Khovanschchina

Download Khovanschchina PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Alma Books
ISBN 13 : 0714545228
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Khovanschchina by : Modest Mussorgsky

Download or read book Khovanschchina written by Modest Mussorgsky and published by Alma Books. This book was released on 2018-01-01 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mussorgsky's last opera dramatizes the conspiracy of Prince Khovansky against Tsar Peter the Great, and the epic ends with the exile, murder and suicide of all the power groups of old Russia. When Musorgsky died in 1881, it was unfinished, and Rimsky-Korsakov completed it; Ravel and Stravinsky made another version for Diaghilev in 1911; in 1959 Shostakovich went back to the original and rediscovered a masterpiece. Caryl Emerson offers a provocative reading of Mussorgsky's achievement. Gerard McBurney relates the non-European inspiration in the score to Mussorgsky's conception of history, while Rosamund Bartlett describes the cultural impetus for his historical vision.Contents: Apocalypse Then, Now, and (for Us) Never: Reflections on Musorgsky's Other Historical Opera, Caryl Emerson; Musorgsky's Music of Time, Gerard McBurney; 'Khovanshchina' in Context, Rosamund Bartlett; Khovanshchina: Libretto by Modest Musorgsky; The Khovansky Affair: English translation by Carol Borah Palca.

Shostakovich

Download Shostakovich PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780195182514
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (825 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shostakovich by : Laurel E. Fay

Download or read book Shostakovich written by Laurel E. Fay and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2000 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Shostakovich's life is a fascinating example of the paradoxes of living as an artist under totalitarian rule. Alone among his artistic peers, he survived successive Stalinist cultural purges and won the Stalin Prize five times, yet in 1948 he was dismissed from his conservatory teaching positions, and many of his works were banned from performance. He prudently censored himself, in one case putting aside a work based on Jewish folk poems. Under later regimes he balanced a career as a model Soviet - holding government positions and acting as an international ambassador - with his unflagging artistic ambitions."--Jacket.

National Traditions in Nineteenth-Century Opera, Volume II

Download National Traditions in Nineteenth-Century Opera, Volume II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351915827
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (519 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis National Traditions in Nineteenth-Century Opera, Volume II by : Michael C. Tusa

Download or read book National Traditions in Nineteenth-Century Opera, Volume II written by Michael C. Tusa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a cross-section of English-language scholarship on German and Slavonic operatic repertories of the "long nineteenth century," giving particular emphasis to four areas: German opera in the first half of the nineteenth century; the works of Richard Wagner after 1848; Russian opera between Glinka and Rimsky-Korsakov; and the operas of Richard Strauss and Janácek. The essays reflect diverse methods, ranging from stylistic, philological, and historical approaches to those rooted in hermeneutics, critical theory, and post-modernist inquiry.

Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music

Download Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131716444X
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music by : Margaret S. Barrett

Download or read book Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music written by Margaret S. Barrett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The notion of the individual creator, a product in part of the Western romantic ideal, is now troubled by accounts and explanations of creativity as a social construct. While in collectivist cultures the assimilation (but not the denial) of individual authorship into the complexities of group production and benefit has been a feature, the notion of the lone individual creator has been persistent. Systems theories acknowledge the role of others, yet at heart these are still individual views of creativity - focusing on the creative individual drawing upon the work of others rather than recognizing the mutually constitutive elements of social interactions across time and space. Focusing on the domain of music, the approach taken in this book falls into three sections: investigations of the people, processes, products, and places of collaborative creativity in compositional thought and practice; explorations of the ways in which creative collaboration provides a means of crossing boundaries between disciplines such as music performance and musicology; and studies of the emergence of creative thought and practice in educational contexts including that of the composer and the classroom. The volume concludes with an extended chapter that reflects on the ways in which the studies reported advance understandings of creative thought and practice. The book provides new perspectives to our understandings of the role of collaborative thought and processes in creative work across the domain of music including: composition, musicology, performance, music education and music psychology.

Musorgsky

Download Musorgsky PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199772924
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Musorgsky by : David Brown

Download or read book Musorgsky written by David Brown and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-05-14 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modest Musorgsky was one of the towering figures of nineteenth-century Russian music. Now, in this new volume in the Master Musicians series, David Brown gives us the first life-and-works study of Musorgsky to appear in English for over a half century. Indeed, this is the largest such study of Musorgsky to have appeared outside Russia. Brown shows how Musorgsky, though essentially an amateur with no systematic training in composition, emerged in his first opera, Boris Godunov, as a supreme musical dramatist. Indeed, in this opera, and in certain of his piano pieces in Pictures at an Exhibition, Musorgsky produced some of the most startlingly novel music of the whole nineteenth century. He was also one of the most original of all song composers, with a prodigious gift for uncovering the emotional content of a text. As Brown illuminates Musorgsky's work, he also paints a detailed portrait of the composer's life. He describes how, unlike the systematic and disciplined Tchaikovsky, Musorgsky was a fitful composer. When the inspiration was upon him, he could apply himself with superhuman intensity, as he did when composing the initial version of Boris Godunov. Sadly, Musorgsky deteriorated in his final years, suffering periods of inner turmoil, when his alcoholism would be out of control. Finally, unemployed and all but destitute, he died at age forty-two. His failure to complete his two remaining operas, Khovanshchina and Sorochintsy Fair, Brown concludes, is one of music's greatest tragedies. Written by one of the leading authorities on nineteenth-century Russian composers, Musorgsky is the finest available biography of this giant of Russian music.

