Los orbitales en la educación química

Download Los orbitales en la educación química PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Los orbitales en la educación química by : Francisco José Barradas Solas

Download or read book Los orbitales en la educación química written by Francisco José Barradas Solas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La constitución atómica de la materia está en la base de la química. Saber cómo se unen y cómo se separan los átomos es tener la clave de las transformaciones de la materia, que son el objeto de esta ciencia. Tendemos a imaginarnos a los átomos como pequeñas partículas, como bolitas, pero desde los años 1930 sabemos que no se puede entender su comportamiento microscópico mediante la física clásica. La mejor teoría que tenemos para este dominio es la mecánica cuántica, pero en ella la descripción más fundamental y completa de los sistemas no es a través de las variables clásicas, propias de las partículas, como la posición y el momento, sino de la función de onda. La función de onda es un objeto matemático que contiene toda la información del sistema. Sin embargo, ni extraer esa información ni interpretarla es sencillo, lo que supone una serie de problemas. Por ejemplo, casi noventa años después de su nacimiento la teoría cuántica apenas está presente en la enseñanza secundaria. Y el problema no afecta sólo al ámbito educativo. Por ejemplo, la química había desarrollado desde mediados del siglo XIX la teoría estructural, de enorme poder explicativo, que los químicos siguen empleando hoy en día. Además, si la función de onda de una partícula es un objeto extraño, la de un sistema de varias, como una molécula es, además, difícil de tratar matemáticamente. Pero la química necesitaba acceder a la estructura microscópica y a la reactividad de las moléculas... Mucho antes de que el avance de la computación pusiera a disposición de los químicos herramientas para resolver por la fuerza sus problemas, ya habían desarrollado modelos para incorporar la mecánica cuántica de forma relativamente sencilla a su arsenal y en esos modelos los protagonistas eran un tipo especial de funciones de onda, los orbitales. Los orbitales son funciones de onda de una sola partícula y por tanto mucho más sencillas de calcular e interpretar que las de los sistemas complejos. A cambio, no dan cuenta de todas las complejidades de una molécula, por ejemplo de las interacciones entre sus electrones. La química es una ciencia capaz de utilizar simultáneamente varios modelos diferentes e incluso contradictorios para cubrir su territorio y eso es lo que hizo, de más de una manera, con los orbitales, de origen cuántico, la teoría estructural clásica y los modelos semiclásicos del enlace a través de pares de electrones localizados. El resultado es un modelo híbrido y difícil de definir, pero eficaz, versátil, intuitivo, visualizable... y limitado, que se puede introducir incluso en niveles preuniversitarios. A pesar de eso, la enseñanza de los modelos cuánticos sigue siendo problemática. A los alumnos les resultan complicados y muchos expertos creen además que los confunden y mezclan con los clásicos. Se trata, pues de un problema abierto. Esta tesis tiene el propósito de dilucidar el papel de los orbitales en la educación química analizando casos de uso de sus representaciones gráficas, que son muy importantes en toda la química y aún más en estos modelos, que tienen un fuerte componente visual, analógico y metafórico. Los resultados de los análisis muestran una notable coherencia de uso de las imágenes de orbitales en enseñanza e investigación: En química los orbitales no son únicamente funciones matemáticas que se extienden por toda la molécula, sino también contenedores de electrones localizados que interaccionan por proximidad con transferencia de electrones Muchas veces estos modelos intuitivos se utilizan después de los cálculos cuánticos para interpretar los resultados en términos próximos a la química estructural. Aquí está la principal diferencia con los usos educativos: en la enseñanza, especialmente la introductoria, el modelo intuitivo tiende a ser el único que se usa.

Research in Chemistry Education

Download Research in Chemistry Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030598829
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Research in Chemistry Education by : Liliana Mammino

Download or read book Research in Chemistry Education written by Liliana Mammino and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-17 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume emphasizes the role of chemical education for development and, in particular, for sustainable development in Africa, by sharing experiences among specialists across the African continent and with specialists from other continents. It considers all areas and levels of chemistry education, gives specific attention to known major challenges and encourages explorations of novel approaches. The chapters in this book describe new teaching approaches, approach-explorations and in-class activities, analyse educational challenges and possible ways of addressing them and explore cross-discipline possibilities and their potential benefits for chemistry education. This makes the volume an up to date compendium for chemistry educators and educational researchers worldwide.

Lista de encabezamientos de materia para bibliotecas

Download Lista de encabezamientos de materia para bibliotecas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bogotá, D.E. : Procultura
ISBN 13 : 9789581100330
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lista de encabezamientos de materia para bibliotecas by : Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior

Download or read book Lista de encabezamientos de materia para bibliotecas written by Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior and published by Bogotá, D.E. : Procultura. This book was released on 1985 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V.1. A-Mat v.2. Mat-Z, encabezamientos en inglés y sus equivalentes en español.

Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry

Download Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781258234027
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry by : Marion Clyde Day, Jr.

Download or read book Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry written by Marion Clyde Day, Jr. and published by . This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science

Download A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190233001
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science by : Eric Scerri

Download or read book A Tale of Seven Scientists and a New Philosophy of Science written by Eric Scerri and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In his latest book, Eric Scerri presents a completely original account of the nature of scientific progress. It consists of a holistic and unified approach in which science is seen as a living and evolving single organism. Instead of scientific revolutions featuring exceptionally gifted individuals, Scerri argues that the "little people" contribute as much as the "heroes" of science. To do this he examines seven case studies of virtually unknown chemists and physicists in the early 20th century quest to discover the structure of the atom. They include the amateur scientist Anton van den Broek who pioneered the notion of atomic number as well as Edmund Stoner a then physics graduate student who provided the seed for Pauli's Exclusion Principle. Another case is the physicist John Nicholson who is virtually unknown and yet was the first to propose the notion of quantization of angular momentum that was soon put to good use by Niels Bohr. Instead of focusing on the logic and rationality of science, Scerri elevates the role of trial and error and multiple discovery and moves beyond the notion of scientific developments being right or wrong. While criticizing Thomas Kuhn's notion of scientific revolutions he agrees with Kuhn that science is not drawn towards an external truth but is rather driven from within. The book will enliven the long-standing debate on the nature of science, which has increasingly shied away from the big question of "what is science?"

Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry

Download Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080916775
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry by : James E. House

Download or read book Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry written by James E. House and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-09-22 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition, covers the synthesis, reactions, and properties of elements and inorganic compounds for courses in descriptive inorganic chemistry. This updated version includes expanded coverage of chemical bonding and enhanced treatment of Buckminster Fullerenes, and incorporates new industrial applications matched to key topics in the text. It is suitable for the one-semester (ACS-recommended) course or as a supplement in general chemistry courses. Ideal for majors and non-majors, the book incorporates rich graphs and diagrams to enhance the content and maximize learning. - Includes expanded coverage of chemical bonding and enhanced treatment of Buckminster Fullerenes - Incorporates new industrial applications matched to key topics in the text

Computational Chemistry

Download Computational Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306483912
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Chemistry by : Errol G. Lewars

Download or read book Computational Chemistry written by Errol G. Lewars and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational chemistry has become extremely important in the last decade, being widely used in academic and industrial research. Yet there have been few books designed to teach the subject to nonspecialists. Computational Chemistry: Introduction to the Theory and Applications of Molecular and Quantum Mechanics is an invaluable tool for teaching and researchers alike. The book provides an overview of the field, explains the basic underlying theory at a meaningful level that is not beyond beginners, and it gives numerous comparisons of different methods with one another and with experiment. The following concepts are illustrated and their possibilities and limitations are given: - potential energy surfaces; - simple and extended Hückel methods; - ab initio, AM1 and related semiempirical methods; - density functional theory (DFT). Topics are placed in a historical context, adding interest to them and removing much of their apparently arbitrary aspect. The large number of references, to all significant topics mentioned, should make this book useful not only to undergraduates but also to graduate students and academic and industrial researchers.

Student Thinking and Learning in Science

Download Student Thinking and Learning in Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136620842
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Student Thinking and Learning in Science by : Keith S. Taber

Download or read book Student Thinking and Learning in Science written by Keith S. Taber and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-11 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This readable and informative survey of key ideas about students’ thinking in science builds a bridge between theory and practice by offering clear accounts from research, and showing how they relate to actual examples of students talking about widely taught science topics. Focused on secondary students and drawing on perspectives found in the international research literature, the goal is not to offer a comprehensive account of the vast literature, but rather to provide an overview of the current state of the field suitable for those who need an understanding of core thinking about learners’ ideas in science, including science education students in teacher preparation and higher degree programs, and classroom teachers, especially those working with middle school, high school, or college level students. Such understanding can inform and enrich science teaching in ways which are more satisfying for teachers, less confusing and frustrating for learners, and so ultimately can lead to both greater scientific literacy and more positive attitudes to science.

The Periodic Table

Download The Periodic Table PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198842325
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Periodic Table by : Eric R. Scerri

Download or read book The Periodic Table written by Eric R. Scerri and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The periodic table of elements, first encountered by many of us at school, provides an arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, and divided into periodic trends. In this Very Short Introduction Eric R. Scerri looks at the trends in properties of elements that led to the construction of the table, and shows how the deeper meaning of the table's structure gradually became apparent with the development of atomic theory and, in particular, quantum mechanics, which underlies the behaviour of all of the elements and their compounds. This new edition, publishing in the International Year of the Periodic Table, celebrates the completion of the seventh period of the table, with the ratification and naming of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 as nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson. Eric R. Scerri also incorporates new material on recent advances in our understanding of the origin of the elements, as well as developments concerning group three of the periodic table. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

The logic of chemical synthesis

Download The logic of chemical synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Рипол Классик
ISBN 13 : 5885010811
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The logic of chemical synthesis by : E.J. Corey

Download or read book The logic of chemical synthesis written by E.J. Corey and published by Рипол Классик. This book was released on 1991 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Organic Chemistry Fundamentals

Download Organic Chemistry Fundamentals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781423228172
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Organic Chemistry Fundamentals by : Mark Jackson

Download or read book Organic Chemistry Fundamentals written by Mark Jackson and published by . This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quick Reference for the core essentials of a subject and class that is challenging at best and that many students struggle with. In 6 laminated pages our experienced chemistry author and professor gathered key elements organized and designed to use along with your text and lectures, as a review before testing, or as a memory companion that keeps key answers always at your fingertips. As many students have said "a must have" study tool. Suggested uses: o Quick Reference - instead of digging into the textbook to find a core answer you need while studying, use the guide to reinforce quickly and repeatedly o Memory - refreshing your memory repeatedly is a foundation of studying, have the core answers handy so you can focus on understanding the concepts o Test Prep - no student should be cramming, but if you are, there is no better tool for that final review

Of Minds and Molecules

Download Of Minds and Molecules PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195128346
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (951 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Of Minds and Molecules by : Nalini Bhushan

Download or read book Of Minds and Molecules written by Nalini Bhushan and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of Minds and Molecules is the first anthology devoted exclusively to work in the philosophy of chemistry. The essays, written by both chemists and philosophers, adopt distinctive philosophical perspectives on chemistry and collectively offer both a conceptualization of and a justification for this emerging field.

United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas

Download United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.M/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas by :

Download or read book United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for the Americas written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Foundations for Teaching Chemistry

Download Foundations for Teaching Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 135123384X
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Foundations for Teaching Chemistry by : Keith S. Taber

Download or read book Foundations for Teaching Chemistry written by Keith S. Taber and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-12-05 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry is a subject that has the power to engage and enthuse students but also to mystify and confound them. Effective chemistry teaching requires a strong foundation of subject knowledge and the ability to transform this into teachable content which is meaningful for students. Drawing on pedagogical principles and research into the difficulties that many students have when studying chemical concepts, this essential text presents the core ideas of chemistry to support new and trainee chemistry teachers, including non-specialists. The book focuses on the foundational ideas that are fundamental to and link topics across the discipline of chemistry and considers how these often complex notions can be effectively presented to students without compromising on scientific authenticity. Chapters cover: the nature of chemistry as a science the chemistry triplet substances and purity in chemistry the periodic table energy in chemistry and chemical bonding contextualising and integrating chemical knowledge Whilst there are a good many books describing chemistry and many others that offer general pedagogic guidance on teaching science, Foundations for Teaching Chemistry provides accounts of core chemical topics from a teaching perspective and offers new and experienced teachers support in developing their own ‘chemical knowledge for teaching’.

Coccolithophores

Download Coccolithophores PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 366206278X
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coccolithophores by : Hans R. Thierstein

Download or read book Coccolithophores written by Hans R. Thierstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introduction to one of the most common phytoplankton types provides broad coverage from molecular and cellular biology all the way to its impact on the global carbon cycle and climate. Individual chapters focus on coccolithophore biology, ecology, evolutionary phylogeny and impact on current and past global changes. The book addresses fundamental questions about the interaction between the biota and the environment at various temporal and spatial scales.

LEV

Download LEV PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2142 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis LEV by :

Download or read book LEV written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 2142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Sociétés Transnationales

Download Sociétés Transnationales PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New York : United Nations
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sociétés Transnationales by : United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Programme on Transnational Corporations

Download or read book Sociétés Transnationales written by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Programme on Transnational Corporations and published by New York : United Nations. This book was released on 1993 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: