing Russian responses to the crisis have been quick to confirm that Hybrid Warfare is the Kremlin's main strategy in the twenty-first century. But many respected Russian strategists and political observers contend that it is the West that has been waging Hybrid War, Gibridnaya Voyna, since the end of the Cold War. In this highly topical book, Ofer Fridman offers a clear delineation of the conceptual debates about Hybrid Warfare. What leads Russian experts to say that the West is conducting a Gibridnaya Voyna against Russia, and what do they mean by it? Why do Western observers claim that the Kremlin engages in Hybrid Warfare? And, beyond terminology, is this something genuinely new?

Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190255315
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat by : Douglas C. Lovelace

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat written by Douglas C. Lovelace and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare," and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.

Hybrid War Or Gibridnaya Voina? Getting Russia's Non-Linear Military Challenge Right

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Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 9781365549809
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (498 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid War Or Gibridnaya Voina? Getting Russia's Non-Linear Military Challenge Right by : Mark Galeotti

Download or read book Hybrid War Or Gibridnaya Voina? Getting Russia's Non-Linear Military Challenge Right written by Mark Galeotti and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2016-11-27 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The West is at war. Not a war of the old sort, fought with the thunder of guns, but a new sort, fought with the rustle of money, the shrill mantras of propagandists, and the stealthy whispers of spies. Often described as 'hybrid war, ' a blend of the military and the political, it reflects both the way that war is changing in the modern world as well as Russia's attempt to divide, demoralize and distract the West as it asserts its claim to be a great power, with a sphere of influence and Ukraine and beyond. This study explores the two parallel forms of 'non-linear warfare' and provides recommendations as to how the West can best respond.

From Fourth Generation Warfare to Hybrid War

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis From Fourth Generation Warfare to Hybrid War by : Steven C. Williamson

Download or read book From Fourth Generation Warfare to Hybrid War written by Steven C. Williamson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the late 1980s, Fourth Generation Warfare (4GW) theorists began to recognize a shift in warfare which they assumed was both in the character and nature of war. Their ideas and publications triggered a captivating dialogue on how warfare was changing. This debate helped prompt the U.S. military to recognize the change and egin its transformation. However, over the ensuing years, a number of military thinkers and strategists demonstrated that the 4GW theorists did not get it all right. They set the stage for a generation of subsequent theorists to follow with their own predictions of future warfare. Frank Hoffman entered the scene near the end of the future war debate. He compellingly argued that warfare is converging, blending into a hybrid form, wherein adversaries will use all capabilities at their disposal. The key to success in such a period of change and persistent conflict is an agile strategic approach that relies on a wide array of capabilities. Accordingly, the U.S. must review and adjust its national strategies, warfighting concepts, and force structures. The nation must be able to adaptively and effectively combine these new capabilities to prevail in the hybrid conflicts that will dominate the near to mid-term.

Hybrid Warfare

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3658351098
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (583 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by : Ralph Thiele

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by Ralph Thiele and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid warfare is becoming a long-term strategic challenge for NATO and the EU. This book examines its conceptual foundations, actors and technologies from a holistic, systemic perspective. In particular, new, disruptive technologies have a catalytic effect on hybrid methods and tools. 19 Technologies prove to be particularly relevant. They improve the initial conditions for hybrid action, expand the arsenal of hybrid actors and improve the scope and prospects for success of their activities.

Hybrid Warfare

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Academic
ISBN 13 : 9781350429093
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by : Mikael Weissmann

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by Mikael Weissmann and published by Bloomsbury Academic. This book was released on 2023-06-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Hybrid Warfare refers to a military strategy that blends conventional warfare, so-called 'irregular warfare' and cyber-attacks with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy and foreign political intervention. As Hybrid Warfare becomes increasingly commonplace, there is an imminent need for research bringing attention to how these challenges can be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive approach towards Hybrid Threats and Hybrid Warfare. This volume supports the development of such an approach by bringing together practitioners and scholarly perspectives on the topic and by covering the threats themselves, as well as the tools and means to counter them, together with a number of real-world case studies. The book covers numerous aspects of current Hybrid Warfare discourses including a discussion of the perspectives of key western actors such as NATO, the US and the EU; an analysis of Russia and China's Hybrid Warfare capabilities; and the growing threat of cyberwarfare. A range of global case studies - featuring specific examples from the Baltics, Taiwan, Ukraine, Iran and Catalonia - are drawn upon to demonstrate the employment of Hybrid Warfare tactics and how they have been countered in practice. Finally, the editors propose a new method through which to understand the dynamics of Hybrid Threats, Warfare and their countermeasures, termed the 'Hybridity Blizzard Model'. With a focus on practitioner insight and practicable International Relations theory, this volume is an essential guide to identifying, analysing and countering Hybrid Threats and Warfare.

