Legal Interventions In Family Violence

Download Legal Interventions In Family Violence full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Legal Interventions In Family Violence ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Violence in Families

Author : National Research Council and Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309175461
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Violence in Families by : National Research Council and Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Violence in Families written by National Research Council and Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-02-13 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reports of mistreated children, domestic violence, and abuse of elderly persons continue to strain the capacity of police, courts, social services agencies, and medical centers. At the same time, myriad treatment and prevention programs are providing services to victims and offenders. Although limited research knowledge exists regarding the effectiveness of these programs, such information is often scattered, inaccessible, and difficult to obtain. Violence in Families takes the first hard look at the successes and failures of family violence interventions. It offers recommendations to guide services, programs, policy, and research on victim support and assistance, treatments and penalties for offenders, and law enforcement. Included is an analysis of more than 100 evaluation studies on the outcomes of different kinds of programs and services. Violence in Families provides the most comprehensive review on the topic to date. It explores the scope and complexity of family violence, including identification of the multiple types of victims and offenders, who require different approaches to intervention. The book outlines new strategies that offer promising approaches for service providers and researchers and for improving the evaluation of prevention and treatment services. Violence in Families discusses issues that underlie all types of family violence, such as the tension between family support and the protection of children, risk factors that contribute to violent behavior in families, and the balance between family privacy and community interventions. The core of the book is a research-based review of interventions used in three institutional sectorsâ€"social services, health, and law enforcement settingsâ€"and how to measure their effectiveness in combating maltreatment of children, domestic violence, and abuse of the elderly. Among the questions explored by the committee: Does the child protective services system work? Does the threat of arrest deter batterers? The volume discusses the strength of the evidence and highlights emerging links among interventions in different institutional settings. Thorough, readable, and well organized, Violence in Families synthesizes what is known and outlines what needs to be discovered. This volume will be of great interest to policymakers, social services providers, health care professionals, police and court officials, victim advocates, researchers, and concerned individuals.

Family Interventions in Domestic Violence

Author : John Hamel, LCSW
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826103294
Total Pages : 695 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Family Interventions in Domestic Violence by : John Hamel, LCSW

Download or read book Family Interventions in Domestic Violence written by John Hamel, LCSW and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2006-09-26 with total page 695 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this exciting new book John Hamel, author of the ground-breaking Gender-Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner Abuse, and Tonia Nicholls go beyond the traditional intervention theories of domestic violence practiced today. Offering alternative, unbiased and sometimes controversial views, theories, and current research, they, along with renowned contributors in the field, provide new treatment options that encompass a wide range of gender dynamics. Here are just some of the key principles covered: Interventions Should Be Based on a Thorough Unbiased Assessment Victim/Perpetrator Distinctions are Overstated, and Much Partner Abuse is Mutual Regardless of Perpetrator Gender, Child Witnesses to Partner Abuse are Adversely Affected, and are at Risk for Perpetrating Partner Abuse as Adults This new gender-inclusive approach to assessment and intervention provides a significant departure from traditional paradigms of domestic violence, and offers a much-needed awareness to effectively prevent violence in our communities today and for future generations.

Innovations in Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence

Author : Tod Augusta-Scott
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315532751
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (155 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovations in Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence by : Tod Augusta-Scott

Download or read book Innovations in Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence written by Tod Augusta-Scott and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-04-21 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovations in Interventions to Address Intimate Partner Violence: Research and Practice speaks to what can be done to effectively intervene to end intimate partner violence against women. Including contributions from both researchers and practitioners, chapters describe service innovations across systems in large urban and remote rural contexts, aimed at majority and minority populations, and that utilize a range of theoretical perspectives to understand and promote change in violence and victimization. Reflecting this range, contributions to this volume are organized into five sections: legal responses to domestic violence, intervention with men who have perpetrated domestic violence, responses to women who have experienced domestic violence, restorative approaches to intimate partner violence, and a section on integrating intervention for domestic violence across systems. The book highlights advances in practice which will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, policy makers and students.

