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Labor Supply Responses To Social Security
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Book Synopsis Labor Supply Responses to Marginal Social Security Benefits by : Jeffrey B. Liebman
Download or read book Labor Supply Responses to Marginal Social Security Benefits written by Jeffrey B. Liebman and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key question for Social Security reform is whether workers currently perceive the link on the margin between the Social Security taxes they pay and the Social Security benefits they will receive. We estimate the effects of the marginal Social Security benefits that accrue with additional earnings on three measures of labor supply: retirement, hours, and labor earnings. We develop a new approach to identifying these incentive effects by exploiting five provisions in the Social Security benefit rules that generate discontinuities in marginal benefits or non-linearities in marginal benefits that converge to discontinuities as uncertainty about the future is resolved. We find clear evidence that individuals approaching retirement (age 52 and older) respond to the Social Security tax-benefit link on the extensive margin of their labor supply decisions: we estimate that a 10 percent increase in the net-of-tax share reduces the two-year retirement hazard by a statistically significant 2.1 percentage points from a base rate of 15 percent. The evidence with regards to labor supply responses on the intensive margin is more mixed: we estimate that the elasticity of hours with respect to the net-of-tax share is 0.41 and statistically significant, but we do not find a statistically significant earnings elasticity.
Book Synopsis Labor Supply Responses to Marginal Social Security Benefits by : Jeffrey B. Liebman
Download or read book Labor Supply Responses to Marginal Social Security Benefits written by Jeffrey B. Liebman and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key question for Social Security reform is whether workers currently perceive the link on the margin between the Social Security taxes they pay and the Social Security benefits they will receive. We estimate the effects of the marginal Social Security benefits that accrue with additional earnings on three measures of labor supply: retirement, hours, and labor earnings. We develop a new approach to identifying these incentive effects by exploiting five provisions in the Social Security benefit rules that generate discontinuities in marginal benefits or non-linearities in marginal benefits that converge to discontinuities as uncertainty about the future is resolved. We find clear evidence that individuals approaching retirement (age 52 and older) respond to the Social Security tax-benefit link on the extensive margin of their labor supply decisions: we estimate that a 10 percent increase in the net-of-tax share reduces the two-year retirement hazard by a statistically significant 2.1 percentage points from a base rate of 15 percent. The evidence with regards to labor supply responses on the intensive margin is more mixed: we estimate that the elasticity of hours with respect to the net-of-tax share is 0.41 and statistically significant, but we do not find a statistically significant earnings elasticity.
Book Synopsis Labor Supply Responses to Social Security by : John Laitner
Download or read book Labor Supply Responses to Social Security written by John Laitner and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists' most basic model for studying Social Security policy issues is the so - called life - cycle model of saving behavior. This paper sets up a life - cycle model in which a household simultaneously chooses its lifetime consumption profile and retirement age. The paper calibrates parameters from Consumer Expenditure Survey data, making special use of observations of changes in household consumption immediately following retirement. The paper's last section provides illustrative simulations of the effect of current Social Security provisions on average retirement ages, finding evidence of a several year reduction in working life in some cases.
Book Synopsis Labor Supply and Social Welfare Benefits in the United States by : Robert J. Lampman
Download or read book Labor Supply and Social Welfare Benefits in the United States written by Robert J. Lampman and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Persistence in Labor Supply and the Response to the Social Security Earnings Test by : Leora Friedberg
Download or read book Persistence in Labor Supply and the Response to the Social Security Earnings Test written by Leora Friedberg and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the impact on labor supply of changes in the Social Security earnings test in 1996 and 2000. We highlight how the persistence of labor supply choices influences both responses to policy changes and the estimation of such responses. We do this in two ways. First, we use data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Current Population Survey that allows us to compare employment transitions across cohorts that are differentially affected by changes in the earnings test rules. We show that conditioning on last year's employment status is important in identifying responses to current earnings test changes. Second, we test the effect of not only current but also anticipated as well as past earnings test parameters which cohorts faced at earlier ages. We find that past and anticipated future rules influence current employment and earnings. Our results help to identify an effect of earnings test changes affecting ages 65-69 on employment at younger and older ages, which suggests caution about the use of neighboring age groups as control groups in analyzing responses to the earnings test. We also show that earnings test changes that were initiated in 1996 had an important effect, in addition to the changes in 2000 that have been extensively studied.
