Learning From Work

Download Learning From Work full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Learning From Work ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Understanding Learning at Work

Author : David Boud
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134674139
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Understanding Learning at Work by : David Boud

Download or read book Understanding Learning at Work written by David Boud and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work now invariably requires a continual focus on learning: to improve productivity, to enhance the flexibility of employees and to develop and transform organizations. This volume brings together leading experts from the United States, Britain, Australia and New Zealand to critically evaluate the current debates on workplace learning and to propose directions for future developments in both research and practice. Topics covered include: * expectations of learning at work into the twenty-first century * learning theories, practice and performance implications * the relationship between workplace learning and other forms of lifelong learning * the international developments in competency-based approaches to learning and assessment * the influence of language, power, culture and gender upon the 'construction' of learning. Topical and informative, this volume will be an invaluable resource for students and researchers of training, HRD, continuing and adult education.

Learning by Doing

Author : Richard DuFour
Publisher : Solution Tree Press
ISBN 13 : 1935249894
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Learning by Doing by : Richard DuFour

Download or read book Learning by Doing written by Richard DuFour and published by Solution Tree Press. This book was released on 2013-06-15 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like the first edition, the second edition of Learning by Doing: A Handbook for Professional Learning Communities at Work helps educators close the knowing-doing gap as they transform their schools into professional learning communities (PLCs).

The SAGE Handbook of Workplace Learning

Author : Margaret Malloch
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1847875890
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (478 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The SAGE Handbook of Workplace Learning by : Margaret Malloch

Download or read book The SAGE Handbook of Workplace Learning written by Margaret Malloch and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2010-10-04 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides an overview of workplace learning from a global perspective.

Towards Integration of Work and Learning

Author : Marja-Leena Stenström
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402089627
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Towards Integration of Work and Learning by : Marja-Leena Stenström

Download or read book Towards Integration of Work and Learning written by Marja-Leena Stenström and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-10-08 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marja-Leena Stenstrom ̈ and Pai ̈ vi Tynjal ̈ a ̈ Changing Working Life as a Challenge to Education Recentmacro-leveltrends,suchaseconomicglobalisation,thedevelopmentofthe- formationsociety,changesinmethodsofproductionandtheorganisationofwork,and the growing signi?cance of knowledge as a factor of production, have created a new context for the relationship between education and working life. In this new context, the use of work experience as an educational and learning strategy has become one ofthemostimportantdevelopmentsbothinvocationaleducationandtraining(VET) and in higher education. Although the tradition of making work an integral part of education has varied at different levels of the educational system, the challenges that systems of education currently face are very similar in many respects. These include thechallengeofequivalenceasregardsthelevelofacademicstandards,thechallenge ofdevelopingpedagogicalpracticesfordifferentformsofwork-relatedlearning,and the impact that work-related learning has on the identity of the educational orga- sation, the teacher, and the learner. The diversity of the systems through which work experience is realised, the varying levels of training of workplace trainers, and the lack of industrial experience of vocational school teachers have aroused discussion abouthowtoguaranteeandassessthequalityofthelearningtakingplaceindifferent workplaces and of the work-based learning system as a whole. (See e. g. Boud & Solomon, 2001, p. 27; Grif?ths & Guile, 2004; Guile &Grif?ths, 2001. ) The key pedagogical question regarding collaboration between education and work is how to build a ?rm connection between theory and practice or abstract thinking and practical action – and between the development of general skills and speci?c vocational skills.

Work-Related Learning

Author : Jan N. Streumer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402039395
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Work-Related Learning by : Jan N. Streumer

Download or read book Work-Related Learning written by Jan N. Streumer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-14 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work-related learning can be broadly seen to be concerned with all forms of education and training closely related to the daily work of (new) employees, and is increasingly playing a central role in the lives of individuals, groups or teams and the agenda’s of organizations. However, as this area of study becomes more prominent, debates have opened about the nature of the field, as well as about its configurations and effects. For example, some authors have a broad definition of WRL and define it as learning for work, at work and through work, ranging from formal, through semi-structured to informal learning. Others prefer to use the concept of WRL mainly in connection to informal, incidental learning processes during work, leading to competent workplace learners. Formal and informal learning are distinguished from each other with respect to the level of intention (implicit/non-intentional/incidental versus deliberative/intentional/structured). Another point of discussion originates from the different ‘theoretical backgrounds’ of the authors: the ‘learning theorists’ versus the ‘organizational theorists’. The first group is mainly interested in the question of how learning comes about; the second group is predominantly interested in the search for factors affecting learning.

