Les Lasers 3e Edition

Download Les Lasers 3e Edition full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Les Lasers 3e Edition ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Laser Spectroscopy VIII

Author : Willy Persson
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540479732
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy VIII by : Willy Persson

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy VIII written by Willy Persson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Eighth International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy (EICOLS '87) was held at the Sunwing Hotel in A.re, Sweden, June 22-26; 1987. Fol lowing the traditions ef its predecessors at Vail, Megeve, Jackson Lake, Rottach-Egern, Jasper Park, Interlaken and Maui the intent of EICOLS '87 was to provide a forum for active scientists to meet in an informal at mosphere to discuss recent developments in laser spectroscopy. The scenic and remote location of the conference venue greatly stimulated a lively and relaxed exchange of information and ideas. The conference was attended by 227 scientists from 20 countries includ ing Australia, Austria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Finland, France, the Federal Repulic of Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The scientific program included 14 topical sessions with 50 invited talks, ranging in length from 20 to 40 minutes. About 70 additional in vited contributions were presented in two evening poster sessions. A third evening session included 4 oral and 18 poster post-deadline presentations.

Laser Spectroscopy

Author : Wolfgang Demtröder
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662051559
Total Pages : 997 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy by : Wolfgang Demtröder

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy written by Wolfgang Demtröder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 997 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keeping abreast of the latest techniques and applications, this new edition of the standard reference and graduate text on laser spectroscopy has been completely revised and expanded. While the general concept is unchanged, the new edition features a broad array of new material, e.g., frequency doubling in external cavities, reliable cw-parametric oscillators, tunable narrow-band UV sources, more sensitive detection techniques, tunable femtosecond and sub-femtosecond lasers (X-ray region and the attosecond range), control of atomic and molecular excitations, frequency combs able to synchronize independent femtosecond lasers, coherent matter waves, and still more applications in chemical analysis, medical diagnostics, and engineering.

Lasers and Applications

Author : W.O.N. Guimares
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540386092
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Lasers and Applications by : W.O.N. Guimares

Download or read book Lasers and Applications written by W.O.N. Guimares and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Conference on Lasers and Applications was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 29 June to 3 July 1980. This conference was held to commemorate the memory of Professor Sergio Porto who died suddenly about one year earlier while attending a laser conference in the Soviet Union. The sub ject matter covered the active areas of laser devices, photochemistry, non linear optics, high-resolution spectroscopy, photokinetics, photobiology, photomedicine, optical communication, optical bistability, and Raman spec troscopy. The conference was attended by over 150 people including scientists from Japan, France, England, West Germany, Norway, Italy, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, India, Canada, and the United States. Amemorial session attended by members of the Porto family and ranking Brazilian government dignitaries preceded the start of the conference. The location of the conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was chosen be cause it was in the homeland of Sergio Porto and provided an opportunity for his friends, colleagues, and countryrnen to pay hornage to hirn. The setting on Copacabana Beach afforded access to the lovely beaches, restaurants, and nightlife of one of the most beautiful and exciting cities of the world. There were tours of the city together with a banquet that featured a performance by one of the best Samba Schools in Rio. Financial support from many sponsors in Brazil and the United States is gratefully acknowledged in making this working conference a fitting tribute to the memory of Professor S.P.S. Porto.

SOLID-STATE LASER ENGINEERING.

Author : Walter Koechner
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540650645
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis SOLID-STATE LASER ENGINEERING. by : Walter Koechner

Download or read book SOLID-STATE LASER ENGINEERING. written by Walter Koechner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written from an industrial perspective, Solid-State Laser Engineering discusses in detail the characteristics, design, construction, and performance of solid-state lasers. Emphasis is placed on engineering and practical considerations; phenomenological aspects using models are preferred to abstract mathematical derivations. This new edition has been extensively updated to account for recent developments in the areas of diode-laser pumping, laser materials, and nonlinear crystals.

Laser Crystals

Author : Alexander A. Kaminskii
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540707492
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser Crystals by : Alexander A. Kaminskii

Download or read book Laser Crystals written by Alexander A. Kaminskii and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was a greatest pleasure for me to learn that Springer-Verlag wished to produce a second edition of my book. In this connection, Dr. H. Lotsch asked me to send hirn a list of misprints, mistakes, and inaccuracies that had been noticed in the first edition and to make corresponding corrections without disturbing the layout or the typo graphy too much. I accepted this opportunity with alacrity and, moreover, found some free places in the text where I was able to insert some concise, up-to-date information about new lasing compounds and stimulated emission channels. It was also possible to increase the number of reference citations. The reader of the second edition hence has access to more complete data on insulating laser crystals. However, sections on laser-crystal physics have not been updated, because a satisfactory de scription of the progress made in the last ten years in this field would have required the sections to be extended enormously or even a new book to be written. Moscow, July 1989 ALEXANDER A. KAMINSKII Preface to the First Edition The greatest reward for an author is the feeling of satisfaction he gets when it becomes c1ear to hirn that readers find his work useful. After my book appeared in the USSR in 1975 I received many letters from fellow physicists inc1uding colleagues from Western European countries and the USA.

Optics and Lasers

Author : Matt Young
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540374566
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Optics and Lasers by : Matt Young

Download or read book Optics and Lasers written by Matt Young and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this newest edition of Optics and Lasers, I have added a substantial number of problems and moved most of the older ones to the end of the book. There are now about one hundred problems, which, I hope, will make the book more useful in the classroom. As before, some of the problems derive an espe cially important or useful result; these I have left integrated within the body of the book. In such cases, I state the result and, often, give it an equation number and a citation in the index. Teachers who adopt the book may obtain solutions to the problems by asking me for them on letterhead stationery. In addition, I have rewritten over a dozen paragraphs to improve their clarity or precision and, further , corrected minor errors of punctuation and taken care of other such small details. The field of optics has been changing greatly for almost two dozen years. Partly because of the applied or engineering nature of much of modern optics, there has been a need for a practical text that surveys the entire field. Such a book should not be a classical-optics text, but, rather , it should be strong on principles, applications and instrumentation, on lasers, holography and coherent light, and on optical-fiber waveguides. On the other hand, it should concern itself relatively little with such admittedly interesting phenomena as the formation of the rainbow or the precise determination of the speed of light.

Lasers, Spectroscopy and New Ideas

Author : William M. Yen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540478728
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Lasers, Spectroscopy and New Ideas by : William M. Yen

Download or read book Lasers, Spectroscopy and New Ideas written by William M. Yen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume originated in a happy event honoring Arthur Schawlow on his 65th birthday. As a research physicist, Schawlow has been a major infiuence on the present nature of physics and of high technology. He has also had a role, through the American Physical Society and other organizations, in shaping policy for the world of physicists. Important as these professional activities have been, the contributions to this volume were not prepared just for these reasons, but more for Art Schawlow the friend, colleague, and teacher. I am one who has had the privilege of knowing and collaborating with Art, probably over a longer period of time than others participating in this volume, and in a number of different enterprises; his friendship and stimulating scientific abilities are a very significant part of my own life. It is hence a pleasure to take part in this volume celebrating his contributions to science and to scientists. Schawlow's career has been geographically centered at the University of Toronto, Columbia University, the Bell Telephone Laboratories, and Stan ford University. But, as is illustrated by the papers of this volume, its effects and his personal infiuence have diffused widely. In his own work, Art Schawlow is noted for thoughtful imagination, keen physical intuition, and what might be thought an interest in gadgets - not just any gadgets, but beautiful and innovative mechanisms or new techniques in which he charac teristically recognizes important potentials.

Optics in Instruments

Author : Jean Pierre Goure
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118574664
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Optics in Instruments by : Jean Pierre Goure

Download or read book Optics in Instruments written by Jean Pierre Goure and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-09 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optics is a science which covers a very large domain and is experiencing indisputable growth. It has enabled the development of a considerable number of instruments, the optical component or methodology of which is often the essential part of portent systems. This book sets out show how optical physical phenomena such as lasers – the basis of instruments of measurement – are involved in the fields of biology and medicine. Optics in Instruments: Applications in Biology and Medicine details instruments and measurement systems using optical methods in the visible and near-infrared, as well as their applications in biology and medicine, through looking at confocal laser scanning microscopy, the basis of instruments performing in biological and medical analysis today, and flow cytometry, an instrument which measures at high speed the parameters of a cell passing in front of one or more laser beams. The authors also discuss optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is an optical imaging technique using non-contact infrared light, the therapeutic applications of lasers, where they are used for analysis and care, and the major contributions of plasmon propagation in the field of life sciences through instrumental developments, focusing on propagating surface plasmons (PSP) and localized plasmons (LP). Contents: 1. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Thomas Olivier and Baptiste Moine. 2. Flow Cytometry (FCM) Measurement of Cells in Suspension, Odile Sabido. 3. Optical Coherence Tomography, Claude Boccara and Arnaud Dubois. 4. Therapeutic Applications of Lasers, Geneviève Bourg-Heckly and Serge Mordon. 5. Plasmonics, Emmanuel Fort. About the Authors Jean-Pierre Goure is Emeritus Professor of optics at Jean Monnet University in Saint-Etienne, France, and was previously director of the UMR 5516 laboratory linked with CNRS. He is the author of more than 100 publications in various fields, such as spectroscopy, instrumentation, sensors, optical fiber and optical communications. He was also previously deputy director in engineering science at CNRS and a member of several scientific associations such as the French Optical Society and the European Optical Society.

The Wine Bible, 3rd Edition

Author : Karen MacNeil
Publisher : Workman Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 1523520159
Total Pages : 1554 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (235 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Wine Bible, 3rd Edition by : Karen MacNeil

Download or read book The Wine Bible, 3rd Edition written by Karen MacNeil and published by Workman Publishing Company. This book was released on 2022-10-11 with total page 1554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It’s America’s bestselling wine book, now fully revised, updated, and in color! Beloved and trusted by everyone, from newcomers starting their wine journey to oenophiles, sommeliers, restaurateurs, and industry insiders, The Wine Bible is comprehensive, entertaining, authoritative, beautifully written, and endlessly interesting. Page after page grounds the reader deeply in the fundamentals—vineyards and varietals, climate and terroir—while layering on passionate asides, tips, anecdotes, definitions, illustrations, maps, labels, and over 400 photographs in full-color. Plus this completely updated 3rd edition offers: New chapters on Great Britain, Croatia, Israel. A new section called In the Beginning… Wine in the Ancient World. New fully revised Great Wines section with recommended bottles to try for each country and region. Expanded chapters on France, Italy, Australia, South America, and the U.S. A deeper grape glossary including 400-plus varieties, and an expanded Mastering Wine Section incorporating latest science on taste and smell.

The High-Power Iodine Laser

Author : G. Brederlow
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540394915
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The High-Power Iodine Laser by : G. Brederlow

Download or read book The High-Power Iodine Laser written by G. Brederlow and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There have been two major review articles on the iodine laser in the last ll seven years, liThe Photochemical Iodine Laser by K. Hohla and K. Kompa (Handbook of Chemical Lasers, edited by R. Gross and J. Bott, Wi 1 ey, New York,1976) and a SANDIA report (No. 78-1071, 1978) entitled liThe Atomic Iodine Laserll. Since then, a large body of new material has been published, and practical experience has been gained with large iodine laser systems in Garchi ng (ASTERIX II I) and in the USSR. These 1 asers have now become very reliable tools, especially in fusion-oriented plasma experiments, which represent their main field of application. They can deliver powers in excess of many terawatts per beam and are thus also suited for use in other areas such as X-ray lasers, incoherent X-ray sources, compression of matter and its behaviour at very high densities. The physics of the iodine laser is now rather well understood, and its technology has reached a standard adequate for the construction of large scale systems in the multi-hundred kJ range. In view of this new situation, we thought it useful to document the present state of the art ina book. Its contents and the literature cited therein have been chosen to cover those areas which are of main concern in the design and operation of pulsed high-power iodine lasers.

Laser Crystals

Author : A. A. Kaminskii
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540348387
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser Crystals by : A. A. Kaminskii

Download or read book Laser Crystals written by A. A. Kaminskii and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The greatest reward for an author is the feeling of satisfaction he gets when it becomes clear to him that readers find his work useful. After my book appeared in the USSR in 1975 I received many letters from fellow physicists including colleagues from Western European countries and the USA. Some of those letters, as well as official reviews of the book, made specific sug gestions for improving the book. The satisfaction I derived from all those kind and warm responses gave me the determination to continue work on the book in order to fulfill these wishes in the next edition. This possibility arose when one of the scientific editors from Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, H. Latsch, who is the founder of the well-known series of quasi-monographs "Topics in Applied Physics", visited our Institute and suggested an English edition of my book. For all this, and for his subsequent help, I am sincerely thankful. I consider it my pleasant duty also to express my gratitude to the American physicist H. F. Ivey, who served as scientific editor of the trans lation. The English version of the book retains the structure of the Russian edition, though it is supplemented with many new data in the tables and figures. It reflects trends in the development of the physics and spectroscopy of laser crystals in recent years.

Laser Spectroscopy V

Author : A. R. W. McKellar
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540388044
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser Spectroscopy V by : A. R. W. McKellar

Download or read book Laser Spectroscopy V written by A. R. W. McKellar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fifth International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy or VICOLS, was held at Jasper Park Lodge, in Jasper, Canada, June 29 to July 3, 1981. Following the tradition of the previous conferences in Vail, Megeve, Jackson Lake, and Rottach-Egern, it was hoped that VICOLS would provide an opportunity for act ive scientists to meet in an informal atmosphere for discussions of recent developments and applications in laser spectroscopy. The excellent conference facilities and remote location of Jasper Park Lodge in the heart of the Canadian Rockies, amply fulfilled these expectations. The conference was truly international, with 230 scientists from 19 countries participating. The busy program of invited talks lasted four days, with two evening sessions, one a panel discussion on Rydberg state spectro scopy, the other a lively poster session of approximately 60 post-deadline papers. We wish to thank all of the participants for their outstanding contribu tions and for preparation of their papers, now available to a wider audience. Our thanks go to the members of the International Steering Committee for their suggestions and recommendations. We are especially pleased to have held this conference under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. VICOLS would not have been possible with out the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Office of Naval Research and Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the United States* of America.

Color Measurement

Author : D.L. MacAdam
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662135086
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (621 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Color Measurement by : D.L. MacAdam

Download or read book Color Measurement written by D.L. MacAdam and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Color is attractive and interesting to everyone. Consequently, control of color is important to all producers, buyers, sellers, and users of colored materials. In various ways, color is an indication of freshness, quality, or other desirable (or undesirable) characteristics of goods. To assure acceptability, saleability, and favorable price - especially in contracts and monitoring of conformance to specifications - numerical expression of color is greatly superior to verbal descriptions. Disagreements concerning words or visual comparisons with samples are all too likely and frequent. Such disagreements underlie much un pleasantness and loss in commerce in consumer goods. Such loss of money and good will must amount to billions of dollars per year, world wide. Persistent efforts to substitute measurements of color for visual judgment have marked the twentieth century. Because visual perception of small color differences is so acute, the requirements for accuracy and world-wide repro ducibility of color measurements have been severe. Only during the last half century have practical spectrophotometers with adequate accuracy been avail able.

Optics in Biomedical Sciences

Author : G.v. Bally
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540394559
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Optics in Biomedical Sciences by : G.v. Bally

Download or read book Optics in Biomedical Sciences written by G.v. Bally and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As there recently has been increased interest in the applications of optical techniques in biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, it seemed to be appropriate to organize a comprehensive international conference on optics in medicine and biology. Such a broad international meeting had not been held before. An international conference on Optics in Biomedical Sciences was organized and took place in Graz, Austria, September 7th through 11th, 1981, sponsored by the International Commission for Optics (ICO) in co operation with the European Optical Committee, the Austrian Association on Biomedical Engineering, and the German Society for Applied Optics. It seemed timely to establish a forum for communication among specialists on an international level. This book, presenting the papers given at this conference, demonstrates the state of the art of this increasingly expanding field of applications of optics. Furthermore, the interested reader will find an extended list of references in the various contributions. This book helps to overcome the difficulty, inherent in all interdisciplinary research fields, of gathering widely scattered literature. The contributions to this book are focussed on the following topics: Biomedical applications of - unconventional imaging in microscopy, - image processing, - interferometry and holography, - speckle-techniques and spectroscopy, - optometry, and - Moire methods. In addition, the brilliant and humorous closing remarks of Nils Abramson from the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, have been included.

Modular Optical Design

Author : O.N. Stavroudis
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 354038801X
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Modular Optical Design by : O.N. Stavroudis

Download or read book Modular Optical Design written by O.N. Stavroudis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Images are ubiquitous. Their formation is one of natures universalities. Water droplets in suspension act in concert to produce rainbows. A partially filled wine glass can be made to form the image of a chandelier at aboring dinner party. The bottom of a water glass, too, can be made to produce an optical image, wildly distorted perhaps, but nevertheless recognizable as an optical image. Primitive folklore abounds with images. Perseus used his highly polished shield as a rear view mirror to lop off Medusa's head without turning hirnself into stone. Narcissus, displaying incrediblY poor taste, fell in love with his own reflection in a pool of water, causing poor Echo to pine away to a me re echo and providing yet another term for the psychoanalytic lexicon. Strepsiades, according to Aristophanes, proposed using a "burning stone" to melt a summons off the bailiff's wax tablet. And the castaways in Jules Vernes' MYsterious Is~nd made a burning glass by freezing water in a watch crystal. Everyone from the Baron Münchhausen to Tom Swift has gotten into the optics act with incredible but eminently useful optical devices. Indeed, Mother Nature herself has had a hand in evolving image-making de vices. Any reasonably symmetrie glob of transparent material, such as an ag gregate of cells, is capable of forming an image. It is not difficult to imag ine the specialization of such an aggregate into a blastula-like structure with an anterior window and light sensitive neurons at its posterior region.

Laser-Tissue Interactions

Author : Markolf H. Niemz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540721916
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Laser-Tissue Interactions by : Markolf H. Niemz

Download or read book Laser-Tissue Interactions written by Markolf H. Niemz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-27 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical practitioners, scientists and graduate students alike will find this exhaustive survey a vital learning tool. It provides a thorough description of the fundamentals and applications in the field of laser-tissue interactions. Basic concepts such as the optical and thermal properties of tissue, the various types of tissue ablation, and optical breakdown and its related effects are treated in detail. The author pays special attention to mathematical tools (Monte Carlo simulations, the Kubelka-Munk theory etc.) and approved techniques (photodynamic therapy, laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy etc.). A section on applications reviews clinically relevant methods in modern medicine using the latest references.

Flame and Combustion, 3rd Edition

Author : J.F. Griffiths
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780751401998
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Flame and Combustion, 3rd Edition by : J.F. Griffiths

Download or read book Flame and Combustion, 3rd Edition written by J.F. Griffiths and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-12-30 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction for postgraduate and undergraduate students to the chemical and physical principles of flame and combustion phenomena. This book should be of interest to undergraduate/postgraduate chemists; chemical engineers; undergraduate/postgraduate mechanical engineers and environmental scientists; and industrial combustion technologists.