Measuring Hard To Measure Student Competencies

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ICT Fluency and High Schools

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309180708
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis ICT Fluency and High Schools by : National Research Council

Download or read book ICT Fluency and High Schools written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-07-26 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information and communications technology (ICT) pervades virtually all domains of modern life-educational, professional, social, and personal. Yet although there have been numerous calls for linkages that enable ICT competencies acquired in one domain to benefit another, this goal has largely remained unrealized. In particular, while technology skills and applications at work could be greatly enhanced by earlier complementary learning at school-particularly in K-12 education, a formative and influential stage in a person's life-little progress has been made on such linkages. At present, the curricula of most U.S. high schools focus on skills in the use of tools such as specific word-processing software or contemporary Internet search engines. Although these kinds of skills are certainly valuable-at least for a while-they comprise just one component, and the most rudimentary component, of ICT competencies. The National Academies held a workshop in October 2005 to address the specifics of ICT learning during the high school years would require an explicit effort to build on that report. The workshop was designed to extend the work begun in the report Being Fluent with Information Technology, which identified key components of ICT fluency and discussed their implications for undergraduate education. ICT Fluency and High Schools summarizes the workshop, which had three primary objectives: (1) to examine the need for updates to the ICT-fluency framework presented in the 1999 study; (2) to identify and analyze the most promising current efforts to provide in high schools many of the ICT competencies required not only in the workplace but also in people's day-to-day functioning as citizens; and (3) to consider what information or research is needed to inform efforts to help high school students develop ICT fluency.

Assessing 21st Century Skills

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309217903
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing 21st Century Skills by : National Research Council

Download or read book Assessing 21st Century Skills written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-16 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The routine jobs of yesterday are being replaced by technology and/or shipped off-shore. In their place, job categories that require knowledge management, abstract reasoning, and personal services seem to be growing. The modern workplace requires workers to have broad cognitive and affective skills. Often referred to as "21st century skills," these skills include being able to solve complex problems, to think critically about tasks, to effectively communicate with people from a variety of different cultures and using a variety of different techniques, to work in collaboration with others, to adapt to rapidly changing environments and conditions for performing tasks, to effectively manage one's work, and to acquire new skills and information on one's own. The National Research Council (NRC) has convened two prior workshops on the topic of 21st century skills. The first, held in 2007, was designed to examine research on the skills required for the 21st century workplace and the extent to which they are meaningfully different from earlier eras and require corresponding changes in educational experiences. The second workshop, held in 2009, was designed to explore demand for these types of skills, consider intersections between science education reform goals and 21st century skills, examine models of high-quality science instruction that may develop the skills, and consider science teacher readiness for 21st century skills. The third workshop was intended to delve more deeply into the topic of assessment. The goal for this workshop was to capitalize on the prior efforts and explore strategies for assessing the five skills identified earlier. The Committee on the Assessment of 21st Century Skills was asked to organize a workshop that reviewed the assessments and related research for each of the five skills identified at the previous workshops, with special attention to recent developments in technology-enabled assessment of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In designing the workshop, the committee collapsed the five skills into three broad clusters as shown below: Cognitive skills: nonroutine problem solving, critical thinking, systems thinking Interpersonal skills: complex communication, social skills, team-work, cultural sensitivity, dealing with diversity Intrapersonal skills: self-management, time management, self-development, self-regulation, adaptability, executive functioning Assessing 21st Century Skills provides an integrated summary of the presentations and discussions from both parts of the third workshop.

Measuring Hard-to-measure Student Competencies

Author : Brian M. Stecher
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Hard-to-measure Student Competencies by : Brian M. Stecher

Download or read book Measuring Hard-to-measure Student Competencies written by Brian M. Stecher and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies, such as communication and resilience, are important predictors of success and civic engagement after high school. This report provides guidelines to promote thoughtful development of practical, high-quality measures of interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies that practitioners and policymakers can use to improve valued outcomes for students.

Stealth Assessment

Author : Valerie Jean Shute
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262518813
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Stealth Assessment by : Valerie Jean Shute

Download or read book Stealth Assessment written by Valerie Jean Shute and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An approach to performance-based assessments that embeds assessments in digital games in order to measure how students are progressing toward targeted goals. To succeed in today's interconnected and complex world, workers need to be able to think systemically, creatively, and critically. Equipping K-16 students with these twenty-first-century competencies requires new thinking not only about what should be taught in school but also about how to develop valid assessments to measure and support these competencies. In Stealth Assessment, Valerie Shute and Matthew Ventura investigate an approach that embeds performance-based assessments in digital games. They argue that using well-designed games as vehicles to assess and support learning will help combat students' growing disengagement from school, provide dynamic and ongoing measures of learning processes and outcomes, and offer students opportunities to apply such complex competencies as creativity, problem solving, persistence, and collaboration. Embedding assessments within games provides a way to monitor players' progress toward targeted competencies and to use that information to support learning. Shute and Ventura discuss problems with such traditional assessment methods as multiple-choice questions, review evidence relating to digital games and learning, and illustrate the stealth-assessment approach with a set of assessments they are developing and embedding in the digital game Newton's Playground. These stealth assessments are intended to measure levels of creativity, persistence, and conceptual understanding of Newtonian physics during game play. Finally, they consider future research directions related to stealth assessment in education.

Modeling and Measuring Competencies in Higher Education

Author : Sigrid Blömeke
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9460918670
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling and Measuring Competencies in Higher Education by : Sigrid Blömeke

Download or read book Modeling and Measuring Competencies in Higher Education written by Sigrid Blömeke and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-20 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measuring competencies acquired over the course of higher education is an area of research that largely has been neglected. This deficit can be attributed to the complexity of academic competencies since the variety of institutions, programs, occupational fields and job requirements render it difficult to define and even harder to measure outcomes. Thus, assessing the preconditions for and effects of competency development is a challenge methodologically. In this book, a comprehensive review of the international state of research on modeling and measuring competencies in higher education across several academic disciplines is presented, along with an evaluation of the field’s strengths and weaknesses. Renowned experts share insight into the most important recent research projects and point out controversies and challenges. Competencies are regarded as context-specific dispositions acquired and required to cope successfully with domain-specific situations and tasks. However, the range of these dispositions is controversial. Should only cognitive facets be included or is it important to consider attitudes as well? Insufficient response rates and panel attrition are further challenges, as are the limitations of paper-and-pencil approaches to the complex measurement of higher education outcomes. Thus, this book may serve as a platform for the exchange of research experiences and perspectives and hopefully will instigate improvements in research into higher education.

Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement

Author : Susan M. Brookhart
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429017618
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement by : Susan M. Brookhart

Download or read book Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement written by Susan M. Brookhart and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-04 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classroom Assessment and Educational Measurement explores the ways in which the theory and practice of both educational measurement and the assessment of student learning in classroom settings mutually inform one another. Chapters by assessment and measurement experts consider the nature of classroom assessment information, from student achievement to affective and socio-emotional attributes; how teachers interpret and work with assessment results; and emerging issues in assessment such as digital technologies and diversity/inclusion. This book uniquely considers the limitations of applying large-scale educational measurement theory to classroom assessment and the adaptations necessary to make this transfer useful. Researchers, graduate students, industry professionals, and policymakers will come away with an essential understanding of how the classroom assessment context is essential to broadening contemporary educational measurement perspectives. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Knowing What Students Know

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309293227
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowing What Students Know by : National Research Council

Download or read book Knowing What Students Know written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-27 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates.

The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded)

Author : Stephen Jay Gould
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393340406
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (933 download)

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Book Synopsis The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded) by : Stephen Jay Gould

Download or read book The Mismeasure of Man (Revised and Expanded) written by Stephen Jay Gould and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2006-06-17 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive refutation to the argument of The Bell Curve. When published in 1981, The Mismeasure of Man was immediately hailed as a masterwork, the ringing answer to those who would classify people, rank them according to their supposed genetic gifts and limits. And yet the idea of innate limits—of biology as destiny—dies hard, as witness the attention devoted to The Bell Curve, whose arguments are here so effectively anticipated and thoroughly undermined by Stephen Jay Gould. In this edition Dr. Gould has written a substantial new introduction telling how and why he wrote the book and tracing the subsequent history of the controversy on innateness right through The Bell Curve. Further, he has added five essays on questions of The Bell Curve in particular and on race, racism, and biological determinism in general. These additions strengthen the book's claim to be, as Leo J. Kamin of Princeton University has said, "a major contribution toward deflating pseudo-biological 'explanations' of our present social woes."

Testing, Teaching, and Learning

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309172861
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Testing, Teaching, and Learning by : National Research Council

Download or read book Testing, Teaching, and Learning written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-10-06 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State education departments and school districts face an important challenge in implementing a new law that requires disadvantaged students to be held to the same standards as other students. The new requirements come from provisions of the 1994 reauthorization of Title I, the largest federal effort in precollegiate education, which provides aid to "level the field" for disadvantaged students. Testing, Teaching, and Learning is written to help states and school districts comply with the new law, offering guidance for designing and implementing assessment and accountability systems. This book examines standards-based education reform and reviews the research on student assessment, focusing on the needs of disadvantaged students covered by Title I. With examples of states and districts that have track records in new systems, the committee develops a practical "decision framework" for education officials. The book explores how best to design assessment and accountability systems that support high levels of student learning and to work toward continuous improvement. Testing, Teaching, and Learning will be an important tool for all involved in educating disadvantaged studentsâ€"state and local administrators and classroom teachers.