Book Synopsis Labor Supply Effects of Social Insurance by : Alan B. Krueger
Download or read book Labor Supply Effects of Social Insurance written by Alan B. Krueger and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter examines the labor supply effects of social insurance programs. We argue that this topic deserves separate treatment from the rest of the labor supply literature because individuals may be imperfectly informed as to the rules of the programs and because key parameters are likely to differ for those who are eligible for social insurance programs, such as the disabled. Furthermore, differences in social insurance programs often provide natural experiments with exogenous changes in wages or incomes that can be used to estimate labor supply responses. Finally, social insurance often affects different margins of labor supply. For example, the labor supply literature deals mostly with adjustments in the number of hours worked, whereas the incentives of social insurance programs frequently affect the decision of whether to work at all. The empirical work on unemployment insurance (UI) and workers' compensation (WC) insurance finds that the programs tend to increase the length of time employees spend out of work. Most of the estimates of the elasticities of lost work time that incorporate both the incidence and duration of claims are close to 1.0 for unemployment insurance and between 0.5 and 1.0 for workers' compensation. These elasticities are substantially larger than the labor supply elasticities typically found for men in studies of the effects of wages or taxes on hours of work. The evidence on disability insurance and (especially) social security retirement suggests much smaller and less conclusively established labor supply effects. Part of the explanation for this difference probably lies in the fact that UI and WC lead to short-run variation in wages with mostly a substitution effect. Our review suggest that it would be misleading to apply a universal set of labor supply elasticities to these diverse problems and populations
Book Synopsis Does the Social Security Earnings Test Affect Labor Supply and Benefits Receipt? by : Jonathan Gruber
Download or read book Does the Social Security Earnings Test Affect Labor Supply and Benefits Receipt? written by Jonathan Gruber and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Security earnings test, a version of which still applies to those ages 62-64, reduces immediate payments to beneficiaries whose labor income exceeds a given threshold. Although benefits are subsequently increased to compensate for any such reduction, the earnings test is typically perceived as a tax on working. As a result, it is considered by many to be an important disincentive to paid work for older Americans. Yet there is little evidence to suggest an economically significant effect of the earnings test on hours of work, and almost no research on the effect of the test on the decision to work at all. We investigate these issues using the significant changes in the structure of the earnings test over the past 25 years, using data over the past 25 years, using data over the 1973-1998 period from the March Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provide large samples of observations on the elderly. Our analysis suggests two major conclusions. First, the earnings test exerts no robust influence on the labor supply decisions of men. Neither graphical analyses of breaks in labor supply trends, nor regression estimates that control for underlying trends in labor supply by age group, reveal any significant impact of changes in earnings test parameters on aggregate employment, hours of work, or earnings for men. For women, there is more suggestive evidence that the earnings test is affecting labor supply decisions. Second, loosening the earnings test appears to accelerate benefits receipt among the eligible population, lowering benefits levels, and heightening concerns about the standard of living of these elderly at very advanced ages. Our findings suggest some cause for caution before rushing to remove the earnings test at younger ages.
Book Synopsis Persistence in Labor Supply and the Response to the Social Security Earnings Test by : Leora Friedberg
Download or read book Persistence in Labor Supply and the Response to the Social Security Earnings Test written by Leora Friedberg and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates the impact on labor supply of changes in the Social Security Earnings Test in 1996 and 2000. We highlight how the persistence of labor supply choices influences both responses to policy changes and the estimation of such responses. We do this in two ways. First, we use data from the Health and Retirement Study and the Current Population Survey that allows us to compare employment transitions across cohorts that are differentially affected by changes in the earnings test rules. We show that conditioning on last year's employment status is important in identifying responses to current earnings test changes. Second, we test the effect of not only current but also anticipated as well as past earnings test parameters which cohorts faced at earlier ages. We find that past and anticipated future rules influence current employment and earnings. Our results help to identify an effect of earnings test changes affecting ages 65-69 on employment at younger and older ages, which suggests caution about the use of neighboring age groups as control groups in analyzing responses to the earnings test. We also show that earnings test changes that were initiated in 1996 had an important effect, in addition to the changes in 2000 that have been extensively studied.
Book Synopsis Women's Labor Supply Response to Social Security by : Therese Anne MacCarty
Download or read book Women's Labor Supply Response to Social Security written by Therese Anne MacCarty and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Social Security Information on the Labor Supply and Savings of Older Americans by : Philip Armour
Download or read book The Effect of Social Security Information on the Labor Supply and Savings of Older Americans written by Philip Armour and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines how older workers adjust their labor supply in response to information they receive about their retirement wealth from the provision of the Social Security Statement. We find that older male workers' labor supply is highly responsive to receiving personalized information about future Social Security benefits, leading to a reduction of 119 hours worked per year, on average. However, our estimates point to significant heterogeneity in this response, with workers at the lower end of the hours-worked distribution increasing their labor supply and those at the high end decreasing their labor supply. We argue differences in knowledge about Social Security benefits across the labor supply distribution can explain much of this heterogeneity. We additionally explore the extent to which the information on the Statement may have led some workers to mistakenly reduce their labor supply by too much due to a lack of understanding of the dynamic nature of the Statement's benefit projections with respect to earnings. Receipt of a second Statement led all but the lowest hour workers to increase their labor supply relative to workers who did not receive a second Statement. This is consistent with workers misunderstanding the information provided as accumulated rather than projected wealth. Our results point to older workers being very responsive to Social Security information, which highlights the need to accurately convey information about both pension wealth and its sensitivity to changes in earnings.
Book Synopsis Labor Supply and Public Policy by : Michael C. Keeley
Download or read book Labor Supply and Public Policy written by Michael C. Keeley and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-11 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor Supply and Public Policy: A Critical Review deals with the theoretical and empirical econometric research done on the determinants of labor supply and with the effects of public policies on labor supply. This book reviews the various estimates made from studies concerning the economics of labor supply and evaluates the econometric methods that these studies have used. This text also analyzes the labor-supply phenomena, the costs of the different public programs, as well as, the implications of the empirical findings of these studies. The emphasis is on empirical research: many policies that are made depend on the scale of changes in the wage rates and non-market (household) income on hours of work. This book also focuses more on the determinants of the allocation of time between the market and household sectors. The text notes that by using the means of the estimates in the different studies under review, the labor-supply response to public policies involving net wages or income, shows a substantial (but not overwhelming) reaction. This book then correlates this finding with the tax and transfer programs, such as food stamps, unemployment insurance, AFDC (aid to families with dependent children), and NIT (negative income tax). This book is suitable for economists, social workers, and policy makers who are involved in social services, community development, welfare, taxation, labor, and employment.
Book Synopsis Supply-Side Consequences of Social Security Reform by : Barry Bosworth
Download or read book Supply-Side Consequences of Social Security Reform written by Barry Bosworth and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pension reform can potentially increase saving and improve incentives for labor force participation later in life. We investigate whether these effects are likely to occur and the potential size of the effects on private and total saving and on employment past age 55. Our survey of existing evidence and new empirical analysis focus on three issues: The possible reduction in other government saving if more assets are accumulated in a public retirement program; the reduction in non-pension private saving if assets are accumulated in new private retirement accounts; and the increase in old-age labor supply that could occur if Social Security benefits are reduced. We find mixed evidence that faster accumulation of assets in public or private retirement funds would produce higher public and private saving. Using the most optimistic estimates of the public saving response to faster accumulation in public retirement funds, we find advance funding will cause a big increase in aggregate saving and future national income. However, international evidence suggests governments are likely to offset a large percentage of public pension fund accumulation by reducing saving in other government accounts. The evidence on private saving suggests that savers tend to offset faster accumulation of assets in pension accounts with lower saving in non-pension accounts. Most empirical estimates of the labor supply response to Social Security reductions imply the response will be small. Even using unrealistically high estimates of responsiveness, we find that a one-third cut in benefits will add less than 3 percent to the future labor force.
Book Synopsis Social Security and Labor Supply Incentives by : Roger Hall Gordon
Download or read book Social Security and Labor Supply Incentives written by Roger Hall Gordon and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many provisions of the Social Security Program distort an individual's labor supply incentives. In particular, the payroll tax, the earnings test, the offsetting actuarial adjustment, and the dependence of the size of future benefits on the level of current earnings all affect the net return to extra work. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the size of the net tax rate on labor income in a variety of circumstances, taking into account all these provisions, as well as the personal income tax. We find that the Social Security Program on net in the past has provided a large subsidy to labor supply, which for many people effectively offset the personal income tax. This subsidy rate, however, has been declining steadily over time.
Book Synopsis The Perception Of Social Security Incentives For Labor Supply And Retirement by : Jeffrey B. Liebman
Download or read book The Perception Of Social Security Incentives For Labor Supply And Retirement written by Jeffrey B. Liebman and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The degree to which the Social Security tax distorts labor supply depends on the extent to which individuals perceive the link between current earnings and future Social Security benefits. Some Social Security reform plans have been motivated by an assumption that workers fail to perceive this link and that increasing the salience of the link could result in significant efficiency gains. To measure the perceived linkage between labor supply and Social Security benefits, we administered a survey to a representative sample of Americans aged 50-70. We find that the majority of respondents believe that their Social Security benefits increase with labor supply. Indeed, respondents generally report a link between labor supply and future benefits that is somewhat greater than the actual incentive. We also surveyed people about their understanding of various other provisions in the Social Security benefit rules. We find that some of these provisions (e.g., effects of delayed benefit claiming and rules on widow benefits) are relatively well understood while others (e.g., rules on spousal benefits, provisions on which years of earnings are taken into account) are less well understood. In addition, our survey incorporated a framing experiment, which shows that how the incentives for delayed claiming are presented has an impact on hypothetical claiming decisions. In particular, the traditional "break-even" framing used by the Social Security Administration leads to earlier claiming than other presentations do.
Book Synopsis Factors Affecting Labor Supply Decisions and Retirement Income by : Robin L. Lumsdaine
Download or read book Factors Affecting Labor Supply Decisions and Retirement Income written by Robin L. Lumsdaine and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent policy has focused on alleviating poverty among the elderly, with varying degrees of success. Gains to some subsets of the elderly population have come at the expense of others. A component of the policy debate has been identifying factors which might influence labor force participation decisions and the effects such decisions will have on retirement income and its adequacy for a growing elderly population. While models of retirement behavior are becoming increasingly sophisticated, most fail to capture key elements such as expectations and uncertainty. This is in part due to the reduced form nature of policy experiments; parameters are estimated under a current policy and used to predict effects of an alternative scenario. Such an approach implicitly assumes that the only difference in the alternative setting is the change in policy and does not adequately account for endogeneity of decisions and responses to these changes. This paper reviews factors affecting the labor supply decision, their interactions with and implications for subsequent retirement income, and identifies important methods and data requirements necessary to model complicated dynamic behavior more accurately.
Book Synopsis Responses to Social Security by Men and Women by : Cordelia W. Reimers
Download or read book Responses to Social Security by Men and Women written by Cordelia W. Reimers and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The labor supply response to critical aspects of the Social Security program depends on whether behavior is "myopic" (conditioned by current benefits only) or "far-sighted" (conditioned by the entire future benefit stream). This behavior reflects attitudes toward risk and ability to borrow, as well as underlying time preferences. The individual's effective time horizon is treated as an empirical question in this paper. Responses to the Social Security earnings test and the delayed retirement credit are examined, as well as the question of whether older men and women are able to work while keeping their earnings below the exempt earnings limit; in other words, whether the earnings test affects participation as well as hours of work. Hazard functions for labor market reentry after retirement are estimated using the Longitudinal Retirement History Study. We find striking gender differences in that women respond to Social Security wealth and are not deterred from working by the earnings test, while men respond to current benefits and their labor force participation is impeded by the test. Increases in the delayed retirement credit, as provided by the 1983 amendments to the Social Security Act, should therefore increase the labor supply of older women but not of men, though its intention was to increase the supply of both; however, increasing or abolishing the earnings limit, as proposed in Congress, would increase older men's participation but not that of older women.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Social Security Benefits on Labor Supply by : Giora Hanoch
Download or read book The Effect of Social Security Benefits on Labor Supply written by Giora Hanoch and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