Mimetic Learning at Work

Author : Stephen Billett
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319092774
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mimetic Learning at Work by : Stephen Billett

Download or read book Mimetic Learning at Work written by Stephen Billett and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-01 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of mimetic learning at work is outlined and elaborated in this text. That elaboration consists of an account of how securing occupational capacities has been primary associated with learning processes and an explanation of those processes. Much, and probably most, of the learning and development across individuals working lives occurs outside of circumstances of direct guidance or instruction. Yet, recent considerations of individuals’ epistemologies and developments form anthropology and cognitive science suggest that current explanations about individuals’ contributions to learning at and through work are incomplete. So, there is need for an emphasis on individuals’ processes of learning, both within and outside of situations of guidance by more experienced workers, needs to be more fully understood, and accepted as being person dependent. Contributions from anthropology, developmental studies, and cognitive neuroscience now augment those from sociocultural theory.

Professional Learning Communities at Work®and High-Reliability Schools

Author : Robert Eaker
Publisher : Solution Tree Press
ISBN 13 : 1949539644
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (495 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Professional Learning Communities at Work®and High-Reliability Schools by : Robert Eaker

Download or read book Professional Learning Communities at Work®and High-Reliability Schools written by Robert Eaker and published by Solution Tree Press. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dramatically improve schooling by harnessing the collective power of the High Reliability SchoolsTM (HRS) model and the PLC at Work® process. Featuring some of America's best educators, this anthology includes information, insights, and practical suggestions for both PLCs and HRS. The overarching purpose is to demonstrate how these two approaches, taken together, complement each other and support educators in their efforts to create a culture of continuous improvement. Use this resource to ensure a guaranteed and viable curriculum: Study the HRS and PLC practices with guidance from numerous practitioners and experts, developing good teachers into great teachers through a culture of accountability. Learn how to keep your school focused on the right work in order to achieve learning for all through a continuous improvement process. Understand how the HRS model can improve success with the PLC process and how the PLC at Work process is the cornerstone of a high reliability school. Explore the ways in which strong leaders can model and improve the why and how of PLC at Work through a collaborative culture. Explore the five levels of the HRS model, and then learn how to relate each level to PLC at Work process to improve education in your school or district. Contents: Introduction: Professional Learning Communities at Work and High Reliability Schools—Merging Best Practices for School Improvement by Robert J. Marzano and Robert Eaker Part I: The Five Levels A Safe, Supportive, and Collaborative Culture 1. Culture Building in a High Reliability School by Mario Acosta 2. Frames of Mind and Tools for Success: Organizational Culture in a PLC by Anthony Muhammad Effective Teaching in Every Classroom 3. Six Steps for Effective Teaching in Every Classroom by Toby Boss 4. Effective Teaching in a Professional Learning Community by William M. Ferriter A Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum 5. Six Action Steps for a Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum by Jan K. Hoegh 6. PLC, HRS, and a Guaranteed and Viable Curriculum by Heather Friziellie and Julie A. Schmidt Standards-Referenced Reporting 7. A Multiyear Plan for Standards-Referenced Reporting by Tammy Heflebower 8. Grading and Reporting for Learning in a PLC by Eric Twadell Competency-Based Education 9. Personalized, Competency-Based Education by Mike Ruyle 10. Preparation for Tomorrow: A Competency-Based Focus and PLCs by Mike Mattos Part II: Professional Learning Communities, High Reliability Organizations, and School Leadership 11. High Reliability Leadership by Philip B. Warrick 12. Leadership in a PLC: Coherence and Culture by Timothy D. Kanold Part III: Professional Learning Communities, High Reliability Organizations, and District Leadership 13. Leadership in High Reliability School Districts by Cameron L. Rains 14. Leadership in a High Performing PLC by Marc Johnson