Domestic Violence and Family Safety

Author : Janette Cooper
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470713712
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Domestic Violence and Family Safety by : Janette Cooper

Download or read book Domestic Violence and Family Safety written by Janette Cooper and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book aims to explore the exciting opportunities offered by a systemic approach for mental health professionals and psychotherapists when working with families and other systems where domestic violence in intimate relationships is of concern. The main purpose of the book lies in the application of systemic thinking to safety and to understanding the complexity of domestic violence on family relationships over time. The authors outline their approach to these complex issues based on their eight years of joint experience in the Reading Safer Families project. They draw from a broad field of family psychology and systemic psychotherapy to distil the theories, methods and techniques most helpful to practitioners working in modern public and voluntary agencies. Their systemic approach to issues of risk, responsibility and collaboration provides a coherent framework within which to integrate practice. The book also provides a practice orientated and detailed approach to risk assessment, risk management and family reunification. This book will be of interest to practitioners in clinical and educational psychology, social work, nursing, psychiatry, probation, health visiting, counselling and psychotherapy, who work with individuals living in intimate relationships where violence may be of concern, and also to practice supervisors, trainers, trainees and students in these disciplines.

Family Violence and Nursing Practice, Second Edition

Author : Janice Humphreys, PhD, RN, CS, NP
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826118291
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Family Violence and Nursing Practice, Second Edition by : Janice Humphreys, PhD, RN, CS, NP

Download or read book Family Violence and Nursing Practice, Second Edition written by Janice Humphreys, PhD, RN, CS, NP and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2010-07-28 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nurses too often encounter battered women, abused children, and other victims of family violence in hospital and emergency room settings. Nurses therefore have a unique and important role to play in the prevention, identification, and mitigation of violence. This newly revised second edition is a landmark resource that provides comprehensive, nursing-focused coverage of intimate partner violence (IPV), child abuse, and more. This textbook provides a detailed overview of all types of family and other violence, including IPV, same-sex IPV, abuse during pregnancy, intimate partner homicide, stalking, violence against women with disabilities, dating violence, child abuse, children witnessing violence, sexual assault of both children and adults, and elder abuse. The book offers both graduate and undergraduate nursing students a clear view of the essential theories, interventions, and issues surrounding nursing and family violence-presenting an approach that empowers nurses to contribute to the prevention of this worldwide health problem. Special Features: Chapters on legal and forensic issues address the nurse's role and responsibilities when confronting family violence In-depth attention to cultural issues promote culturally relevant practice Abundant diagrams and tables offer quick access to essential standards for care Practice assessment forms and model interventions give practical strategies for addressing family violence A new chapter describes international work in family violence

Social Work and Family Violence

Author : Joan McClennen, PhD
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826133495
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Social Work and Family Violence by : Joan McClennen, PhD

Download or read book Social Work and Family Violence written by Joan McClennen, PhD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2016-08-28 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this comprehensive text for MSW and BSW students studying family violence is fully reorganized for improved flow of information, is substantially revised, and is updated to reflect current scholarship and practice. Focusing on child abuse and maltreatment, intimate partner violence (IPV), and older adult abuse, the book covers assessment procedures and evidence-based treatments used by social workers with victims and perpetrators of all age groups and of both genders. It provides expanded information on agencies advocating on behalf of children including child advocacy centers, guardians ad litem, and court-appointed special advocates as well as child welfare laws and policies. The textbook provides updated information related to IPV and vulnerable/at-risk populations including sex trafficking victims, veterans, and male victims. The second edition also features more in-depth theoretical information integrated with case studies, and new information regarding technological issues and criminal justice reform. The authors address assessments and interventions for adult victims of family violence, adult survivors of child abuse, child witnesses of domestic violence, adolescent victims of dating violence, older adult victims of abuse, and both male and female perpetrators of abuse. The text encompasses several features that make it particularly useful in the classroom, including real-life case studies in every chapter, key terms, and discussion questions. An updated and robust instructor package includes a fully revised Test Bank and more detailed PowerPoints. New to the Second Edition: Aligns with 2015 CSWE Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards Adds updated news articles to help stimulate discussion on chapter content Updated instructor package including fully revised Test Bank Updated and expanded PowerPoint presentations Expanded information in the child maltreatment section on child advocacy centers, guardians ad litem, and court-appointed special advocates A new child maltreatment case example and SMART plan Updated child welfare laws and policies Expanded coverage of safety planning and protection orders for IPV victims New coverage of IPV and sex trafficking Expanded coverage of IPV with male victims and their female perpetrators Coverage of multiple vulnerable and at-risk populations Use of pet therapy and service dogs for IPV in military Updated material on causation of older adult abuse Inclusion of instrument to screen for maltreatment Expanded chapter on assessment and intervention of older adult abuse Example of a possible risk assessment for older adults