Handbook of Test Development

Author : Suzanne Lane
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136242570
Total Pages : 676 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Test Development by : Suzanne Lane

Download or read book Handbook of Test Development written by Suzanne Lane and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-08 with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of the Handbook of Test Development provides graduate students and professionals with an up-to-date, research-oriented guide to the latest developments in the field. Including thirty-two chapters by well-known scholars and practitioners, it is divided into five sections, covering the foundations of test development, content definition, item development, test design and form assembly, and the processes of test administration, documentation, and evaluation. Keenly aware of developments in the field since the publication of the first edition, including changes in technology, the evolution of psychometric theory, and the increased demands for effective tests via educational policy, the editors of this edition include new chapters on assessing noncognitive skills, measuring growth and learning progressions, automated item generation and test assembly, and computerized scoring of constructed responses. The volume also includes expanded coverage of performance testing, validity, fairness, and numerous other topics. Edited by Suzanne Lane, Mark R. Raymond, and Thomas M. Haladyna, The Handbook of Test Development, 2nd edition, is based on the revised Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, and is appropriate for graduate courses and seminars that deal with test development and usage, professional testing services and credentialing agencies, state and local boards of education, and academic libraries serving these groups.

Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309257743
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education by : National Research Council

Download or read book Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-18 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Higher education is a linchpin of the American economy and society: teaching and research at colleges and universities contribute significantly to the nation's economic activity, both directly and through their impact on future growth; federal and state governments support teaching and research with billions of taxpayers' dollars; and individuals, communities, and the nation gain from the learning and innovation that occur in higher education. In the current environment of increasing tuition and shrinking public funds, a sense of urgency has emerged to better track the performance of colleges and universities in the hope that their costs can be contained without compromising quality or accessibility. Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education presents an analytically well-defined concept of productivity in higher education and recommends empirically valid and operationally practical guidelines for measuring it. In addition to its obvious policy and research value, improved measures of productivity may generate insights that potentially lead to enhanced departmental, institutional, or system educational processes. Improving Measurement of Productivity in Higher Education constructs valid productivity measures to supplement the body of information used to guide resource allocation decisions at the system, state, and national levels and to assist policymakers who must assess investments in higher education against other compelling demands on scarce resources. By portraying the productive process in detail, this report will allow stakeholders to better understand the complexities of-and potential approaches to-measuring institution, system and national-level performance in higher education.

The Wiley Handbook of Cognition and Assessment

Author : Andre A. Rupp
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118956591
Total Pages : 649 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook of Cognition and Assessment by : Andre A. Rupp

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of Cognition and Assessment written by Andre A. Rupp and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 649 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This state-of-the-art resource brings together the most innovative scholars and thinkers in the field of testing to capture the changing conceptual, methodological, and applied landscape of cognitively-grounded educational assessments. Offers a methodologically-rigorous review of cognitive and learning sciences models for testing purposes, as well as the latest statistical and technological know-how for designing, scoring, and interpreting results Written by an international team of contributors at the cutting-edge of cognitive psychology and educational measurement under the editorship of a research director at the Educational Testing Service and an esteemed professor of educational psychology at the University of Alberta as well as supported by an expert advisory board Covers conceptual frameworks, modern methodologies, and applied topics, in a style and at a level of technical detail that will appeal to a wide range of readers from both applied and scientific backgrounds Considers emerging topics in cognitively-grounded assessment, including applications of emerging socio-cognitive models, cognitive models for human and automated scoring, and various innovative virtual performance assessments

Measuring Up

Author : Daniel Koretz
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674254988
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Up by : Daniel Koretz

Download or read book Measuring Up written by Daniel Koretz and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-15 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do you judge the quality of a school, a district, a teacher, a student? By the test scores, of course. Yet for all the talk, what educational tests can and can’t tell you, and how scores can be misunderstood and misused, remains a mystery to most. The complexities of testing are routinely ignored, either because they are unrecognized, or because they may be—well, complicated. Inspired by a popular Harvard course for students without an extensive mathematics background, Measuring Up demystifies educational testing—from MCAS to SAT to WAIS, with all the alphabet soup in between. Bringing statistical terms down to earth, Daniel Koretz takes readers through the most fundamental issues that arise in educational testing and shows how they apply to some of the most controversial issues in education today, from high-stakes testing to special education. He walks readers through everyday examples to show what tests do well, what their limits are, how easily tests and scores can be oversold or misunderstood, and how they can be used sensibly to help discover how much kids have learned.