Building a Professional Learning Community at Work TM

Author : Parry Graham
Publisher : Solution Tree Press
ISBN 13 : 1936765004
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Building a Professional Learning Community at Work TM by : Parry Graham

Download or read book Building a Professional Learning Community at Work TM written by Parry Graham and published by Solution Tree Press. This book was released on 2009-09-22 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get a play-by-play guide to implementing PLC concepts. Each chapter begins with a story focused on a particular challenge. A follow-up analysis of the story identifies the good decisions or common mistakes made in relation to that particular scenario. The authors examine the research behind best practice and wrap up each chapter with recommendations and tools you can use in your school.

Learn. Work. Lead.: Things Your Mentor Won't Tell You

Author : Terri Tierney Clark
Publisher : Peterson's
ISBN 13 : 076893947X
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (689 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Learn. Work. Lead.: Things Your Mentor Won't Tell You by : Terri Tierney Clark

Download or read book Learn. Work. Lead.: Things Your Mentor Won't Tell You written by Terri Tierney Clark and published by Peterson's. This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: So you've Leaned In, now what? In today's world, women's career success relies on much more than just taking advice from a mentor, knowing how to network, and being proactive. Young professional women have to learn how to analyze career decisions for themselves and figure out what to do when their decisions don't work out. Learn, Work, Lead: Things Your Mentor Won't Tell You is a cutting-edge career and job search guide that will teach you those skills and give you the tools to navigate successfully in a gender-biased workplace. It will show you how to plan your career now so that you will be chosen to lead in the future. Coaching on how to analyze career decisions and make the best choices even when your solutions differ from your mentors' advice. Guidance on how to succeed even when you're faced with problems that no one could predict. Tools to develop your optimal career plan. Lessons from top business leaders' career war stories.

Stretching Your Learning Edge

Author : Jennifer Abrams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780998177038
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Stretching Your Learning Edge by : Jennifer Abrams

Download or read book Stretching Your Learning Edge written by Jennifer Abrams and published by . This book was released on 2021-04-28 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the book for anyone who embraces growth and learning as an individual and as a workplace colleague. You'll find an introspective view of personal development and an insightful foray into the potential for influencing groups. This book offers research-based tools and templates to guide the journey towards becoming one's best self

Work-Based Learning

Author : Joseph A. Raelin
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470260807
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Work-Based Learning by : Joseph A. Raelin

Download or read book Work-Based Learning written by Joseph A. Raelin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-13 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work-based learning is Joe Raelin’s unique way of incorporating a number of action strategies—such as action learning, action science, and communities of practice—into a comprehensive framework to help people learn collectively with others. In this thoroughly updated and revised edition, he demonstrates how to engage our reflective powers to challenge those taken-for-granted assumptions that unwittingly hold us back from questioning standard ways of operating. A well-known popular author, Joe is an avid student of the many traditions that support work-based learning, so he presents an inclusive model that has wide appeal across disciplines and occupations. He provides readers with the most recent updates in the field, such as his coverage of virtual team learning, portfolios, multisource feedback, critical and global action learning, and changes in educational policy. Whether you're an organizational or college educator, this book will help you make learning accessible to everyone—and even contagious within your organization!

Learning Transfer at Work

Author : PAUL. MATTHEWS
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781909552067
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Learning Transfer at Work by : PAUL. MATTHEWS

Download or read book Learning Transfer at Work written by PAUL. MATTHEWS and published by . This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to make sure your training gets results Learning, and the hoped-for subsequent behaviour change is a process, and yet we focus on the training event thinking that if we can only get that right, everything else will be wonderful. This is no more true for training than it is for a wedding. The quality of the wedding ceremony does not predict the quality of the subsequent marriage. There is a lot more to do after the ceremony, and there is also a lot more to do after the training event to get to 'happily ever after'. Sadly, very few people do what it takes to get even reasonable results from their training events. As Robin Hoyle puts it, "Learning transfer has been L&D's dirty little secret for too long. Too much of what learning teams do is well-intentioned but ultimately underwhelming." Sustainable, competitive advantage is not so much based on what an organisation and its people know, but what they do with what they know. The global training market is worth well over $200 billion, but how much of that 'lands' and makes a difference? If you are reading this page, you already know the answer: 'Not nearly enough'. Learning transfer is the elephant in the room for many in L&D, and this elephant is BIG! The case for proactively driving the learning transfer process is self-evident, and yet so many people choose to behave as if the elephant is not there. How can people keep ignoring it? This book is full of practical ideas you can use to do two things: 1. Convince those around you that the learning transfer elephant is real 2. Introduce processes and activities that deal with this elephant Doing this will get you better returns on your L&D budget, so seize the opportunity! Contents - Foreword by Andy Lancaster - What is learning transfer? - Why do we avoid it? - Where does it start? - Informal learning - The Learning Stack - Triggers that work - Mindset - Near and far transfer - Creating new habits - Support - Measurement - The brand of L&D - The practical stuff - 168 tips, ideas and tools - Companion reading - Index Note: Amazon provides a print on demand paperback. If you want the higher quality paperback, you can get it from us at www.peoplealchemy.co.uk/paul-matthews/author/learning-transfer-book/

The Expertise Economy

Author : Kelly Palmer
Publisher : Nicholas Brealey
ISBN 13 : 1473677017
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Expertise Economy by : Kelly Palmer

Download or read book The Expertise Economy written by Kelly Palmer and published by Nicholas Brealey. This book was released on 2018-09-18 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As seen in Fast Company, Inc., Entrepreneur, Quartz at Work, Big Think, Chief Learning Officer, Chief Executive Officer, and featured in the Financial Times, and Forbes Recommended Reading for Creative Leaders. Nominated for a GetAbstract International Book Award at Frankfurt Book Fair, as one of the top 10 business books of the year 2019 Selected as a best business book of 2019 by SoundView Keeping people's skills in sync with fast-changing markets is the biggest challenge of our time. The workplace is going through a large-scale transition with digitization, automation, and acceleration. Critical skills and expertise are imperative for companies and their employees to succeed in the future, and the most forward-thinking companies are being proactive in adapting to the shift in the workforce. Kelly Palmer, Silicon Valley thought-leader from LinkedIn, Degreed, and Yahoo, and David Blake, co-founder of Ed-tech pioneer Degreed, share their experiences and describe how some of the smartest companies in the world are making learning and expertise a major competitive advantage. The authors provide the latest scientific research on how people really learn and concrete examples from companies in both Silicon Valley and worldwide who are driving the conversation about how to create experts and align learning innovation with business strategy. It includes interviews with people from top companies like Google, LinkedIn, Airbnb, Unilever, NASA, and MasterCard; thought leaders in learning and education like Sal Khan and Todd Rose; as well as Thinkers50 list-makers Clayton Christensen, Daniel Pink, and Whitney Johnson. TheExpertise Economy dares you to let go of outdated and traditional ways of closing the skills gap, and challenges CEOs and business leaders to embrace the urgency of re-skilling and upskilling the workforce.

Applications of Work Integrated Learning Among Gen Z and Y Students

Author : Gerhardt, Trevor
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799864421
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Applications of Work Integrated Learning Among Gen Z and Y Students by : Gerhardt, Trevor

Download or read book Applications of Work Integrated Learning Among Gen Z and Y Students written by Gerhardt, Trevor and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-04-02 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has become evident within higher education and within (or in partnership with) the workplace that there is a growing demand for an integration of learning within the workplace. Formal and intentional models and processes utilizing experiential learning methods and pedagogy are often referred to as work integrated learning. However, there is a vast cross-conceptualization evident within the field between concepts such as work-related learning (WRL), workplace learning (WPL), work-based learning (WBL), work integrated learning (WIL), and experiential learning (EL). Furthermore, there are vast differences between different applications such as apprenticeships, higher degree apprenticeships (HDA), co-operative education (Coop), internships, placements, projects, sandwich courses, practicums, and more. There is a new focus on the impact of WIL on the future labor force, specifically of generations Z and Y. Applications of Work Integrated Learning Among Gen Z and Y Students presents educational and theoretical concepts related to WIL and Gen Z and Y students as a workforce. The chapters include coverage not only on these concepts, but in-depth research on the implications of WIL on these generations, educational themes in WIL, and WIL innovation. The topic of WIL and all its applications are covered in a global context and for all fields of work, focusing on the skills and expertise gained from the students of work-based learning along with insights on how work-based learning is implemented by teachers and educational administrations. This book is a valuable reference tool for in-service and preservice teachers, administrators, teacher educators, human resources and career development management, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in insight, theory, and practical examples of WIL from around the world and the impact these have within the workplace as related to generations Y and Z.

Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning at the Workplace

Author : Sean P. Goggins
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461417406
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning at the Workplace by : Sean P. Goggins

Download or read book Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning at the Workplace written by Sean P. Goggins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an edited volume of case studies exploring the uptake and use of computer supported collaborative learning in work settings. This book fills a significant gap in the literature. A number of existing works provide empirical research on collaborative work practices (Lave & Wenger, 1987; Davenport, 2005), the sharing of information at work (Brown & Duguid, 2000), and the development of communities of practice in workplace settings (Wenger, 1998). Others examine the munificent variation of information and communication technology use in the work place, including studies of informal social networks, formal information distribution and other socio-technical combinations found in work settings (Gibson & Cohen, 2003). Another significant thread of prior work is focused on computer supported collaborative learning, much of it investigating the application of computer support for learning in the context of traditional educational institutions, like public schools, private schools, colleges and tutoring organizations. Exciting new theories of how knowledge is constructed by groups (Stahl, 2006), how teachers contribute to collaborative learning (reference to another book in the series) and the application of socio-technical scripts for learning is explicated in book length works on CSCL. Book length empirical work on CSCW is widespread, and CSCL book length works are beginning to emerge with greater frequency. We distinguish CSCL at Work from prior books written under the aegis of training and development, or human resources more broadly. The book aims to fill a void between existing works in CSCW and CSCL, and will open with a chapter characterizing the emerging application of collaborative learning theories and practices to workplace learning. CSCL and CSCW research each make distinct and important contributions to the construction of collaborative workplace learning.

Developing Employees who Love to Learn

Author : Linda Honold
Publisher : Consulting Psychologists Press, Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9780891061502
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Developing Employees who Love to Learn by : Linda Honold

Download or read book Developing Employees who Love to Learn written by Linda Honold and published by Consulting Psychologists Press, Incorporated. This book was released on 2000 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Open the Learning Toolbox featuring 90 practical resources

The Fearless Organization

Author : Amy C. Edmondson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119477263
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Fearless Organization by : Amy C. Edmondson

Download or read book The Fearless Organization written by Amy C. Edmondson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-14 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conquer the most essential adaptation to the knowledge economy The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth offers practical guidance for teams and organizations who are serious about success in the modern economy. With so much riding on innovation, creativity, and spark, it is essential to attract and retain quality talent—but what good does this talent do if no one is able to speak their mind? The traditional culture of "fitting in" and "going along" spells doom in the knowledge economy. Success requires a continuous influx of new ideas, new challenges, and critical thought, and the interpersonal climate must not suppress, silence, ridicule or intimidate. Not every idea is good, and yes there are stupid questions, and yes dissent can slow things down, but talking through these things is an essential part of the creative process. People must be allowed to voice half-finished thoughts, ask questions from left field, and brainstorm out loud; it creates a culture in which a minor flub or momentary lapse is no big deal, and where actual mistakes are owned and corrected, and where the next left-field idea could be the next big thing. This book explores this culture of psychological safety, and provides a blueprint for bringing it to life. The road is sometimes bumpy, but succinct and informative scenario-based explanations provide a clear path forward to constant learning and healthy innovation. Explore the link between psychological safety and high performance Create a culture where it’s “safe” to express ideas, ask questions, and admit mistakes Nurture the level of engagement and candor required in today’s knowledge economy Follow a step-by-step framework for establishing psychological safety in your team or organization Shed the "yes-men" approach and step into real performance. Fertilize creativity, clarify goals, achieve accountability, redefine leadership, and much more. The Fearless Organization helps you bring about this most critical transformation.