Microtheory

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Microtheory

Author : William J. Baumol
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262022453
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (224 download)

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Book Synopsis Microtheory by : William J. Baumol

Download or read book Microtheory written by William J. Baumol and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of seventeen previously published essays by William J. Baumol brings together work on the theory of contestable markets, welfare theory, antitrust, pricing, and the history of economic thought. Written between 1971 and 1983, they have sparked productive extensions and criticism in microeconomic theory and provide an engaging intellectual history of one of the leading figures in the field of economics. Baumol introduces each of the book's four parts, presenting his subsequent views on the subjects covered in the reprinted articles, including some important amendments.The book opens with an autobiographical essay that presents the intellectual climate of economics in the 1940s in which Kenneth Arrow, Frank Hahn, Martin Shubik, Otto Eckstein, and Gary Becker were beginning their careers. Baumol's introductory essays to the book's major sections take up the threads from this autobiographical piece and follow them to the development of concepts central to economic theory, applications, and methodology.Three essays in the first part provide an underpinning for the theory of contestable markets. In the second part five essays explore issues in welfare economics such as the role of diminishing and increasing returns may play the role of symmetric obstacles to Pareto optimality. Essays in the third part range from regulation and antitrust to urban economics to the Phillips curve and the pitfalls of using, in the analysis of real issues, dual values derived from linear models when the underlying reality is nonlinear. Those in the concluding part focus on the history of economic ideas such as the Smithian versus Marxian view of business morality and the social interest, the Marxian concept of value transformation, the iron law of wages, and Say's law.William J. Baumol is Professor of Economics by joint appointment at Princeton University and New York University.

The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship

Author : William J. Baumol
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400835224
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship by : William J. Baumol

Download or read book The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship written by William J. Baumol and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-01 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative look at the microeconomics of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs are widely recognized for the vital contributions they make to economic growth and general welfare, yet until fairly recently entrepreneurship was not considered worthy of serious economic study. Today, progress has been made to integrate entrepreneurship into macroeconomics, but until now the entrepreneur has been almost completely excluded from microeconomics and standard theoretical models of the firm. The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship provides the framework for introducing entrepreneurship into mainstream microtheory and incorporating the activities of entrepreneurs, inventors, and managers into standard models of the firm. William Baumol distinguishes between the innovative entrepreneur, who comes up with new ideas and puts them into practice, and the replicative entrepreneur, which can be anyone who launches a new business venture, regardless of whether similar ventures already exist. Baumol puts forward a quasi-formal theoretical analysis of the innovative entrepreneur's influential role in economic life. In doing so, he opens the way to bringing innovative entrepreneurship into the accepted body of mainstream microeconomics, and offers valuable insights that can be used to design more effective policies. The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship lays the foundation for a new kind of microtheory that reflects the innovative entrepreneur's importance to economic growth and prosperity.

Modular Ontologies

Author : Heiner Stuckenschmidt
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642019064
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Modular Ontologies by : Heiner Stuckenschmidt

Download or read book Modular Ontologies written by Heiner Stuckenschmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-25 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes a collection of research achievements mature enough to provide a firm and reliable basis on modular ontologies. It gives the reader a detailed analysis of the state of the art of the research area and discusses the recent concepts, theories and techniques for knowledge modularization. The 13 papers presented in this book were all carefully reviewed before publication. They have been organized in three parts: Part I gives a general introduction to the idea and issues characterizing modularization and offers an in-depth analysis of properties, criteria and knowledge import techniques for modularization. Part II describes four major research proposals for creating modules from an existing ontology either by partitioning an ontology into a collection of modules or by extracting one or more modules from the ontology. Part III reports on collaborative approaches where modules that pre-exist are linked together through mappings to form a virtual large ontology.

Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests

Author : Ralph E. Gomory
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262545802
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests by : Ralph E. Gomory

Download or read book Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests written by Ralph E. Gomory and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ralph Gomory and William Baumol adapt classical trade models to the modern world economy. In this book Ralph Gomory and William Baumol adapt classical trade models to the modern world economy. Trade today is dominated by manufactured goods, rapidly moving technology, and huge firms that benefit from economies of scale. This is very different from the largely agricultural world in which the classical theories originated. Gomory and Baumol show that the new and significant conflicts resulting from international trade are inherent in modern economies.Today improvement in one country's productive capabilities is often attainable only at the expense of another country's general welfare. The authors describe why and when this is so and why, in a modern free-trade environment, a country might have a vital stake in the competitive strength of its industries.

Game AI Pro

Author : Steven Rabin
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466565969
Total Pages : 630 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Game AI Pro by : Steven Rabin

Download or read book Game AI Pro written by Steven Rabin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-09-11 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful games merge art and technology in truly unique ways. Fused under tight production deadlines and strict performance requirements, shaped by demanding player expectations, games are among the most complex software projects created today. Game AI Pro: Collected Wisdom of Game AI Professionals covers both the art and the technology of game AI. Nothing covered is theory or guesswork. The book brings together the accumulated wisdom, cutting-edge ideas, and clever tricks and techniques of 54 of today’s top game AI professionals. Some chapters present techniques that have been developed and passed down within the community for years while others discuss the most exciting new research and ideas from today’s most innovative games. The book includes core algorithms that you’ll need to succeed, such as behavior trees, utility theory, spatial representation, path planning, motion control, and tactical reasoning. It also describes tricks and techniques that will truly bring your game to life, including perception systems, social modeling, smart camera systems, player prediction, and even an AI sound designer. Throughout, the book discusses the optimizations and performance enhancements that enable your game to run while maintaining 60 frames per second.

Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology

Author : Pamela Faber
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027257787
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

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Book Synopsis Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology by : Pamela Faber

Download or read book Theoretical Perspectives on Terminology written by Pamela Faber and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2022-06-15 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this volume is to provide an overview of different theoretical perspectives on Terminology, from Wüster to other initiatives that have emerged since the beginning of the 1990s. The volume also covers important topics which have significantly influenced Terminology and its evolution. These include variation, multidimensionality, conceptual relations, and equivalence, among others. The twenty-two chapters of the volume, all written by acknowledged experts in the field, explore the questions that different approaches seek to answer. They also describe the theoretical and methodological principles that were devised over the years to characterize, analyze, and represent terminological data. The semi-chronological, semi-thematic organization of chapters not only provides readers with a clear vision of the evolution of ideas in Terminology, but also gives them an understanding as to why some of these ideas were initially challenged. In addition to being accessible to readers unfamiliar with the basic theoretical principles in the field, the chapters provide a showcase of current research in the field, the challenges looming on the horizon, and finally future directions in terminological research. By bringing together work that is often disseminated in different forums and written in different languages, this volume provides a unique opportunity to look at how different theoretical approaches to Terminology offer complementary perspectives on terms, concepts and specialized knowledge, and help to further a better understanding of the complex phenomena that terminologists must successfully deal with in their work.

Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems

Author : Bruno Apolloni
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540748199
Total Pages : 907 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems by : Bruno Apolloni

Download or read book Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems written by Bruno Apolloni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-09-12 with total page 907 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is part of a three-volume set that constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, KES 2007. Coverage in this first volume includes artificial neural networks and connectionists systems, fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy systems, evolutionary computation, machine learning and classical AI, agent systems, and information engineering and applications in ubiquitous computing environments.