Developing Tenacity

Author : Bill Lucas
Publisher : Crown House Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1785833413
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (858 download)

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Book Synopsis Developing Tenacity by : Bill Lucas

Download or read book Developing Tenacity written by Bill Lucas and published by Crown House Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-04-20 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The UK's All-Party Parliamentary Group on Social Mobility recently proposed the adoption by schools of specific interventions in the areas of resilience and character; meanwhile, across the Atlantic, an end-of-high-school 'score' for grit is also being considered in the USA. In line with this growing consensus, an increasing body of evidence suggests that cultivating these competencies is key to success both in school and in later life. In Developing Tenacity, the second instalment in the Pedagogy for a Changing World series, Lucas and Spencer show educators how. Delving beyond 'grit' and 'growth mindset', and encompassing more than the formal curriculum, Developing Tenacity draws on the co-authors' research at the University of Winchester's Centre for Real-World Learning to offer a powerful synthesis of what it takes for learners to persevere when confronted with challenges. The resulting analysis depicts the true value of tenacity inside and outside the educational setting and provides teachers with action-oriented strategies as to how the four key 'habits' of tenacity confidence, control, commitment and connectivity can be developed in learners. The wealth of teaching and learning methods presented is accompanied by practical suggestions on how to embed tenacity more systematically into the curriculum, providing plenty of stimuli for lesson planning and for the drip-feeding of everyday activities which boost learners' agency and self-efficacy. The authors also investigate the effectiveness of various pedagogical approaches including developmental self-evaluation, deliberate practice and service learning and share inventive assessment methods which teachers can employ to track learners' progress along the way. Lucas and Spencer then go further by showcasing case studies that illustrate the successful adoption of a capabilities approach by various educational institutions, and offer expert advice on how teachers can overcome any potential obstacles as they journey towards cultivating a tenacious learning culture in their classrooms. Suitable for all teachers and school leaders in both primary and secondary settings who want to instil a strong sense of tenacity in their pupils' approach to learning. Click here to watch Prof Bill Lucas and Prof Guy Claxton's video 'Putting the heart and the hand back into schools'. Developing Tenacity has been named a finalist in the 2018 INDIES Book of the Year Awards in the education category.

Handbook on Personalized Learning for States, Districts, and Schools

Author : Marilyn Murphy
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1681235897
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (812 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on Personalized Learning for States, Districts, and Schools by : Marilyn Murphy

Download or read book Handbook on Personalized Learning for States, Districts, and Schools written by Marilyn Murphy and published by IAP. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) presents new opportunities and greater flexibility in efforts to personalize learning for all children. The Handbook on Personalized Learning for States, Districts, and Schools provides insight and guidance on maximizing that new flexibility. Produced by the Center on Innovations in Learning (CIL), one of seven national content centers funded by the U.S. Department of Education, this volume suggests how teachers can enhance personalized learning by cultivating relationships with students and their families to better understand a child’s learning and motivation. Personalized learning also encourages the development of students’ metacognitive, social, and emotional competencies, thereby fostering students’ self?direction in their own education, one aimed at mastery of knowledge and skills and readiness for career and college. Chapters address topics across the landscape of personalized learning, including co?designing instruction and learning pathways with students; variation in the time, place, and pace of learning, including flipped and blended classrooms; and using technology to manage and analyze the learning process. The Handbook’s chapters include Action Principles to guide states, districts, and schools in personalizing learning.

Innovating Assessments to Measure and Support Complex Skills

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264378502
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (643 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovating Assessments to Measure and Support Complex Skills by : OECD

Download or read book Innovating Assessments to Measure and Support Complex Skills written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policy makers around the world recognise the importance of developing young people’s 21st century skills like problem solving, creative thinking, self-regulation and collaboration. Many countries also include these skills as part of the intended learning outcomes of their education systems.

Measurement Across the Sciences

Author : Luca Mari
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031224485
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Measurement Across the Sciences by : Luca Mari

Download or read book Measurement Across the Sciences written by Luca Mari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-25 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the framework, including operationalism, definitional uncertainty, and the relations between measurement and computation, and describes how the framework, operating as a shared concept system, supports understanding measurement’s work in different domains, using examples in the physical and human sciences. This revised and expanded second edition features a new analysis of the analogies and the differences between the error/uncertainty-related approach adopted in physical measurement and the validity-related approach adopted in psychosocial measurement. In addition, it provides a better analysis and presentation of measurement scales, in particular about their relations with quantity units, and introduces the measurand identification/definition as a part of the "Hexagon Framework" along with new examples from the physical and psychosocial sciences. Researchers and academics across a wide range of disciplines including biological, physical, social, and behavioral scientists, as well as specialists in measurement and philosophy appreciate the work’s fresh and provocative approach to the field at a time when sound measurements of complex scientific systems are increasingly essential to solving critical global problems.