Decriminalizing Domestic Violence

Author : Leigh Goodmark
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520968298
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Decriminalizing Domestic Violence by : Leigh Goodmark

Download or read book Decriminalizing Domestic Violence written by Leigh Goodmark and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-10-01 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decriminalizing Domestic Violence asks the crucial, yet often overlooked, question of why and how the criminal legal system became the primary response to intimate partner violence in the United States. It introduces readers, both new and well versed in the subject, to the ways in which the criminal legal system harms rather than helps those who are subjected to abuse and violence in their homes and communities, and shares how it drives, rather than deters, intimate partner violence. The book examines how social, legal, and financial resources are diverted into a criminal legal apparatus that is often unable to deliver justice or safety to victims or to prevent intimate partner violence in the first place. Envisioned for both courses and research topics in domestic violence, family violence, gender and law, and sociology of law, the book challenges readers to understand intimate partner violence not solely, or even primarily, as a criminal law concern but as an economic, public health, community, and human rights problem. It also argues that only by viewing intimate partner violence through these lenses can we develop a balanced policy agenda for addressing it. At a moment when we are examining our national addiction to punishment, Decriminalizing Domestic Violence offers a thoughtful, pragmatic roadmap to real reform.

Restorative Justice and Family Violence

Author : Heather Strang
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521521659
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (216 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Restorative Justice and Family Violence by : Heather Strang

Download or read book Restorative Justice and Family Violence written by Heather Strang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-07-08 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2002 book addresses one of the most controversial topics in restorative justice: its potential for dealing with conflicts within families. Most restorative justice programs specifically exclude family violence as an appropriate offence to be dealt with this way. This book focuses on the issues in family violence that may warrant special caution about restorative justice, in particular, feminist and indigenous concerns. At the same time it looks for ways of designing a place for restorative interventions that respond to these concerns. Further, it asks whether there are ways that restorative processes can contribute to reducing and preventing family violence, to healing its survivors and to confronting the wellsprings of this violence. The book discusses the shortcomings of the present criminal justice response to family violence. It suggests that these shortcomings require us to explore other ways of addressing this apparently intractable problem.

Children Exposed to Domestic Violence

Author : Peter Jaffe
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317789490
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Children Exposed to Domestic Violence by : Peter Jaffe

Download or read book Children Exposed to Domestic Violence written by Peter Jaffe and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover research from across the United States and around the world on children exposed to domestic violence! If you are a member of a helping, medical, or legal profession, Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Current Issues in Research, Intervention, Prevention, and Policy Development will help you explore research, assessments, interventions, and policy and prevention for children, victims of battering, batterers, and their families. This important book focuses on various aspects of spousal/partner abuse and child maltreatment. Comprehensive and thorough, Children Exposed to Domestic Violence focuses on three major sections: theoretical and research issues, intervention and prevention strategies, and policy development from an international perspective. Some of the important issues you will examine include: exploring the importance of partnerships between the domestic violence front-line workers and researchers at universities addressing the thorny issues of parenting in abused women assessing all areas of children's adjustment as well as their various relationships that may be problematic investigating the results of a quarter century research on men who batter by focusing on the crucial link between exposure to violence in childhood and adult marital behavior understanding the role of physiological and environmental factors as central to the role in domestic violence exploring the challenges faced by shelter staff in providing services to children who accompany their mother to find refuge examining new ideas for primary prevention programs in schools understanding policy and legislative implications of the growing body of literature on the impact of exposure to violence on children Children Exposed to Domestic Violence exemplifies the serious challenges faced by social workers, educators, policymakers, psychologists and others in helping professions working with children who have been exposed to domestic violence. You will gain insight into the vast amount of research that has taken place in the last ten years on this problem that will assist you with creating research ideas, interventions, prevention programs, and policies concerning children exposed to domestic violence.

Coercive Control

Author : Evan Stark
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0195384040
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Coercive Control by : Evan Stark

Download or read book Coercive Control written by Evan Stark and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on cases, Stark identifies the problems with our current approach to domestic violence, outlines the components of coercive control, and then uses this alternate framework to analyse the cases of battered women charged with criminal offenses directed at their abusers.

No Visible Bruises

Author : Rachel Louise Snyder
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1635570999
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (355 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis No Visible Bruises by : Rachel Louise Snyder

Download or read book No Visible Bruises written by Rachel Louise Snyder and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WINNER OF THE HILLMAN PRIZE FOR BOOK JOURNALISM, THE HELEN BERNSTEIN BOOK AWARD, AND THE LUKAS WORK-IN-PROGRESS AWARD * A NEW YORK TIMES TOP 10 BOOKS OF THE YEAR * NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD FINALIST * LOS ANGELES TIMES BOOK PRIZE FINALIST * ABA SILVER GAVEL AWARD FINALIST * KIRKUS PRIZE FINALIST NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF 2019 BY: Esquire, Amazon, Kirkus, Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, BookPage, BookRiot, Economist, New York Times Staff Critics “A seminal and breathtaking account of why home is the most dangerous place to be a woman . . . A tour de force.” -Eve Ensler "Terrifying, courageous reportage from our internal war zone." -Andrew Solomon "Extraordinary." -New York Times ,“Editors' Choice” “Gut-wrenching, required reading.” -Esquire "Compulsively readable . . . It will save lives." -Washington Post “Essential, devastating reading.” -Cheryl Strayed, New York Times Book Review An award-winning journalist's intimate investigation of the true scope of domestic violence, revealing how the roots of America's most pressing social crises are buried in abuse that happens behind closed doors. We call it domestic violence. We call it private violence. Sometimes we call it intimate terrorism. But whatever we call it, we generally do not believe it has anything at all to do with us, despite the World Health Organization deeming it a “global epidemic.” In America, domestic violence accounts for 15 percent of all violent crime, and yet it remains locked in silence, even as its tendrils reach unseen into so many of our most pressing national issues, from our economy to our education system, from mass shootings to mass incarceration to #MeToo. We still have not taken the true measure of this problem. In No Visible Bruises, journalist Rachel Louise Snyder gives context for what we don't know we're seeing. She frames this urgent and immersive account of the scale of domestic violence in our country around key stories that explode the common myths-that if things were bad enough, victims would just leave; that a violent person cannot become nonviolent; that shelter is an adequate response; and most insidiously that violence inside the home is a private matter, sealed from the public sphere and disconnected from other forms of violence. Through the stories of victims, perpetrators, law enforcement, and reform movements from across the country, Snyder explores the real roots of private violence, its far-reaching consequences for society, and what it will take to truly address it.

Domestic Violence

Author : Sarah Hilder
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137524529
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Domestic Violence by : Sarah Hilder

Download or read book Domestic Violence written by Sarah Hilder and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a variety of socio-legal perspectives on issues of domestic violence and abuse. Focussing on contemporary research and practice developments in policing, law, statutory and voluntary sectors, the contributors to this volume cover a vast spectrum of initiatives and professional expertise concerned variably with protection, prevention and intervention priorities. The challenges of “joined up” thinking across these perspectives are apparent as the varied definitions, underpinning ideologies, terminologies, the profile of the victim/survivor’s voice and identified gaps in service provision appearing in this book illustrate. As a reflection on the current economic climate, some of the perspectives presented necessarily compete rather than complement each other, an issue the volume highlights and addresses. Achieving a broader understanding of these issues and insights into a range of activity in this context is vital for both the practitioner and academic alike, whatever their perspective./div

Family Violence

Author : Paul Harvey Wallace
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317348354
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Family Violence by : Paul Harvey Wallace

Download or read book Family Violence written by Paul Harvey Wallace and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-27 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the entire spectrum of family violence, focusing onsocial processes and social relationships. The seventh edition of Family Violence: Legal, Medical, and Social Perspectives by Harvey Wallace and Cliff Roberson is a comprehensive introduction to the study of family violence that guides readers to a better understanding of the challenges involved in reducing or eliminating violence. The six major topics are: domestic partner abuse, child abuse, elder abuse, physical and psychological abuse, identifying when abuse occurs, and discussing the effects of the various types of abuse or violence. Learning Goals Upon completing this book, readers will be able to: -Understand the facets of family violence. -Discuss how violence may be reduced or eliminated. -Identify how each major type of abuse impacts the social and law enforcement agencies that are involved.

Responding to Domestic Violence

Author : Eve S. Buzawa
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1506311113
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Responding to Domestic Violence by : Eve S. Buzawa

Download or read book Responding to Domestic Violence written by Eve S. Buzawa and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-10-01 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of the bestselling Responding to Domestic Violence explores the response to domestic violence today, not only by the criminal justice system, but also by public and non-profit social service and health care agencies. After providing a brief theoretical overview of the causes of domestic violence and its prevalence in our society, the authors cover such key topics as barriers to intervention, variations in arrest practices, the role of state and federal legislation, and case prosecution. Focusing on both victims and offenders, the book includes unique chapters on models for judicial intervention, domestic violence and health, and children and domestic violence. In addition, this edition provides an in-depth discussion of the concept of coercive control in domestic violence and its importance in understanding victim needs. Finally, this volume includes international perspectives in order to broaden the reader's understanding of alternative responses to the problem of domestic violence.

Civil Court Responses to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse

Author : Ruth E Fleury-Steiner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781516577972
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (779 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Civil Court Responses to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse by : Ruth E Fleury-Steiner

Download or read book Civil Court Responses to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse written by Ruth E Fleury-Steiner and published by . This book was released on 2019-07 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Civil Court Responses to Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse fills a void in existing literature by shifting the conversation about intimate partner violence and abuse away from research that emphasizes criminal system responses and focusing instead on civil court responses. The volume highlights innovative theory and research about civil legal systems, helping readers better understand the interactions between people--survivors, offenders, children, and legal professionals

Batterer Intervention

Author : Kerry Murphy Healey
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0788178695
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Batterer Intervention by : Kerry Murphy Healey

Download or read book Batterer Intervention written by Kerry Murphy Healey and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999-07 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Batterer Intervention: Program Approaches and Criminal Justice Strategies" is a publication of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) in Rockville, Maryland. The publication provides judges, prosecutors, and probation officers with the information they need to better understand batterer intervention and make appropriate decisions regarding programming.

Legal Interventions in Family Violence

Author : Jeremy Travis
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0788177982
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Legal Interventions in Family Violence by : Jeremy Travis

Download or read book Legal Interventions in Family Violence written by Jeremy Travis and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999-04 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains bottom lineÓ information on family violence from articles written by researchers about their own work or other researchers' work on subjects of immediate concern to practitioners: collaborative efforts between police & protection agencies, arrest policies, protection orders, battered women defense strategies, sentencing, batterer treatment, child sexual abuse, & children's testimony. Represents only those that relate specifically to how the criminal justice system addresses family violence. Includes sections on legal interventions in child maltreatment cases, elder abuse cases, & domestic violence cases.