Planned Change Theories for Nursing

Author : Constance Rimmer Tiffany
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 9780761902355
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Planned Change Theories for Nursing by : Constance Rimmer Tiffany

Download or read book Planned Change Theories for Nursing written by Constance Rimmer Tiffany and published by SAGE. This book was released on 1998 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a groundbreaking publication, Constance Rimmer Tiffany and Louette R. Johnson Lutjens present a foundation for nurses: understanding of planned change. "Planned Change Theories for Nursing" contains overviews of three widely accepted change theoriesand a new systems-oriented planned change theory and shows the implications of these theories for nursing practice. The first section of this book offers a thoughtful overview of the issues involved in the use of planned change theories, beginning with the rationale for studying planned change theories and important points to consider in choosing among them. The authors then explore the role of power in change and discuss moral and ethical questions involved in planned change. The final chapter in this section addresses the diagnostic process, innovations as solutions, and the evaluation of planned change. Chapter 9 serves as a transition in which the authors reflect on the implications of planned change in a representative nursing model, the well-known Roy Adaptation Model. This chapter also provides a nursing orientation for Part II, in which the authors examine in turn Lewin's micro theories; Bennis, Benne, and Chin's planned change writings; the Rogers Diffusion Model; and Bhola's Configurations Model. For each of these theories or models, the authors present an overview, an analysis and critique, and a discussion entitled, "Altering the Peg," in which the theories are individually viewed in light of the key concepts in the Roy Adaptation Model. The book concludes with a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings for carrying out planned change research and incorporating research findings in nursing practice. In addition, the appendixes provide a wealth of source information for the theories discussed.

Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence

Author : Alan H. Bond
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 1483214443
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence by : Alan H. Bond

Download or read book Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence written by Alan H. Bond and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2014-06-05 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most artificial intelligence research investigates intelligent behavior for a single agent--solving problems heuristically, understanding natural language, and so on. Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) is concerned with coordinated intelligent behavior: intelligent agents coordinating their knowledge, skills, and plans to act or solve problems, working toward a single goal, or toward separate, individual goals that interact. DAI provides intellectual insights about organization, interaction, and problem solving among intelligent agents. This comprehensive collection of articles shows the breadth and depth of DAI research. The selected information is relevant to emerging DAI technologies as well as to practical problems in artificial intelligence, distributed computing systems, and human-computer interaction. "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence" proposes a framework for understanding the problems and possibilities of DAI. It divides the study into three realms: the natural systems approach (emulating strategies and representations people use to coordinate their activities), the engineering/science perspective (building automated, coordinated problem solvers for specific applications), and a third, hybrid approach that is useful in analyzing and developing mixed collections of machines and human agents working together. The editors introduce the volume with an important survey of the motivations, research, and results of work in DAI. This historical and conceptual overview combines with chapter introductions to guide the reader through this fascinating field. A unique and extensive bibliography is also provided.

Natural Language Processing and Information Systems

Author : Zoubida Kedad
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540733507
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Language Processing and Information Systems by : Zoubida Kedad

Download or read book Natural Language Processing and Information Systems written by Zoubida Kedad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-21 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems, NLDB 2007, held in Paris, France in June 2007. It covers natural language for database query processing, email management, semantic annotation, text clustering, ontology engineering, natural language for information system design, information retrieval systems, and natural language processing techniques.

Integration-Ready Architecture and Design

Author : Jeff Zhuk
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521525831
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (258 download)

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Book Synopsis Integration-Ready Architecture and Design by : Jeff Zhuk

Download or read book Integration-Ready Architecture and Design written by Jeff Zhuk and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-07-26 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What would you do if your IT job was no longer performed in your country? Your survival does not lie in limiting global collaborative engineering. IT workers will survive and prosper because of their ability to innovate, to quickly learn and change directions, and to evolve from Information Technology into Distributed Knowledge Marketplace. You have no choice but to be pro-active, learn to stay current, even run ahead of the game. Integration-Ready Architecture and Design bridges the gap for a new generation of wired and wireless software technologies and teaches a set of skills that are demanded by fast moving software evolution. This up-to-date textbook integrates theory and practice, going from foundations and concepts to specific applications. Through deep insights into almost all areas of modern CIS and IT, Zhuk provides an entry into the new world of integrated knowledge and software engineering. Readers will learn the what s, why s, and how s on: J2EE, J2ME, .NET, JSAPI, JMS, JMF, SALT, VoiceXML, WAP, 802.11, CDNA, GPRS, CycL, XML, and multiple XML-based technologies including RDF, DAML, SOAP, UDDI, and WDSL. Students, architects, designers, coders, and even management benefit from innovative ideas and detailed examples for building multi-dimensional worlds of enterprise applications and creating distributed knowledge marketplace.

Current Trends in Connectionism

Author : Lars F. Niklasson
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134796188
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis Current Trends in Connectionism by : Lars F. Niklasson

Download or read book Current Trends in Connectionism written by Lars F. Niklasson and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to build "intelligent" machines, many researchers have turned to the only naturally occurring intelligent system: the brain. For quite a while now, both the function and architecture of the brain have served as inspiration to philosophers, psychologists, computer scientists, neurobiologists, physicists and others in their quest for solving problems that seem to require intelligence in their own particular domain. The progress in the field of connectionism -- or artificial neural networks -- has had its ups and downs during its maturing years. Advocates of the field pointed out the virtues of connectionist systems, dealing with low-level cognitive tasks such as visual recognition and pattern completion, and inherent properties such as generalization, fault tolerance and parallel processing. However, research in the field virtually came to a halt at the end of the 1960s when Minsky and Papert published their critical analysis of connectionist systems, Perceptrons. In the beginning of the 1980s, the field was reborn with the appearance of new powerful learning methods which overcame many of the computational problems identified by Minsky and Papert. This volume is characterized by a number of different research directions distinguished by their perspectives on systems comprising interconnected sets of simple processing elements. Scientists who have strong backgrounds in neurobiology concentrate on the issues involved when modelling natural systems. Researchers with philosophical and psychological backgrounds stress other aspects which might not always be intuitively relevant to biology but instead are concerned with the mind and its higher-order cognitive capabilities. On the other hand, many researchers and engineers in industry take advantage of the wide applicability and mathematical properties of connectionist systems in order to solve practical problems, sacrificing even more of the principles underlying the basic idea of mimicking the function and architecture of the brain. None of these directions are right or wrong, but there has perhaps been too little exchange of knowledge and experience between them. The main purpose for organizing this conference was to bring together researchers with different backgrounds to exchange ideas and visions in the broad field of connectionism -- providing means for new insights that may push this area to another major breakthrough.

Idealization VII: Structuralism, Idealization and Approximation

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004457410
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Idealization VII: Structuralism, Idealization and Approximation by :

Download or read book Idealization VII: Structuralism, Idealization and Approximation written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-03-13 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Imagination

Author : Jim Davies
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1643132881
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Imagination by : Jim Davies

Download or read book Imagination written by Jim Davies and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We don’t think of imagination the way that we should. The word is often only associated with children, artists and daydreamers, but in reality, imagination is an integral part of almost every action and decision that we make. Simply put, imagination is a person’s ability to create scenarios in his or her head: this can include everything from planning a grocery list, to honing a golf swing, to having religious hallucinations. And while imagination has positive connotations, it can also lead to decreased productivity and cooperation, or worse, the continuous reliving of past trauma.The human brain is remarkable in its ability to imagine—it can imagine complex possible futures, fantasy worlds, or tasty meals. We can use our imaginations to make us relaxed or anxious. We can imagine what the world might be, and construct elaborate plans. People have been fascinated with the machination of the human brain and its ability to imagine for centuries. There are books on creativity, dreams, memory, and the mind in general, but how exactly do we create those scenes in our head? With chapters ranging from hallucination and imaginary friends to how imagination can make you happier and more productive, Jim Davies' Imagination will help us explore the full potential of our own mind.

Organizational Change and Global Standardization

Author : David M. Boje
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317633105
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Organizational Change and Global Standardization by : David M. Boje

Download or read book Organizational Change and Global Standardization written by David M. Boje and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organizational Change and Global Standardization: Solutions to Standards and Norms Overwhelming Organizations takes an organizational change approach to the overflow of standards and norms, looking at how to deal effectively and ethically with four kinds of standards and norms businesses face when they go global: (1) accounting & finance (2) international & world trade,(3) social and (4) safety & quality & environment. It is part of a larger problem faced by not only business, but every sort of organization - how to live with the epidemic of standards and norms, often in conflict, many just unnecessary, and a few that are quite helpful and important. There are good reasons to have International Standards Organization (ISO), International Labor Organization (ILO), World Trade Organization (WTO), North Atlantic Treaty Association (NAFTA), International accounting Standards Boards (IASB), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)), and many more standard-setting organizations issuing, auditing, proposing codes of ethics, and certifying standards and norms. However, there are important, poorly understood organizational change consequences to the contagion of standards and norms. This volume brings together a unique group of authors who are working on a pragmatic way for organizations to deal with an overflow of standards and norms that are often at heads, ambiguous, or simply created to produce more work for a burgeoning standards setting industry. The aim of Organizational Change and Global Standardization is to stimulate a critical analysis within the framework of analytical and pragmatic approach to an overwhelming bureaucratization of the managed and organized global activities.

Agents in the Long Game of AI

Author : Marjorie Mcshane
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 026238034X
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Agents in the Long Game of AI by : Marjorie Mcshane

Download or read book Agents in the Long Game of AI written by Marjorie Mcshane and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-09-03 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel approach to hybrid AI aimed at developing trustworthy agent collaborators. The vast majority of current AI relies wholly on machine learning (ML). However, the past thirty years of effort in this paradigm have shown that, despite the many things that ML can achieve, it is not an all-purpose solution to building human-like intelligent systems. One hope for overcoming this limitation is hybrid AI: that is, AI that combines ML with knowledge-based processing. In Agents in the Long Game of AI, Marjorie McShane, Sergei Nirenburg, and Jesse English present recent advances in hybrid AI with special emphases on content-centric computational cognitive modeling, explainability, and development methodologies. At present, hybridization typically involves sprinkling knowledge into an ML black box. The authors, by contrast, argue that hybridization will be best achieved in the opposite way: by building agents within a cognitive architecture and then integrating judiciously selected ML results. This approach leverages the power of ML without sacrificing the kind of explainability that will foster society’s trust in AI. This book shows how we can develop trustworthy agent collaborators of a type not being addressed by the “ML alone” or “ML sprinkled by knowledge” paradigms—and why it is imperative to do so.

Qualitative Representations

Author : Kenneth D. Forbus
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262038943
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Qualitative Representations by : Kenneth D. Forbus

Download or read book Qualitative Representations written by Kenneth D. Forbus and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that qualitative representations—symbolic representations that carve continuous phenomena into meaningful units—are central to human cognition. In this book, Kenneth Forbus proposes that qualitative representations hold the key to one of the deepest mysteries of cognitive science: how we reason and learn about the continuous phenomena surrounding us. Forbus argues that qualitative representations—symbolic representations that carve continuous phenomena into meaningful units—are central to human cognition. Qualitative representations provide a basis for commonsense reasoning, because they enable practical reasoning with very little data; this makes qualitative representations a useful component of natural language semantics. Qualitative representations also provide a foundation for expert reasoning in science and engineering by making explicit the broad categories of things that might happen and enabling causal models that help guide the application of more quantitative knowledge as needed. Qualitative representations are important for creating more human-like artificial intelligence systems with capabilities for spatial reasoning, vision, question answering, and understanding natural language. Forbus discusses, among other topics, basic ideas of knowledge representation and reasoning; qualitative process theory; qualitative simulation and reasoning about change; compositional modeling; qualitative spatial reasoning; and learning and conceptual change. His argument is notable both for presenting an approach to qualitative reasoning in which analogical reasoning and learning play crucial roles and for marshaling a wide variety of evidence, including the performance of AI systems. Cognitive scientists will find Forbus's account of qualitative representations illuminating; AI scientists will value Forbus's new approach to qualitative representations and the overview he offers.