Management of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle and the Effects of Bovine Respiratory Disease on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Attributes

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (539 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle and the Effects of Bovine Respiratory Disease on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Attributes by : Ben Patrick Holland

Download or read book Management of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle and the Effects of Bovine Respiratory Disease on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Attributes written by Ben Patrick Holland and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Feedlot Processing and Arrival Cattle Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323391230
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

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Book Synopsis Feedlot Processing and Arrival Cattle Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice by : Brad J. White

Download or read book Feedlot Processing and Arrival Cattle Management, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice written by Brad J. White and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guest Edited by Drs. Brad White and Daniel Thomson, this issue focuses on Feedlot Processing and Arrival Cattle Management. Articles include:Management of pre-conditioned calves / impacts of pre-conditioning, Vaccinations, Pregnancy management, Internal and external parasite management, Health equipment management, Feeding Holsteins, Starting calves on feed, and more!

Nutritional Management Strategies to Alter Performance, Health, and Rumination Characteristics During the Feedlot Receiving Period

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutritional Management Strategies to Alter Performance, Health, and Rumination Characteristics During the Feedlot Receiving Period by : Dexter James Tomczak

Download or read book Nutritional Management Strategies to Alter Performance, Health, and Rumination Characteristics During the Feedlot Receiving Period written by Dexter James Tomczak and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Feeder cattle procured through auction market channels experience multiple stressors prior to feedlot arrival. Once at the feedlot, cattle enter a novel environment where they are exposed to new feedstuffs and water sources and are frequently comingled. These environmental factors contribute to physiological stress, which is associated with low feed intake and is a predisposing factor to bovine respiratory disease. Through this process cattle can become dehydrated and may enter a negative energy balance. Addressing hydration and energy requirements more rapidly at feedlot arrival may reduce morbidity and improve performance. Therefore 3 studies were conducted to evaluate 2 management strategies. Study 1 evaluated the effect of oral hydration therapy at feedlot arrival on health and performance during a 56-d receiving period. In study 1, experiment 1 (n=664 high-risk heifers,197.1 ± 5.8 kg) and experiment 2 (n= 297 high-risk bulls and steers, 188.9 ± 19.1 kg) assessed oral hydration therapy (0.57 L of water/ 45.4 kg BW) at feedlot arrival compared to a negative control. This study suggested improved performance and DMI in cattle receiving oral hydration therapy, however health outcomes were not improved. In study 2 a sub set of the cattle from experiment 2 were fitted with a 3-axis accelerometer collar (n = 58) and rumen bolus (n = 33) to quantify oral hydration therapy effects on activity, rumination, rumen pH and rumen temperature. Oral hydration therapy cattle had an earlier peak rumen temperature suggesting a physiological modification enabling a more pronounced inflammatory response. From this sub-set, cattle treated at least once for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were retrospectively compared to non-treated cohorts. Cattle treated for BRD had reduced activity and rumination, as well as increased rumen temperatures and altered rumen pH. Differences in activity and rumination may be useful for early BRD detection. In study 3, 36 auction derived steers (284 ± 11 kg) were used to compare 3 receiving period nutritional management strategies including a traditional lower energy density diet, a high energy density diet, or a high energy density diet supplemented with long stem hay every 3rd day. There were no differences in performance due to nutritional management strategy. Cattle fed the high energy density ration had a greater rumen temperature following initial viral vaccination, and decreased rumination compared to the lower energy density ration treatment. There were minimal differences in rumen pH likely due to large animal to animal variation. These results suggest feeding higher energy density diets upon feedlot arrival may be a viable option, however this needs to be validated in a pen fed setting where greater daily intake variation is probable.

Feedlot Production Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 31-3

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323413595
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

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Book Synopsis Feedlot Production Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 31-3 by : Brad J. White

Download or read book Feedlot Production Medicine, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 31-3 written by Brad J. White and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-01-07 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a Follow-up to their Arrival Cattle Management issue, Drs. Brad White and Daniel Thomson explore Feedlot Production Medicine in this issue. Articles feature an expert panel of authors on topics such as: Epidemiology for feedlots, Outbreak investigation, Sick animal identification, Necropsy & Euthanasia, BVD management in feedlot, Reference Intervals in Avian and Exotic Hematology, and more!

Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 032355444X
Total Pages : 2279 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book by : Bradford P. Smith

Download or read book Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book written by Bradford P. Smith and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 2279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: **Selected for Doody’s Core Titles® 2024 with "Essential Purchase" designation in Veterinary Medicine** Utilize a problem-oriented approach to the diagnosis of diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats. Large Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition covers the diagnosis and management of disease in both ruminant and equine internal medicine. As the first veterinary internal medicine text to use a problem-based approach, it offers discussions of over 150 clinical signs and manifestations, as well as comprehensive coverage of laboratory and diagnostic testing. New to this edition is a versatile online reference platform and coverage of conditions that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. In addition, thoroughly revised and updated content includes new vaccines and vaccination protocols; the most current laboratories for DNA, genetic, and PCR testing; and colostrum supplements and replacers. It’s everything you need to stay up to date with the latest information on preventing and treating disease in large animals. Discussions of over 150 clinical signs or manifestations of disease provide you with a problem-based approach to diagnosis based on what you’ve observed and what laboratory tests reveal. Causes of Presenting Signs boxes offer quick access to the common, less common, and uncommon diseases associated with manifestations or signs of disease. Causes of Abnormal Laboratory Values boxes highlight the possible interpretations of abnormalities in clinical chemistry, hematology, blood proteins, and clotting tests. More than 200 expert authors contribute information in their areas of expertise for the most current, authoritative information on each topic. NEW! Expert Consult platform provides a versatile digital resource including bonus content, useful references, and videos to meet the needs of practicing equine and large animal veterinarians. NEW! Global conditions of importance are covered, including those previously not discussed, that exist in Europe, Central and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. NEW! Coverage of emerging and re-emerging diseases includes the new pathogen discovery. NEW! Assessment of vaccination status and susceptibility to infection discusses how antibody titers can predict protection for some pathogens. NEW! Description of epigenetics and metagenomics provides detailed coverage of these emerging areas of interest. NEW! Table of zoonoses obtained from large animals includes symptoms and disinfection needs. NEW! Videos demonstrate how to perform ultrasound imaging on an equine and cow abdomen clearly showing where to position the probe, and what depth to use for scans of the kidneys, liver, and bowel. NEW! Coverage of genetic disorders, Hydrocephalus in Fresians and Pulmonary hypoplasia with Anasarca in Dexter cattle help you to treat these disorders. NEW! Extensively updated content clarifies the latest research and clinical findings on the West Nile Virus, therapeutic drug monitoring, muscle disorders, GI microbiota, the genetic basis for Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horses, discoveries in antimicrobial drugs, anthelmintic, and vaccines, and more!

Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323762719
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (237 download)

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Book Synopsis Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice by : Amelia R. Woolums

Download or read book Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice written by Amelia R. Woolums and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-06-03 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, guest edited by Drs. Amelia Woolums and Douglas Step, focuses on Bovine Respiratory Disease. This is one of three issues each year selected by the series consulting editor, Dr. Robert A. Smith. Articles in this issue include, but are not limited to: BRD from the 20th century to now: has anything changed?; Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida: how are they changing in response to our efforts to control them?; Mycoplasma bovis: what characteristics of this agent explain the disease that it causes?; Histophilus somni: antigenic changes relevant to BRD; The microbiome and BRD; Viruses in Bovine Respiratory Disease in North America: Knowledge Advances Using Genomic Testing; The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease: Recent Advancements; Host tolerance to infection with the bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease; How does nutrition influence BRD?; How does housing influence BRD?; Diagnostic tests for BRD; Details to attend to when managing high risk cattle; BRD Vaccination: MLV vs Killed? IN vs Parenteral? What is the evidence?; Timing of BRD Vaccination; Causes, significance, and impact of BRD treatment failure; The effect of market forces on BRD; and The future of BRD management in the era of precision agriculture, rapid DNA sequencing, and bioinformatics.

Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455700789
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice by : Victoria L. Cooper

Download or read book Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice written by Victoria L. Cooper and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2010-08-02 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of bovine respiratory disease for the food animal practitioner! Topics will include control methods for bovine respiratory disease for cow-calf, stocker and feedlot cattle, metaphylaxis, pathology, immunology, mycoplasma, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine respiratory coronavirus, bacteriology of bovine respiratory disease, atypical interstitial pneumonia, diagnostics for bovine respiratory disease, and much more!

The Effects of a Supplemental Probiotic-prebiotic on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of a Supplemental Probiotic-prebiotic on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle by : Megan N. Homolka

Download or read book The Effects of a Supplemental Probiotic-prebiotic on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Newly Received Feedlot Cattle written by Megan N. Homolka and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two hundred and fifty-eight (average BW = 250 ± 11.4 kg) crossbred steers were received at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Feedlot in Bushland, TX. Steers (n = 240) were stratified by average initial BW (d-1, d-0) and allocated to 1 of 2 BW blocks in a randomized complete block design. Steers were offered 1 of 3 dietary treatments. The control treatment (CON) received a pellet without probiotic-prebiotic blend (P-PB). Treatment 2 received a pellet with P-PB from d 0 to 21 followed by the CON pellet from d 22 to 42 (P-PB21). Treatment 3 received the P-PB pellet from d 0 to 42 (P-PB42). Following the 42-d receiving period, the treatment pellets were removed and replaced with steam-flaked corn (SFC) for the remainder of the finishing period. If dry-matter intake (DMI) was

Evaluating the Effect of Dietary Changes and Management Strategies to Feedlot Cattle During the Adaptation and Finishing Phase on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and the Rumen Microbiome

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating the Effect of Dietary Changes and Management Strategies to Feedlot Cattle During the Adaptation and Finishing Phase on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and the Rumen Microbiome by : David M. Crawford

Download or read book Evaluating the Effect of Dietary Changes and Management Strategies to Feedlot Cattle During the Adaptation and Finishing Phase on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and the Rumen Microbiome written by David M. Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparison of Tulathromycin and Tilmicosin and the Effects of Metaphylaxis on the Prevalence and Severity of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle in Association with Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economic Factors

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (817 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Tulathromycin and Tilmicosin and the Effects of Metaphylaxis on the Prevalence and Severity of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle in Association with Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economic Factors by : Travis Clay Tennant

Download or read book Comparison of Tulathromycin and Tilmicosin and the Effects of Metaphylaxis on the Prevalence and Severity of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle in Association with Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economic Factors written by Travis Clay Tennant and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nutritional and Management Strategies to Improve Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Sustainability of Feedlot Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutritional and Management Strategies to Improve Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Sustainability of Feedlot Cattle by : David Crawford

Download or read book Nutritional and Management Strategies to Improve Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Sustainability of Feedlot Cattle written by David Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A series of studies were conducted to evaluate live animal performance, health, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, ruminal characteristics, and environmental emissions of feedlot cattle. The first study explored the impacts of feeding an industry standard finishing diet throughout the receiving and finishing period compared to a high roughage receiving diet during the receiving period with subsequent adaptation to the finishing diet on health, performance, serum chemistry, ruminal pH, and rumination of high-risk feedlot cattle. Treatment diets were offered ad libitum and consisted of: 1) finishing diet for the entire feeding period (FIN) or 2) receiving diet for the first 56 d, followed by transition to the finishing diet (REC). All cattle were consuming the same diet on d 74. A subset of cattle were randomly selected to quantify ruminal pH, temperature, and rumination time. Ultrasound images were captured on d 0, 74, and 146 to determine fat thickness, and carcass characteristics were determined after slaughter. Cattle fed REC had greater (P 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI) from d 0 to 74, but DMI did not differ (P = 0.80) from d 74 to the end of the finishing period (final). Metabolizable energy intake was not different from d 0 to 74 (P = 0.20), d 74 to final (P = 0.80), or overall (P = 0.78). At d 74 and final, body weight (BW) of FIN was 10 kg greater (P ≤ 0.10) than REC. Cattle consuming FIN had greater (P

Polymicrobial Diseases

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Polymicrobial Diseases by : Kim A. Brogden

Download or read book Polymicrobial Diseases written by Kim A. Brogden and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.

Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323088406
Total Pages : 2024 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book by : Bradford P. Smith

Download or read book Large Animal Internal Medicine - E-Book written by Bradford P. Smith and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2014-04-01 with total page 2024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large Animal Internal Medicine, 4th Edition features a problem-based approach with discussions of over 150 clinical signs. This is the first internal medicine reference that enables you to efficiently diagnose horses, cattle, sheep, and goats based on clinical observation and laboratory and diagnostic testing. With this user-friendly format, you can find essential information about specific diseases and reach a diagnosis by simply identifying the signs. - A unique problem-based approach with discussions of over 150 clinical signs and manifestations helps you quickly reach a diagnosis based on observations and laboratory tests. - Causes of Presenting Signs boxes provide easy access to complete lists of common, less common, and uncommon diseases associated with manifestations or signs of disease. - Complete lists of diseases associated with a given lab abnormality in Causes of Abnormal Laboratory Values boxes help you easily interpret abnormalities in clinical chemistry, hematology, blood proteins, and clotting tests. - An expert team of over 180 authors contributing information in their areas of expertise ensures you are using the most accurate and up-to-date information available. - Color plates accompanying Diseases of the Eye and Diseases of the Alimentary Tract enable you to visually recognize the clinical appearance of ophthalmologic conditions and alimentary tract disorders for quick and easy diagnosis and treatment. - NEW! Extensively updated content from expert authors clarifies the latest research and clinical findings on pain, the nervous system, toxicology, BVD, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue, and strong ions. - NEW! Vaccines and vaccination protocols keep you up-to-date with the information you need to prevent newly emerging diseases in large animals. - NEW! Expanded coverage of the veterinarian's role in animal welfare; equine abdominal ultrasound; DNA, genetic, and PCR testing; and colostrum supplements and replacers supplies you with the most current large animal internal medicine information. - NEW! Current information on foreign animal diseases dangerous to large animals in the US, including coverage of rinderpest, keeps you aware of diseases that can be transmitted from other countries.

Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470344199
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle by : Sarel van Amstel

Download or read book Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle written by Sarel van Amstel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-01-09 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lameness is one of the most costly diseases affecting cattle and cases are increasing as dairy cows spend more time confined to concrete instead of grassy pasture. The economic impact of lameness is significant. Preventive claw care is increasingly practiced in modern dairy farming and is now recognized as a necessary investment in herd health. Manual for Treatment and Control of Lameness in Cattle includes: clear illustrations of anatomical features of the bovine foot detailed photographs of lesions discussion on the practical aspect of functional and corrective trimming references for veterinarians, animals/dairy scientists, commercial hoof trimmers, dairy farmers and dairy health technicians

Feedlot Management

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Feedlot Management by : F. P. Baker

Download or read book Feedlot Management written by F. P. Baker and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Feeding Strategies to Improve Health and Performance in High-risk, Newly Received Feedlot Cattle

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Feeding Strategies to Improve Health and Performance in High-risk, Newly Received Feedlot Cattle by : Christopher Paul Johnson

Download or read book Feeding Strategies to Improve Health and Performance in High-risk, Newly Received Feedlot Cattle written by Christopher Paul Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective was to evaluate the effects of tilmicosin fed to high-risk cattle for 14 consecutive days, with or without a live-yeast probiotic blend, during the 42-d study period. In Exp. 1, auction-derived bull (n = 59) and steer (n = 31) calves (initial BW = 220.3 ± 3.2 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (3 pens per treatment, 10 animals per pen) consisting of: 1) positive control (TUL) received ground corn top-dress as placebo and injectable tulathromycin on d 0, 2) Tilmovet (TV) received a tilmicosin supplemented diet (0.663 mg/animal/d) from d 0 to 14, and 3) TV with a proprietary live-yeast probiotic blend (TV+; 10 g/animal/d; OptiSafBeef, Phileo, Milwaukee, WI) for the duration of the study. The animals in the TUL group had a 7-d post metaphylactic interval (PMI) because they received injectable tulathromycin at d 0, whereas cattle in the TV and TV+ were eligible to be treated for BRD following 3-d post initial treatment of tilmicosin supplemented in the diet. The TUL group had greater ADG during the first 14-d (P = 0.02) and tended to be heavier than TV and TV+ on d 28 (P = 0.06). Overall (d 0 to 42), TV+ had greater (P = 0.02) G:F than TUL and TV. Overall DMI (P = 0.01) for the TUL group from d 0 to 42 was greater compared to TV and TV+. In Exp. 2, auction-derived bull (n = 68) and steer (n = 22) calves (initial BW = 219.4 ± 2.97 kg) were randomly assigned to treatment pens consisting of: 1) control (TUL) that received ground corn top-dress placebo, 2) Tilmovet (TV) that received a tilmicosin-treated diet (0.663 mg/animal/d) from d 14 to 28, and 3) TV with ground corn top-dress containing a live-yeast probiotic (10 g/animal/d; OptiSafBeef; TV+) for the duration of the study (Fig. 2.7). All treatments were administered ceftiofur on d 0 with a 3-d PMI. Final BW did not differ (P = 0.70). Total starch digestion had a day effect over the 2 collection days (P = 0.02), and a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for apparent starch digestion to be greater for TUL on d 0. Performance and health outcomes were improved with the administration of injectable tulathromycin in Exp. 1, but there were no health differences and few performance effects noted in Exp. 2. Results indicate oral tilmicosin should not be the primary metaphylactic treatment method in high-risk beef cattle. Delaying oral tilmicosin for 14-d following an injectable antimicrobial slightly improved performance and health, but further research with larger pen replication needs to be conducted.

Livestock's Long Shadow

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Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251055717
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Livestock's Long Shadow by : Henning Steinfeld

Download or read book Livestock's Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.