The Evolution of Hybrid Warfare and Key Challenges

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Evolution of Hybrid Warfare and Key Challenges by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services

Download or read book The Evolution of Hybrid Warfare and Key Challenges written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Changing Character of Hybrid War

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788194465980
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (659 download)

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Book Synopsis Changing Character of Hybrid War by : Shubhankar Basu

Download or read book Changing Character of Hybrid War written by Shubhankar Basu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: India's security dilemmas are complex, with two hostile powers on its frontiers and a large number of internal fault lines which are vulnerable and have been exploited by the adversaries in the past. The Indian Army Doctrine of 2018 defines 'the collusive external threat from adversaries as well as the internal instability due to state/non-state sponsored proxy war' as the primary security challenge to India. It further amplifies the changing character of war as 'wars will be hybrid in nature, a blend of conventional and unconventional, with focus increasingly shifting to multi domain warfare varying from non-contact to contact warfare'. In a nutshell therefore hybrid war is among the primary areas of focus for the Indian military today. 'Changing Character of Hybrid War: The Threat to India' examines the transformation in hybrid warfare and analyses its threat to India. It begins with an analysis of the doctrine adopted by the US, Russia, China, UK & NATO in dealing with this threat. Thereafter it illuminates the emerging characteristics of hybrid war by exploring certain case studies from major contemporary conflicts. India`s primary challenge in this area is of a collusive hybrid war from Pakistan and China. Accordingly, the book analyses the strategic culture of Pakistan Army and transformation of the People`s Liberation Army (PLA) to ascertain their views on hybrid warfare. The book argues that India needs to build deterrence against the hybrid threat. It also recommends measures for capability building in a Hybrid Warfare scenario at National Level. The book will be of great interest for practitioners, analysts and is a must read for young officers in uniform to help them appreciate an important dimension of future warfare.

Hybrid Warfare

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781974400010
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by : Tim McCulloh

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by Tim McCulloh and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-08-09 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Major Tim McCulloh and Major Rick Johnson's combined contributions to this monograph on Hybrid Warfare benefit from a combination of both an overarching theory as well as an operational perspective. The combination of the works into a single manuscript provides a synergy of the two perspectives. While the idea of hybrid warfare is not new, the authors together provide a clarity and utility which presents a relevant contextual narrative of the space between conventional conflicts and realm of irregular warfare. Major McCulloh's contribution in the first section entitled The Inadequacy of Definition and the Utility of a Theory of Hybrid Conflict: Is the 'Hybrid Threat' New? lays the theoretical basis to bring a definition of Hybrid Warfare into focus while addressing the pertinent question of its historical origin. The theory presented uses historical trends, illustrated through two case studies, to postulate a set of principles to provide a unifying logic to hybrid behavior. In the first study, Major McCulloh examines the Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006. Within this case study, Major McCulloh's six principles of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabilities, and effects are unique to the forces context; (2) each hybrid force has a specific ideology that creates an internal narrative to the organization; (3) a hybrid force always perceives an existential threat to its survival; (4) in hybrid war there is a capability overmatch between adversaries; (5) a hybrid force contains both conventional and unconventional components; and (6) hybrid forces seek to use defensive operations. To test the theory, Major McCulloh then examines the Soviet partisan network on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945. With the two case studies examined under the same theoretical framework, Major McCulloh asserts that the framework can be used as tool for anticipating emergent hybrid organizations while demonstrating historical continuity. With a theoretical underpinning having been argued by Major McCulloh, the strategic studies question of "so what?" is addressed at the operational level by Major Johnson. In Major Johnson's section entitled Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare, the author uses historical examples and case studies to form a basis for approaching hybrid threats through a lens x of U.S. oriented operational art. Major Johnson uses case studies of U.S. efforts in Vietnam and Iraq to illuminate operational approaches to defeating hybrid threats. Much like Major McCulloh, Major Johnson utilizes the Israel-Hezbollah conflict of 2006 as a starting point, contextualizes hybrid warfare vis-a-vis other mixed forms of warfare, addresses the nature of operational art, and then delves backward to find validation of the author's propositions. In examining the case of Vietnam, Major Johnson examines the synergistic effects of Communist organization, strategy, and operational flexibility in depth which serves to highlight the concurrent political and military efforts used by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese. In the Iraq case study, Major Johnson examines a profoundly complex and varied adversary juxtaposed to the organizational harmony presented in the Vietnam case study. Major Johnson examines two radically different conflicts and develops three "imperatives" for operational art in hybrid warfare: (1) an operational approach must disrupt the logic of the forms of conflict the hybrid threat employs; (2) tactical success and strategic aims must be developed within the same context which gave rise to the hybrid threat and; (3) a successful approach should avoid prescriptive measures across time and space. Many may argue that the concept is not needed or is redundant to other definitions of mixed forms of warfare, or offers nothing unique. However, in this case the authors do contribute to the understanding of warfare as a spectrum of conflict rather than a dichotomy of black and white alternatives.

Twenty-first Century Warfare Will be Hybrid

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (775 download)

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Book Synopsis Twenty-first Century Warfare Will be Hybrid by : Leslie F. Brown

Download or read book Twenty-first Century Warfare Will be Hybrid written by Leslie F. Brown and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid warfare will be the dominant form of warfare in the twenty-first century due to the prevalence of hybrid threats that currently exist throughout the world. A combination of conventional and irregular warfighting capabilities, hybrid warfare is the twenty-first century kind of warfare with its own limiting conditions and its own peculiar preconceptions. It is critical for the Department of Defense to determine the strategic implications of hybrid warfare on the National Military Strategy and the way that the United States military will fight hybrid warfare. The Department of Defense must develop a comprehensive military strategy that will guide the services in their development of doctrine for conducting hybrid warfare. This strategy research project will define hybrid threats, examine the emergence of hybrid warfare, postulate on the reasons why hybrid warfare will be the dominant form of warfare that most sovereigns will apply in the twenty-first century, examine the National Military Strategy for defining hybrid warfare, and analyze Joint and Service hybrid warfare doctrine. Finally, this paper will recommend changes in strategy and doctrine to ensure the US military is prepared to counter this dangerous, growing threat for the next 25 years.

Hybrid Warfare

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789391520205
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare by :

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare written by and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Hybrid Age

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Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0755602528
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (556 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hybrid Age by : Brin Najžer

Download or read book The Hybrid Age written by Brin Najžer and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-06-25 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humankind has always sought out innovative and new ways of waging war, establishing new forms of warfare. Set against a background of global strategic instability this process of innovation has, over the last two decades, produced a new and complex phenomenon, hybrid warfare. Distinct from other forms of modern warfare in several key aspects, it presents a unique challenge that appears to baffle policymakers and security experts, while giving the actors that employ it a new way of achieving their goals in the face of long-standing Western conventional, doctrinal, and strategic superiority. The Hybrid Age analyses the phenomenon of hybrid warfare through theoretical frameworks and a range global case studies from the 2006 Lebanon War to the Russian intervention in Ukraine in 2014. This book aims to establish a unified theory of hybrid warfare, which not only outlines what the term means, but also places it in its context, and provides the tools which enable an observer to identify and react to a future instance of hybrid warfare.

A Civil-Military Response to Hybrid Threats

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319607987
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis A Civil-Military Response to Hybrid Threats by : Eugenio Cusumano

Download or read book A Civil-Military Response to Hybrid Threats written by Eugenio Cusumano and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume provides scholars and practitioners with an in-depth examination of the role of civil-military cooperation in addressing hybrid threats. As they combine the simultaneous employment of conventional and non-conventional tools and target not only military objectives but governments and societies at large, hybrid threats cannot be countered solely by military means, but require an equally inclusive response encompassing a wide range of military and civilian actors. This book, which combines the perspectives of academics, military officers, and officials from international and non-governmental organisations, resorts to different case studies to illustrate the importance of civil-military cooperation in enhancing the resilience of NATO members and partners against a wide range of societal destabilization strategies, thereby contributing to the formulation of a civil-military response to hybrid threats.

Hybrid Warfare - Israel-Hezbollah War, World War II Eastern Front, American Experience in Vietnam, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare

Download Hybrid Warfare - Israel-Hezbollah War, World War II Eastern Front, American Experience in Vietnam, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781521401934
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Warfare - Israel-Hezbollah War, World War II Eastern Front, American Experience in Vietnam, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare by : U. S. Military

Download or read book Hybrid Warfare - Israel-Hezbollah War, World War II Eastern Front, American Experience in Vietnam, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2017-05-30 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document from the Joint Special Operations University (JSOU) presents a relevant contextual narrative of the space between conventional conflicts and realm of irregular warfare. Major Tim McCulloh and Major Rick Johnson's combined contributions to this monograph on Hybrid Warfare benefit from a combination of both an overarching theory as well as an operational perspective. The combination of the works into a single manuscript provides a synergy of the two perspectives. While the idea of hybrid warfare is not new, the authors together provide clarity and utility. The Inadequacy of Definition and the Utility of a Theory of Hybrid Conflict: Is the "Hybrid Threat" New? * 1. Introduction * 2. The Israel-Hezbollah War (2006) - A Well-Trod Example Revisited * 3. World War II Eastern Front (1941-1945): A First Look at the Soviet Partisan Network as a Hybrid Organization * 4. Validation of a Theory * Endnotes * Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare * 1. Introduction * 2. The Nature of Hybrid Warfare: Built to Last * 3. The Nature of Operational Art: Built to Outlast * 4. The American Experience in Vietnam: The Bull and the Toreador * 5. Operation Iraqi Freedom: The School of Piranhas * 6. Synthesis: Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare * Endnotes Major McCulloh's contribution in the first section entitled The Inadequacy of Definition and the Utility of a Theory of Hybrid Conflict: Is the 'Hybrid Threat' New? lays the theoretical basis to bring a definition of Hybrid Warfare into focus while addressing the pertinent question of its historical origin. The theory presented uses historical trends, illustrated through two case studies, to postulate a set of principles to provide a unifying logic to hybrid behavior. In the first study, Major McCulloh examines the Israel-Hezbollah war of 2006. Within this case study, Major McCulloh's six principles of hybrid warfare are defined as: (1) a hybrid force's composition, capabilities, and effects are unique to the forces context; (2) each hybrid force has a specific ideology that creates an internal narrative to the organization; (3) a hybrid force always perceives an existential threat to its survival; (4) in hybrid war there is a capability overmatch between adversaries; (5) a hybrid force contains both conventional and unconventional components; and (6) hybrid forces seek to use defensive operations. To test the theory, Major McCulloh then examines the Soviet partisan network on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945. With the two case studies examined under the same theoretical framework, Major McCulloh asserts that the framework can be used as tool for anticipating emergent hybrid organizations while demonstrating historical continuity. With a theoretical underpinning having been argued by Major McCulloh, the strategic studies question of "so what?" is addressed at the operational level by Major Johnson. In Major Johnson's section entitled Operational Approaches to Hybrid Warfare, the author uses historical examples and case studies to form a basis for approaching hybrid threats through a lens of U.S. oriented operational art. Major Johnson uses case studies of U.S. efforts in Vietnam and Iraq to illuminate operational approaches to defeating hybrid threats. Much like Major McCulloh, Major Johnson utilizes the Israel-Hezbollah conflict of 2006 as a starting point, contextualizes hybrid warfare vis-a-vis other mixed forms of warfare, addresses the nature of operational art, and then delves backward to find validation of the author's propositions. In examining the case of Vietnam, Major Johnson examines the synergistic effects of Communist organization, strategy, and operational flexibility in depth which serves to highlight the concurrent political and military efforts used by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese.