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Liquid Fuel Emulsion Jet In Crossflow And Dispersion Under High Pressure Conditions
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Book Synopsis Liquid Fuel Emulsion Jet-in-crossflow and Dispersion Under High Pressure Conditions by : Guillermo Andres Gomez
Download or read book Liquid Fuel Emulsion Jet-in-crossflow and Dispersion Under High Pressure Conditions written by Guillermo Andres Gomez and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current work focuses on the jet-in-crossflow penetration and dispersion behavior of water-in-oil emulsions in a high pressure environment. Both fuel injection strategies of using a water-in-oil emulsion and a jet-in-crossflow have demonstrated unique benefits in improving gas turbine performance from an emissions and efficiency standpoint. A jet-in-crossflow is very practical for use in gas turbine engines, rocket propulsion, and aircraft engines since it utilizes already available crossflow air to atomize fuel. Injecting water into a combustion chamber in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion allows for pollutant emissions reduction while reducing efficiency loses that may result from using a separate water or steam injection circuit. Dispersion effects on oil droplets are expected, therefore investigating the distribution of both oil and water droplets in the crossflow is an objective in this work. Understanding the synchronization and injection behavior of the two strategies is of key interest due to their combined benefits. A water-to-oil ratio and an ambient pressure parameter are developed for emulsion jet-in-crossflow trajectories. To this end, a total of 24 emulsion jet-in-crossflow tests were performed with varying ambient pressures of 2-8 atm and momentum flux ratios of 50, 85, and 120. Sobel edge filtering was applied to each averaged image obtained from a high speed video of each test case. Averaged and filtered images were used to resolve top and bottom edges of the trajectory in addition to the overall peak intensity up to 40 mm downstream of the injection point. An optimized correlation was established and found to differ from literature based correlations obtained under atmospheric pressure conditions. Overall it was found that additional parameters were not necessary for the top edge and peak intensity correlations, but a need for a unique emulsion bottom edge and width trajectory correlation was recognized. In addition to investigating emulsion jet-in-crossflow trajectory correlations, a unique Dual Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (Dual-PLIF) method was applied for the first time on emulsions at elevated pressure conditions. From the Dual-PLIF results, qualitative observations provided insight into the unique dispersion of oil and water concentrations within a cross-sectional plane down stream of the jet-in-crossflow injection.
Book Synopsis Emulsified Fuel Vulnerability Study by : Albert J. Erickson
Download or read book Emulsified Fuel Vulnerability Study written by Albert J. Erickson and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report presents a study of the vulnerability of emulsified fuel and the tests developed to determine vulnerability criteria for liquid JP-4 fuels. The following studies were conducted: vapor pressure, flow dispersion, weight loss, and fluid flow. Test results showed that the emulsion was a significant improvement over the liquid fuel in all areas investigated. The most striking difference is the relative physical characteristics of the two fuels. Similar studies should be conducted with various base liquid fuels and their emulsions. In addition, work should be conducted to determine the relative 'misting' characteristics of the liquid and emulsified fuels.
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuel Spray Processes in High-pressure Gas Flow by : Robert D. Ingebo
Download or read book Liquid Fuel Spray Processes in High-pressure Gas Flow written by Robert D. Ingebo and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Liquid Fuel Jet in Subsonic Crossflow by : T. Nguyen
Download or read book The Liquid Fuel Jet in Subsonic Crossflow written by T. Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pressure Atomization of Water-in-oil Emulsions and Effects of Gaseous Crossflow by : Christopher Daniel Bolszo
Download or read book Pressure Atomization of Water-in-oil Emulsions and Effects of Gaseous Crossflow written by Christopher Daniel Bolszo and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In typical gas turbine combustion environments, water-in-oil emulsions have shown promise relative to mitigating pollutants. For reasons not well understood, emulsion atomization, compared to single component liquid atomization, can produce finer spray distributions; however detailed systematic evaluation of the breakup has not been carried out. Emulsion sprays may also induce secondary atomization through microexplosions, improve fuel vaporization, and reduce pollutant emissions. In the present work, the pressure-swirl atomization of water-in-oil emulsions is studied experimentally at atmospheric pressure; injected into a quiescent environment and a gaseous crossflow. The flow range considered is typical of fuel flow rates in large-scale industrial gas turbines. Natural (unstable) emulsions and emulsions stabilized with surfactants are studied mainly with water mass fractions
Book Synopsis Liquid Fuel Jet Injection Into a Simulated Subsonic 'Dump' Combustor by : John C. Ogg
Download or read book Liquid Fuel Jet Injection Into a Simulated Subsonic 'Dump' Combustor written by John C. Ogg and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic experimental studies of the injection of liquid fuel into a two dimensional flowfield designed to represent a sudden-expansion 'dump' combustor were performed under cold-flow conditions. Test conditions were as follows: 0.6 entrance Mach number, 25 PSIA total pressure, and nominally 75 F stagnation temperature. Two step heights were investigated, 1.0 in. in 0.5 in., corresponding to area ratios of 1.33 and 1.17. The investigation included Pitot and static pressure distributions, spark and streak shadowgraphs, surface flow visualization, direct photographs and videotape recordings.
Book Synopsis A Vulnerability Evaluation of Emulsified Fuels for Use in Army Aircraft by : George H. Custard
Download or read book A Vulnerability Evaluation of Emulsified Fuels for Use in Army Aircraft written by George H. Custard and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of emulsified JP-4 concentrated upon the fuel properties which relate to the ignition and propagation of fire under the conditions of ballistic attack and survivable aircraft accidents. The specific areas of study and testing include the following: (1) fuel combustion rates as a function of air velocity and air temperature, (2) fuel vaporization rates under closed-tank and vented-tank conditions, (3) fuel permeability, (4) fuel dispersion characteristics under conditions of high-velocity ballistic impact and spillage from heights to 20 feet, (5) ease of fuel droplet or spray ignition with various energy sources, (6) fuel and tank panel behavior when hit by functioned incendiary bullets, (7) fire extinguishing ease with a variety of extinguishants against a standardized fire, and (8) self-sealing panel performance with fuel emulsions. It was concluded that emulsified fuels offer opportunities for greater aircraft survivability from several standpoints. They may be employed most advantageously as a part of a total passive defense system for aircraft fuel.
Book Synopsis Atomization of a Liquid Water Jet in Crossflow at Varying Hot Temperatures for High-speed Engine and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Applications by : Luke Alan Caetano
Download or read book Atomization of a Liquid Water Jet in Crossflow at Varying Hot Temperatures for High-speed Engine and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Applications written by Luke Alan Caetano and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper aims to study how varying crossflow burning temperatures from 1100 C to 1800 C affect the liquid droplet breakup, size distribution, and atomization of a liquid water jet injected into a vitiated crossflow. The LJIC injection mechanism was implemented using the high-pressure axially staged combustion facility at the University of Central Florida. The measurement devices used to gather particle data from the exhaust plume were the TSI Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), which measures particles between 0.523 [micrometer] and 20 [micrometer], and the Sensirion SPS30 (SPS30), which measures particles between 0.3 [micrometer] and 10 [micrometer]. Both measurement devices were placed 3 ft away from the choked exit. Table 3 shows that the 1800 C crossflow temperature behaved as predicted by having the largest particle distribution of 67.97% and the largest particle count of 19,301 at 0.523 [micrometer]. The 1100 C crossflow produced the second-largest normalized particle count of 66.69% and raw particle count of 20,209 at 0.523 [micrometer]. This result is contrary to the original hypothesis because it shows that the relationship between temperature and particle count is nonlinear and that many other factors must be at play in the atomization process, such as the droplet distribution at the nano level. The SPS30 was used to compare the particle size distributions between a 1500 C and 1800 C crossflow. Acquiring number concentration data for particles up to 10 [micrometer] in size, the 1800 C crossflow had a distribution peak at 802.76416 N/cm3, and the 1500 C crossflow had a peak of 867.28272 N/cm3. For the 0.5 [micrometer] peak, The 1800 C had a 10 [micrometer] particle size distribution peak at 674.27.76416 N/cm3, and the 1500C crossflow had a peak of 730.501 N/cm3. The decreased number concentration from 1500 C to 1800 C case grants the water particles in the 1800 C crossflow increased surface area, which allows for increased heat exposure from the vitiated crossflow [7]. Despite some nonlinear particle count results, the highest crossflow temperature of 1800 C produces the best atomization results by reducing the total particle count and having the largest collection of particles at the lowest detectable particle size of 0.523 [micrometer].
Book Synopsis Study of the Sub- and Supercritical Behavior of Fuel Droplets and Jets by : Yaw Yeboah
Download or read book Study of the Sub- and Supercritical Behavior of Fuel Droplets and Jets written by Yaw Yeboah and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A project to conduct experiments to understand the flow and thermodynamic characteristics of liquid fuel droplets and jets in subcritical and supercritical environments was initiated. In the project initiation phase (Phase I), the literature on the subject matter was updated, the experimental setup was designed and modifications in the setup including installation of thermocouples, pressure transducers and analytical and diagnostic devices (LDV, PIV and high speed video imaging systems were either initiated or completed. Preliminary experiments on suspended and free falling hexane droplet gasification and combustion under subcritical and supercritical pressure conditions were undertaken. The preliminary results were very interesting and promising especially with respect to the variation of gasification rate with increasing pressure and decreasing droplet size and the effect of buoyancy on the burning droplet. The project remained slightly ahead of schedule at the end of the reporting period.
Book Synopsis Injection, Atomization, Ignition and Combustion of Liquid Fuels in High-Speed Air Streams by : Joseph A. Schetz
Download or read book Injection, Atomization, Ignition and Combustion of Liquid Fuels in High-Speed Air Streams written by Joseph A. Schetz and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental studies of the penetration, break-up and atomization of transverse liquid and slurry jets were performed. All tests were with an air cross flow at Mach 3.0 with Po = 4 atm. and To = 300 deg K. The processes studied were: (1) the effects of injectant viscosity and surface tension, (2) the performance of an impinging jet injector and (3) the effects of particle loading for a slurry jet with 3-50 micrometer particles. The diffractively scattered light method was employed at these high-density, supersonic conditions to study droplet sizes. The major results are, (1) mean droplet size is approximately 10 microns for injectors of 0.05 in., (2) it has an inverse relation with jet/free stream dynamic pressure ratio, (3) it has a direct relation with orifice diameter, (4) it decreases downstream, (5) transverse variation has no simple pattern and (6) droplet size increases with viscosity.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Smoke Reduction in the High-Pressure Combustion of Emulsified Fuels. Volume 3. Experimental Measurements and Computer Modeling of Evaporating Emulsified and Neat Fuel Sprays by : L. G. Dode
Download or read book Mechanisms of Smoke Reduction in the High-Pressure Combustion of Emulsified Fuels. Volume 3. Experimental Measurements and Computer Modeling of Evaporating Emulsified and Neat Fuel Sprays written by L. G. Dode and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of drop-size distributions and vaporized fuel concentrations have been combined with a spray model in the comparative study of the evaporation of sprays of emulsified and non-emulsified and non-emulsified (neat) fuels at elevated temperatures and pressures. The fuel spray was generated by a pressure jet atomizer and was polydisperse; the air stream was approximately one-dimensional turbulent flow in a constant area duct. Diagnostic techniques have been adapted or developed which allow rapid measurements of overall drop-size distributions in the presence of evaporation in high-temperature high-pressure air, and also the fuel vapor concentration distribution within sprays. It was concluded that even in conditions of turbulence and high Reynolds number for drop motion relative to the air, some emulsified fuel drops apparently undergo microexplosions. Further, it was determined that the initial atomization quality depends on te air conditions, with better atomization at higher air densities. This implies that spray drop-size measurements performed at atmospheric conditions need to be corrected for air density and temperature effects to predict atomization quality for altitude relight or high-pressure combustion. A spray model has been developed which represents the spray being studied and provides data in a form comparable to the experimental diagnostics.
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Smoke Reduction in the High Pressure Combustion of Emulsified Fuels. Volumn I. Construction of Apparatus and Preliminary Experiments by : Lee G. Dodge
Download or read book Mechanisms of Smoke Reduction in the High Pressure Combustion of Emulsified Fuels. Volumn I. Construction of Apparatus and Preliminary Experiments written by Lee G. Dodge and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report documents progress made during the first year of a three-year study of the atomization and evaporation characteristics of emulsified and alternative fuels in model gas turbine engines. A significant part of this effort involves the development of spray drop-size diagnostics suitable for use in a combustion environment. A disc-in-duct combustor with a pipe I.D. of 15.04 cm and a disc O.D. of 7.19 cm has been constructed and operated. A significant amount of optical access is available through 3 x 4 in. quartz windows. A delavan 5.0 gallon per hour 45 deg cone angle hollow-cone nozzle has been completely characterized at atmospheric conditions on calibration fluid, Jet-A, a Jet-A/20% water macroemulsion, and a Jet-A/20% water microemulsion. Variations of drop size along the nozzle axis and radially outward have been documented. Modifications to the drop-sizing laser diffraction equipment to permit combustor measurements are described. Some preliminary data for a comparison of atomization of a neat fuel and a macroemulsion fuel when sprayed in high temperature/pressure air are presented. Recommendations are given for the coming year including further measurements in high temperature/pressure noncombusting air followed by measurements in an operating combustor. (Author).
Book Synopsis Understanding Injection Into High Pressure Supercritical Environments by :
Download or read book Understanding Injection Into High Pressure Supercritical Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper summarizes the results of systematic research programs at both the DLR and the AFRL which began nearly ten years ago. The research is aimed at improving the understanding of atomization, mixing, and combustion processes associated with coaxially injected liquid propellant rocket engines. Cold flow studies are imperative for investigations without the complexities introduced with combustion. Initial studies utilized liquid nitrogen (LN2) without a co-flow stream into a chamber with ambient pressures exceeding the thermodynamic critical pressure of the injectant. Secondly, cryogenic cold flow studies were extended with consideration of the effects of a co-flowing gas. Parallel to this work, combustion studies with cryogenic propellants were introduced to understand high-pressure coaxial injection phenomena with the influence of chemical reaction. In both cases, high-pressure injection and combustion facilities were specifically designed and implemented to gain maximum information from a single coaxial injector element. Results from visualization, jet initial growth rate, fractal analysis, Raman scattering, visible length scales, and phenomenological modeling are presented and discussed. It is found that the behavior of the injected jet into supercritical ambient is quite different from those at subcritical conditions. In particular, it is found that the nature of atomization is substantially different and departs significantly from the classical cascade of events attributed to low-pressure liquid jet atomization. At elevated pressure conditions, the injected cryogenic liquid jet behaves more like a high-density gas injected into a low-density gas environment. Implications of this behavior on mixing, growth rate, evolution and response of reacting and non-reacting flow-fields, combustion zone time and length scales, and combustor behavior are investigated and discussed.
Download or read book Applied mechanics reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1948 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion--2005 by :
Download or read book Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion--2005 written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 968 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Oil in the Sea III by : National Research Council
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Book Synopsis AIChE Publications by : Nichigai Asoshiētsu
Download or read book AIChE Publications written by Nichigai Asoshiētsu and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
