Methods For Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

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Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171741
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines by : National Research Council

Download or read book Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-10-18 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination appears to be inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. NASA asked the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology to develop guidelines, similar to those developed by the NRC in 1992 for airborne substances, for examining the likelihood of adverse effects from water contaminants on the health and performance of spacecraft crews. In this report, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) examines what is known about water contaminants in spacecraft, the adequacy of current risk assessment methods, and the toxicologic issues of greatest concern.

Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309390788
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-05-07 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human spaceflight is inherently risky, with numerous potential hazards posed at each phase of a mission. Potential health risks during spaceflights include short-term health consequences from being in microgravity, as well as long-term health consequences that arise, or continue, months or years after a flight. Additional health considerations are risks posed by exposure to environmental contaminants onboard spacecraft. Because the International Space Station and spacecraft are closed environments that require recirculation of air and water supplies, some contamination of the air and water will occur. Even with onboard air and water purification systems, chemicals will accumulate in the air and water as they recirculate or are recycled onboard. Therefore, it is necessary for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify hazardous contaminants and determine exposure levels that are not expected to pose a health risk to astronauts. NASA uses spacecraft maximum allowance concentrations (SMACs) and spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) to provide guidance on acceptable exposures to air and water contaminants during normal operations and emergency situations. Refinements to the Methods for Developing Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines updates the methods for establishing SMACs and SWEGs and assists NASA with identifying chemicals that need updated SMACs or SWEGs and new chemicals for which these guidelines should be developed.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309180074
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-04-02 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Space Station is a closed and complex environment, so some contamination of its internal atmosphere and water system is expected. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. NASA selects water contaminants for which spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) will be established; this involves identifying toxicity effects relevant to astronauts and calculating exposure concentrations on the basis of those end points. SWEGs are established for exposures of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 days. This report is the second volume in the series, Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Chemicals. SWEG reports for acetone, alkylamines, ammonia, barium, cadmium, caprolactam, formate, formaldehyde, manganese, total organic carbon, and zinc are included in this report. The committee concludes that the SWEGs developed for these chemicals are scientifically valid based on the data reviewed by NASA and are consistent with the NRC (2000) report, Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines. SWEG reports for additional chemicals will be presented in a subsequent volume.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309103797
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-02 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Space Station is a closed and complex environment, so some contamination of its internal atmosphere and water system is expected. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. NASA selects water contaminants for which spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) will be established; this involves identifying toxicity effects relevant to astronauts and calculating exposure concentrations on the basis of those end points. SWEGs are established for exposures of 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 days. This report is the second volume in the series, Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Chemicals. SWEG reports for acetone, alkylamines, ammonia, barium, cadmium, caprolactam, formate, formaldehyde, manganese, total organic carbon, and zinc are included in this report. The committee concludes that the SWEGs developed for these chemicals are scientifically valid based on the data reviewed by NASA and are consistent with the NRC (2000) report, Methods for Developing Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines. SWEG reports for additional chemicals will be presented in a subsequent volume.

Safety Design for Space Systems

Author : Gary Eugene Musgrave
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0080559220
Total Pages : 988 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Safety Design for Space Systems by : Gary Eugene Musgrave

Download or read book Safety Design for Space Systems written by Gary Eugene Musgrave and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2009-03-27 with total page 988 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in space safety lies in the acceptance of safety design and engineering as an integral part of the design and implementation process for new space systems. Safety must be seen as the principle design driver of utmost importance from the outset of the design process, which is only achieved through a culture change that moves all stakeholders toward front-end loaded safety concepts. This approach entails a common understanding and mastering of basic principles of safety design for space systems at all levels of the program organisation. Fully supported by the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), written by the leading figures in the industry, with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station, this book provides a comprehensive reference for aerospace engineers in industry. It addresses each of the key elements that impact on space systems safety, including: the space environment (natural and induced); human physiology in space; human rating factors; emergency capabilities; launch propellants and oxidizer systems; life support systems; battery and fuel cell safety; nuclear power generators (NPG) safety; habitat activities; fire protection; safety-critical software development; collision avoidance systems design; operations and on-orbit maintenance. - The only comprehensive space systems safety reference, its must-have status within space agencies and suppliers, technical and aerospace libraries is practically guaranteed - Written by the leading figures in the industry from NASA, ESA, JAXA, (et cetera), with frontline experience from projects ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, the Space Shuttle, small and large satellite systems, and the International Space Station - Superb quality information for engineers, programme managers, suppliers and aerospace technologists; fully supported by the IAASS (International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety)

