Language Variation European Perspectives

Download Language Variation European Perspectives full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Language Variation European Perspectives ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Language Variation European Perspectives

Author : Frans L. Hinskens
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027293120
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation European Perspectives by : Frans L. Hinskens

Download or read book Language Variation European Perspectives written by Frans L. Hinskens and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2006-11-30 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents 16 original studies of variation in languages representing the three main European language families, as well as in varieties of Greek and Hungarian. The studies concern variation in or across dialects or dialect groups, in standard varieties or in emerging regional varieties of the standard. Several studies investigate a specific linguistic element or structure, while others focus on areas of tension between variation and prescriptive standard norms, on regional standard varieties and regiolects, on problems of linguistic classification (from folk linguistic or dialect geographical perspectives) and the classification of speakers. Language acquisition plays a main role in three studies. The studies in this volume represent a range of methods, including ethnographic and 'interpretative' approaches, conversation analysis, analyses of the internal and geographical distribution of dialect features, the classification and quantitative analyses of socio-demographic speaker background data, quantitative analyses of both diachronic and synchronic language data, phonetic measurements, as well as (quasi-)experimental perception studies. The volume thus offers a microcosmic reflection of the macrocosmos of world-wide research on variability in (originally) European languages at the beginning of the 21th century and the linguistic expression of cultural diversity.

Language Variation - European Perspectives VII

Author : Juan-Andrés Villena-Ponsoda
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027262071
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives VII by : Juan-Andrés Villena-Ponsoda

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives VII written by Juan-Andrés Villena-Ponsoda and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2019-12-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a selection from papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 9), which was held at the University of Malaga (Spain), from June 6 to 9, 2017. The volume includes plenaries by Manuel Almeida (“Language hybridism: On the origin of interdialectal forms”) and Frans Hinskens (“Of clocks, clouds and sound change”). In addition, the editors have selected 13 papers encompassing different languages and language varieties — not only from large language families, such as Romance and Germanic, but also small language families, like Greek, or smaller languages, like Croatian — and covering a large range of topics on sociolinguistics and linguistic variation. The book displays a contemporary picture of the research currently being conducted on language variation and change in European languages. Readers interested in every field related to language and language use will enjoy a wide variety of theoretical frameworks and methodological perspectives on speech variation, historical sociolinguistics and foreign language acquisition and learning.

Language Variation--European Perspectives

Author : Frans Hinskens
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027234817
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation--European Perspectives by : Frans Hinskens

Download or read book Language Variation--European Perspectives written by Frans Hinskens and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents 16 original studies of variation in languages representing the three main European language families, as well as in varieties of Greek and Hungarian. The studies concern variation in or across dialects or dialect groups, in standard varieties or in emerging regional varieties of the standard. Several studies investigate a specific linguistic element or structure, while others focus on areas of tension between variation and prescriptive standard norms, on regional standard varieties and regiolects, on problems of linguistic classification (from folk linguistic or dialect geographical perspectives) and the classification of speakers. Language acquisition plays a main role in three studies. The studies in this volume represent a range of methods, including ethnographic and 'interpretative' approaches, conversation analysis, analyses of the internal and geographical distribution of dialect features, the classification and quantitative analyses of socio-demographic speaker background data, quantitative analyses of both diachronic and synchronic language data, phonetic measurements, as well as (quasi-)experimental perception studies. The volume thus offers a microcosmic reflection of the macrocosmos of world-wide research on variability in (originally) European languages at the beginning of the 21th century and the linguistic expression of cultural diversity.

Language Variation - European Perspectives III

Author : Frans Gregersen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027287376
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives III by : Frans Gregersen

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives III written by Frans Gregersen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011-03-16 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language Variation – European Perspectives III contains 18 selected papers from the International Conference on Language Variation in Europe which took place in Copenhagen 2009. The volume includes plenaries by Penelope Eckert (‘Where does the social stop?’) and Brit Mæhlum (on how cities have been viewed by dialectologists, sociolinguists – and lay people). In between these two longer papers, the editors have selected 16 others ranging over a wide field of interest from phonetics (i.a. Stuart-Smith, Timmins and Alam) via syntax (Wiese) to information structure (Moore and Snell) and from cognitive semantics (Levshina, Geeraerts and Spelman) to the perceptual study of intonation (Feizollahi and Soukup). Several of the papers concern methodological questions within corpus based studies of variation (Buchstaller and Corrigan, Vangsnes and Johannessen, and Ruus and Duncker). Taken as a whole the papers demonstrate how wide the field of variation studies has become during the last two decades. It is now central to almost all linguistic subfields.

Language Variation - European Perspectives IV

Author : Peter Auer
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027272115
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives IV by : Peter Auer

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives IV written by Peter Auer and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eighteen contributions in this volume are based on papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. The volume includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers (‘Where is syntactic variation?’) and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knöbl (‘Standard usage’: Towards a realistic conception of spoken standard German). In addition, the editors have selected 16 papers ranging over a wide field of languages/varieties and topics. The languages and varieties covered are Belarusian, British English, Catalan, Dutch, Gaelic, Gallo-Italic, Greek, Italian, Occitan, Rhaeto-Romance, Russian, Scottish English, Swedish, Turkish, and several varieties of German. The majority of the papers deal with phonetic and phonological variation (Caro Reina; Deppermann, Kleiner and Knöbl; Katerbow; Moosmüller and Scheutz; Schützler; Schleef; West; Zeller; Ziegler), but morphological variation (Cornips and Hulk; Dal Negro), morphosyntactic variation (Melissaropoulou, Themistocleous, Tsiplakou and Tsolakidis), and syntactic variation (Barbiers; Håkansson; Rothmayr) are also represented. Additional papers deal with code-switching.

Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts

Author : Nicola McLelland
Publisher : Multilingual Matters
ISBN 13 : 180041157X
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts by : Nicola McLelland

Download or read book Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts written by Nicola McLelland and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important contribution to the sociolinguistics of Asian languages breaks new ground in the study of language standards and standardization in two key ways: in its focus on Asia, with particular attention paid to China and its neighbours, and in the attention paid to multilingual contexts. The chapters address various kinds of (sometimes hidden) multilingualism and examine the interactions between multilingualism and language standardization, offering a corrective to earlier work on standardization, which has tended to assume a monolingual nation state and monolingual individuals. Taken together, the chapters in this book thus add to our understanding of the ways in which multilingualism is implicated in language standardization, as well as the impact of language standards on multilingualism. The introduction, Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 are free to download as open access publications. You can access them here: Introduction: https://zenodo.org/record/5749388#.YaiwuNDP3cs Chapter 6: https://zenodo.org/record/5749522#.Yaiw-9DP3cs Chapter 8: https://zenodo.org/record/5749586#.Yai0RNDP3cs

Language Variation - European Perspectives III

Author : Frans Gregersen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027234876
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives III by : Frans Gregersen

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives III written by Frans Gregersen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Language Variation European Perspectives III" contains 18 selected papers from the International Conference on Language Variation in Europe which took place in Copenhagen 2009. The volume includes plenaries by Penelope Eckert ( Where does the social stop? ) and Brit Maehlum (on how cities have been viewed by dialectologists, sociolinguists and lay people). In between these two longer papers, the editors have selected 16 others ranging over a wide field of interest from phonetics (i.a. Stuart-Smith, Timmins and Alam) via syntax (Wiese) to information structure (Moore and Snell) and from cognitive semantics (Levshina, Geeraerts and Spelman) to the perceptual study of intonation (Feizollahi and Soukup). Several of the papers concern methodological questions within corpus based studies of variation (Buchstaller and Corrigan, Vangsnes and Johannessen, and Ruus and Duncker). Taken as a whole the papers demonstrate how wide the field of variation studies has become during the last two decades. It is now central to almost all linguistic subfields."

Language Variation - European Perspectives V

Author : Eivind Torgersen
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027268819
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives V by : Eivind Torgersen

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives V written by Eivind Torgersen and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language Variation – European Perspectives V is based on papers presented at the Seventh International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 7), which was held in Trondheim, Norway from 26 to 28 June 2013. The 17 papers included in the book explore phonetic and phonological variation (Bitenc and Kenda-Jež; Hildenbrandt and Moosmüller; Jansen; Schaufuß; Schleef, Flynn and Ramsammy; Stuart-Smith, Rathcke, Sonderegger and Macdonald), morphology (Padilla-Moyano), syntax (Christensen and Juel Jensen; Jónsson, Brynjólfsdóttir and Sverrisdóttir), morphosyntax (Auger and Wycoff; Cerruti and Regis), language ideology, linguistic practices and language attitudes (Strand; Hall-Lew, Fairs and Lew; Dunmore and Smith-Christmas), code-switching (Amadou; Bucher) and language documentation (Kühl). The book is essential reading for scholars working on variation and change in European languages. The articles in the present volume investigate Romani, Turkish, Greek, Slovene, Picard, Swiss-German, Basque, Danish, Italian, English, Gaelic, Icelandic Sign Language, Faroe Danish and Norwegian.

Language Variation - European Perspectives VI

Author : Isabelle Buchstaller
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027265577
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation - European Perspectives VI by : Isabelle Buchstaller

Download or read book Language Variation - European Perspectives VI written by Isabelle Buchstaller and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2017-07-26 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language Variation - European Perspectives VI showcases a selection of papers from the 8th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe which was held in Leipzig in 2015. The volume includes plenaries by Miriam Meyerhoff and Steffen Klaere (“The large and the small of it: Big issues with smaller samples in the study of language variation”), Martin Haspelmath and Susanne Maria Michaelis (“Analytic and synthetic: Typological change in varieties of European languages”) and Jürgen Erich Schmidt (“Dynamics, variation and the brain“). In addition, the editors have selected 11 papers which exemplify the breadth of research on European languages. The contributions to this volume encompass languages as varied as Swedish, Greek, Galician, Dutch, German, Swedish, English (including English-lexified contact varieties), French, Spanish, Croatian, Luxembourgish and Romani. The variety of theoretical frameworks and methodological perspectives and particularly the combination of different methods attests to the scope of research currently being conducted on language variation and change in European languages.

Language Variation European perspectives II

Author : Stavroula Tsiplakou
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027289263
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation European perspectives II by : Stavroula Tsiplakou

Download or read book Language Variation European perspectives II written by Stavroula Tsiplakou and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009-11-19 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a selection of papers from the 4th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 4), which was held at the University of Cyprus from June 17th–19th 2007. The variety of theoretical frameworks and methodological perspectives (from Generative Grammar, Word Grammar, Government Phonology, Optimality Theory and Distributed Morphology to quantitative, Labovian and ethnographic approaches to variation and change, real and apparent time studies, phonetic analysis and metatheoretical papers on quantitative analysis), as well as the sheer number of linguistic varieties examined, attest both to the breadth and scope of the conference and to its status as a meeting-place for synchronic and diachronic linguistic description and theoretical exploration. One of the major themes running through the volume is the explicit concern with methodological refinement. Almost all the contributions address issues of methodology in various aspects of data collection and analysis, be they questionnaire surveys and interview data, spoken or written corpora, real- and apparent-time studies, dialect atlases and maps, statistical models or software. Alongside methodological issues, and especially with regard to the treatment of historical data, many of the papers in the volume explicitly address theoretical issues, for example the relative weighting of linguistic/systemic, cognitive and discourse factors in the exploration of language variation and change.

Perspectives on Variation

Author : Nicole Delbecque
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 311090957X
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Perspectives on Variation by : Nicole Delbecque

Download or read book Perspectives on Variation written by Nicole Delbecque and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The significant advances witnessed over the last years in the broad field of linguistic variation testify to a growing convergence between sociolinguistic approaches and the somewhat older historical and comparative research traditions. Particularly within cognitive and functional linguistics, the evolution towards a maximally dynamic approach to language goes hand in hand with a renewed interest in corpus research and quantitative methods of analysis. Many researchers feel that only in this way one can do justice to the complex interaction of forces and factors involved in linguistic variability, both synchronically and diachronically. The contributions to the present volume illustrate the ongoing evolution of the field. By bringing together a series of analyses that rely on extensive corpuses to shed light on sociolinguistic, historical, and comparative forms of variation, the volume highlights the interaction between these subfields. Most of the contributions go back to talks presented at the meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea held in Leuven in 2001. The volume starts with a global typological view on the sociolinguistic landscape of Europe offered by Peter Auer. It is followed by a methodological proposal for measuring phonetic similarity between dialects designed by Paul Heggarty, April McMahon, and Robert McMahon. Various papers deal with specific phenomena of socially and conceptually driven variation within a single language. For Dutch, José Tummers, Dirk Speelman, and Dirk Geeraerts analyze inflectional variation in Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch, Reinhild Vandekerckhove focuses on interdialectal convergence between West-Flemish urban dialects, and Arjan van Leuvensteijn studies competing forms of address in the 17th century Dutch standard variety. The cultural and conceptual dimension is also present in the diachronic lexicosemantic explorations presented by Heli Tissari, Clara Molina, and Caroline Gevaert for English expressions referring to the experiential domains of love, sorrow and anger, respectively: the history of words is systematically linked up with the images they convey and the evolving conceptualizations they reveal. The papers by Heide Wegener and by Marcin Kilarski and Grzegorz Krynicki constitute a plea against arbitrariness of alternations at the level of nominal morphology: dealing with marked plural forms in German, and with gender assignment to English loanwords in the Scandinavian languages, respectively, their distributional accounts bring into the picture a variety of motivating factors. The four cross-linguistic studies that close the volume focus on the differing ways in which even closely related languages exploit parallel morphosyntactic patterns. They share the same methodological concern for combining rigorous parametrization and quantification with conceptual and discourse-functional explanations. While Griet Beheydt and Katleen Van den Steen confront the use of formally defined competing constructions in two Germanic and two Romance languages, respectively, Torsten Leuschner as well as Gisela Harras and Kirsten Proost analyze how a particular speaker's attitude is expressed differently in various Germanic languages.

Language Variation – European Perspectives VIII

Author : Hans Van de Velde
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027259828
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation – European Perspectives VIII by : Hans Van de Velde

Download or read book Language Variation – European Perspectives VIII written by Hans Van de Velde and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-06-16 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a selection of papers from the 10th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 10), which was organized by the Fryske Akademy and held in Leeuwarden/Ljouwert (the Netherlands) in June 2019. The editors have selected thirteen papers on a wide range of language varieties, geographically ranging from Dutch-Frisian contact varieties in Leeuwarden to English in Sydney, Australia. The selection includes traditional quantitative and qualitative approaches to different types of linguistic variables, as well as state-of-the-art techniques for the analysis of speech sounds, new dialectometrical methods, covariation analysis, and a range of statistical methods. The papers are based on data from traditional sources such as sociolinguistic interviews, speech corpora and newspapers, but also on hip hop lyrics, historical private letters and administrative documents, as well as re-analyses of dialect atlas data and older dialect recordings. The reader will enjoy the vibrant diversity of language variation studies presented in this volume.

Language Variation--European Perspectives II

Author : Stavroula Tsiplakou
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 902723485X
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation--European Perspectives II by : Stavroula Tsiplakou

Download or read book Language Variation--European Perspectives II written by Stavroula Tsiplakou and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Printbegrænsninger: Der kan printes 10 sider ad gangen og max. 40 sider pr. session

Style-shifting in Public

Author : Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027234892
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Style-shifting in Public by : Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy

Download or read book Style-shifting in Public written by Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Language acts are acts of identity, and linguistic variation reflects the multifaceted construction of verbal alternatives for transmitting social meaning, where style-shifting represents our ability to take up different social positions due to its potential for linguistic performance, rhetorical stance-taking and identity projection.Traditional variationist conceptualizations of style-shifting as a primarily responsive phenomenon seem unable to account for all stylistic choices. In contrast, more recent formulations see stylistic variation as initiative, creative and strategic in personal and interpersonal identity construction and projection, making a significant contribution to our understanding of this aspect of sociolinguistic variation. In this volume social constructivist approaches to style-shifting are further developed by bringing together research which suggests that people make stylistic choices aimed at conveying (and achieving) a particular social categorization, sociolinguistic meaning, and/or to project a specific positioning in society. Therefore, there is a need, we collectively argue, to adopt permeable and flexible multidimensional, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to speaker agency that take into consideration not only reactive but also proactive motivations for stylistic variation, and where individuals rather than groups and their strategies are the main focus when examining style-shifting in public. This book will be of interest to advanced students and academics in the areas of sociolinguistics, dialectology, social psychology, anthropology and sociology.

Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV

Author : Peter Auer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789027234940
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (349 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV by : Peter Auer

Download or read book Language Variation -- European Perspectives IV written by Peter Auer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 6), which was held at the University of Freiburg, Germany, from June 29 to July 1, 2011. This title includes plenaries by Sjef Barbiers and Arnulf Deppermann/ Stefan Kleiner & Ralf Knobl.

Metalinguistic Perspectives on Germanic Languages

Author : Gijsbert Rutten
Publisher : Historical Sociolinguistics
ISBN 13 : 9783034318532
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Metalinguistic Perspectives on Germanic Languages by : Gijsbert Rutten

Download or read book Metalinguistic Perspectives on Germanic Languages written by Gijsbert Rutten and published by Historical Sociolinguistics. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In what ways has language been central to constructing, challenging and reconfiguring social and political boundaries? This volume focuses on how language functions as a marker of identity, drawing on case studies across Europe.

Observing Eurolects

Author : Laura Mori
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027263310
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Observing Eurolects by : Laura Mori

Download or read book Observing Eurolects written by Laura Mori and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2018-12-15 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the multi-faceted topic of Eurolects, this volume brings together knowledge and methodologies from various disciplines, including sociolinguistics, legal linguistics, corpus linguistics, and translation studies. The legislative varieties of eleven EU official and working languages (Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Italian, Latvian, Maltese, Polish, Spanish) are analyzed using corpus methodologies in order to investigate the variational dynamics and translation-induced patterns of the different languages. The underlying assumption is that, within the sociolinguistic continua of the EU languages, it is possible to single out specific legislative varieties (Eurolects) that originate at a supra-national level. This research hypothesis is strongly supported by the empirical findings derived from detailed corpus analyses of each language. This work represents the first systematic and comprehensive linguistic research conducted on a wide range of EU languages using the same protocol and applying corpus methodologies to the extensive Eurolect Observatory Multilingual Corpus.