Safety Design for Space Systems

Author : Tommaso Sgobba
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323956556
Total Pages : 1190 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Safety Design for Space Systems by : Tommaso Sgobba

Download or read book Safety Design for Space Systems written by Tommaso Sgobba and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 1190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lack of widespread education in space safety engineering and management has profound effects on project team effectiveness in integrating safety during design. On one side, it slows down the professional development of junior safety engineers, while on the other side it creates a sectarian attitude that isolates safety engineers from the rest of the project team. To speed up professional development, bridge the gap within the team, and prevent hampered communication and missed feedback, the entire project team needs to acquire and develop a shared culture of space safety principles and techniques.The second edition of Safety Design for Space Systems continues to address these issues with substantial updates to chapters such as battery safety, life support systems, robotic systems safety, and fire safety. This book also features new chapters on crew survivability design and nuclear space systems safety. Finally, the discussion of human rating concepts, safety-by-design principles, and safety management practices have also been revised and improved. With contributions from leading experts worldwide, this second edition represents an essential educational resource and reference tool for engineers and managers working on space projects. - Provides basic multidisciplinary knowledge on space systems safety design - Addresses how space safety engineering and management can be implemented in practice - Includes new chapters on crew survivability design and nuclear space systems safety - Fully revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the field

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Author : Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309291232
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by : Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-10-10 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 15 identifies, reviews, and interprets relevant toxicologic and other scientific data for ethyl mercaptan, methyl mercaptan, phenyl mercaptan, tert-octyl mercaptan, lewisite, methyl isothiocyanate, and selected monoisocyanates in order to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for these high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three level--AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3--are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309499240
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent that is used as a degreasing agent, a chemical intermediate in refrigerant manufacture, and a component of spot removers and adhesives. It is produced in mass quantities but creates dangerous vapors and is an environmental contaminant at many industrial and government facilities, including facilities run by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It is important to determine the safe occupational exposure level (OEL) for the solvent in order to protect the health of workers who are exposed to its vapors. However, there are concerns that the current occupational standards insufficiently protect workers from these health threats. Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene makes recommendations to improve the DoD's approach to developing an OEL for TCE, strengthen transparency of the process, and improve confidence in the final OEL value. This report reviews the DoD's approach using a literature review, evidence synthesis based on weight of evidence [WOE], point-of-departure derivation, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, extrapolation tools, and explores other elements of the process of deriving an OEL for TCE. It examines scientific approaches to developing exposure values and cancer risk levels, defining the scope of the problem, and improving hazard identification.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309128447
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-24 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA is aware of the potential toxicologic hazards to crew that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the committee. This book is the fifth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, and presents SMACs for acrolein, C3 to C8 aliphatic saturated aldehydes, C2 to C9 alkanes, ammonia, benzene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethane, dimethylhydrazine, ethanol, formaldehyde, limonene, methanol, methylene dichloride, n-butanol, propylene glycol, toluene, trimethylsilanol, and xylenes.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030915233X
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by : National Research Council

Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-03-18 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports.

Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309112737
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-06-09 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. In this latest report in a series, the Navy asked the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for 11 contaminants. The report recommends exposure levels for hydrogen that are lower than current Navy guidelines. For all other contaminants (except for two for which there are insufficient data), recommended levels are similar to or slightly higher than those proposed by the Navy. The report finds that, overall, there is very little exposure data available on the submarine environment and echoes recommendations from earlier NRC reports to expand exposure monitoring in submarines.

Fluoride in Drinking Water

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030910128X
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fluoride in Drinking Water by : National Research Council

Download or read book Fluoride in Drinking Water written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people associate fluoride with the practice of intentionally adding fluoride to public drinking water supplies for the prevention of tooth decay. However, fluoride can also enter public water systems from natural sources, including runoff from the weathering of fluoride-containing rocks and soils and leaching from soil into groundwater. Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because it can occur at these toxic levels. In 1986, the EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter, a guideline designed to prevent the public from being exposed to harmful levels of fluoride. Fluoride in Drinking Water reviews research on various health effects from exposure to fluoride, including studies conducted in the last 10 years.

Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309449189
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extremely hazardous substances can be released accidentally as a result of chemical spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars and trucks transporting EHSs. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities where these substances are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation's railways and highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental releases or intentional releases by terrorists. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute lethality data in rodents. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 20 reviews and updates the technical support document on acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for selected chloroformates. This update focuses on establishing AEGL-3 values for n-propyl chloroformate and isopropyl chloroformate, but will also consider whether any new data are available that would affect the proposed values for the other 10 chloroformates. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits (exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur) for the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes (min) to 8 h. Three levels - AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3 - are developed for each of five exposure periods (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and 8 h) and are distinguished by varying degrees of severity of toxic effects. This report will inform planning, response, and prevention in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and the remediation of Superfund sites.

Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309128382
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants by : National Research Council

Download or read book Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines for Selected Contaminants written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-21 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NASA maintains an active interest in the environmental conditions associated with living and working in spacecraft and identifying hazards that might adversely affect the health and well-being of crew members. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the spacecraft environment, some water and air contamination is inevitable. Several hundred chemical species are likely to be found in the closed environment of the spacecraft, and as the frequency, complexity, and duration of human space flight increase, identifying and understanding significant health hazards will become more complicated and more critical for the success of the missions. To protect space crews from contaminants in potable and hygiene water, NASA requested that the National Research Council NRC provide guidance on how to develop water exposure guidelines and subsequently review NASA's development of the exposure guidelines for specific chemicals. This book presents spacecraft water exposure guidelines (SWEGs) for antimony, benzene, ethylene glycol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, and propylene glycol.

Nineteenth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

Author : Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309187621
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Nineteenth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels by : Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels

Download or read book Nineteenth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels written by Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-27 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present report is the committee's 19th interim report. It summarizes the committee's conclusions and recommendations for improving NAC's AEGL documents for the following chemicals and chemical classes: acrylonitrile, benzonitrile, boron tribromide, BZ (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate), chloroarsenicals, chloroformates, bis-chloromethylether, chloromethylether, chlorosilanes (26 selected compounds), cyanogen, ethyl mercaptan, hexafluoroacetone, lewisites, mercury vapor, nitric acid, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen tetroxide, oleum, phenyl mercaptan, propargyl alcohol, selenium hexafluoride, silane, sulfer trioxide, sulfuric acid, tear gas, tert-octyl mercaptan, tetramethoxy silane, thionyl chloride, trimethoxysilane, trimethylbenzenes (1,2,4-; 1,2,5-;and 1,3,5-TMB), and vinyl chloride.

Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist

Author : William E. Luttrell
Publisher : AIHA
ISBN 13 : 1931504881
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist by : William E. Luttrell

Download or read book Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist written by William E. Luttrell and published by AIHA. This book was released on 2008 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focuses on the applications of toxicology principles to the practice of industrial hygiene, using case studies as examples.

Managing Health Effects of Beryllium Exposure

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309178010
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Managing Health Effects of Beryllium Exposure by : National Research Council

Download or read book Managing Health Effects of Beryllium Exposure written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-09-29 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beryllium is a lightweight metal that is used for its exceptional strength and high heat-absorbing capability. Beryllium and its alloys can be found in many important technologies in the defense and aeronautics industries, such as nuclear devices, satellite systems, radar systems, and aircraft bushings and bearings. Pulmonary disease associated with exposure to beryllium has been recognized and studied since the early 1940s, and an occupational guideline for limiting exposure to beryllium has been in place since 1949. Over the last few decades, much has been learned about chronic beryllium disease and factors that contribute to its occurrence in exposed people. Despite reduced workplace exposure, chronic beryllium disease continues to occur. Those developments have led to debates about the adequacy of the long-standing occupational exposure limit for protecting worker health. This book, requested by the U.S. Air Force to help to determine the steps necessary to protect its workforce from the effects of beryllium used in military aerospace applications, reviews the scientific literature on beryllium and outlines an exposure and disease management program for its protecting workers.