Five Operas and a Symphony

Download Five Operas and a Symphony PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300133162
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Five Operas and a Symphony by : Boris Gasparov

Download or read book Five Operas and a Symphony written by Boris Gasparov and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-10-01 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this eagerly anticipated book, Boris Gasparov gazes through the lens of music to find an unusual perspective on Russian cultural and literary history. He discusses six major works of Russian music from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, showing the interplay of musical texts with their literary and historical sources within the ideological and cultural contexts of their times. Each musical work becomes a tableau representing a moment in Russian history, and together the works form a coherent story of ideological and aesthetic trends as they evolved in Russia from the time of Pushkin to the rise of totalitarianism in the 1930s. Gasparov discusses Glinka’s Ruslan and Ludmilla (1842), Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov (1871) and Khovanshchina (1881), Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin (1878) and The Queen of Spades (1890), and Shostakovich’s Fourth Symphony (1934). Offering new interpretations to enhance our understanding and appreciation of these important works, Gasparov also demonstrates how Russian music and cultural history illuminate one another.

Musorgsky

Download Musorgsky PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691224064
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Musorgsky by : Richard Taruskin

Download or read book Musorgsky written by Richard Taruskin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-12 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "It is [a] fully illuminated story that Richard Taruskin, in the path-breaking essays collected here, unfolds around Modest Musorgsky, Russia's greatest national composer. . . . [Taruskin's] tour de force comes with a frontal attack on all the Soviet-bred truisms that for a century have refashioned Musorgsky from what the evidence suggests he was—an aristocrat with an early clinical interest in true-to-life musical portraiture and a later penchant for drinking partners who were both folklore buffs and political reactionaries democrat."—from the foreword Incorporating both new and now-classic essays, this book for the first time sets the vocal works of Modest Musorgsky in a fully detailed cultural, political, and historical context. From this perspective, Richard Taruskin revises fundamentally the composer's historical and artistic image, in particular debunking the century-old dogmas of Vladimir Stasov, Musorgsky's first biographer. Here the author offers the most complete explanation of the revision of the opera Boris Godunov, compares it to contemporaneous operas by Chaikovsky and Rimsky-Korsakov, advances a revisionary characterization of Khovanshchina as an aristocratic tragedy informed by a pessimistic view of history, discusses Musorgsky's use of folklore, and, focusing on Sorochintsi Fair, brings to a climax his refutation of Musorgsky as a protorevolutionary populist. The epilogue is a survey of revisionary productions of Musorgsky's works at home during the Gorbachev era.

Rimsky-Korsakov and His World

Download Rimsky-Korsakov and His World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 069118271X
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rimsky-Korsakov and His World by : Marina Frolova-Walker

Download or read book Rimsky-Korsakov and His World written by Marina Frolova-Walker and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rare look at the life and music of renowned Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov During his lifetime, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908) was a composer whose work had great influence not only in his native Russia but also internationally. While he remains well-known in Russia—where many of his fifteen operas and various orchestral pieces are still in the standard repertoire—very little of his work is performed in the West today beyond Scheherezade and arrangements of The Flight of the Bumblebee. In Western writings, he appears mainly in the context of the Mighty Handful, a group of five Russian composers to which he belonged at the outset of his career. Rimsky-Korsakov and His World finally gives the composer center stage and due attention. In this collection, Rimsky-Korsakov’s major operas, The Snow Maiden, Mozart and Salieri, and The Golden Cockerel, receive multifaceted exploration and are carefully contextualized within the wider Russian culture of the era. The discussion of these operas is accompanied and enriched by the composer’s letters to Nadezhda Zabela, the distinguished soprano for whom he wrote several leading roles. Other essays look at more general aspects of Rimsky-Korsakov’s work and examine his far-reaching legacy as a professor of composition and orchestration, including his impact on his most famous pupil Igor Stravinsky. The contributors are Lidia Ader, Leon Botstein, Emily Frey, Marina Frolova-Walker, Adalyat Issiyeva, Simon Morrison, Anna Nisnevich, Olga Panteleeva, and Yaroslav Timofeev. The Bard Music Festival Bard Music Festival 2018 Rimsky-Korsakov and His World Bard College August 10–12 and August 17–19, 2018

Classical Music

Download Classical Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ballantine Books
ISBN 13 : 0307760464
Total Pages : 657 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Classical Music by : Phil G. Goulding

Download or read book Classical Music written by Phil G. Goulding and published by Ballantine Books. This book was released on 2011-03-16 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MAKE A SOUND INVESTMENT IN CLASSICAL MUSIC Who are the ten most important classical composers? Who in the world was Palestrina? Why did Stravinsky's "Rite of Spring" cause a riot? Which five of each important composer's works should you buy? What is a concerto and how does it differ from a sonata? Maybe you don't know the answers to these questions; author Phil Goulding certainly didn't. When Goulding first tried to learn about classical music, he found himself buried in an avalanche of technical terms and complicated jargon--so he decided to write the book he couldn't find. The result is a complete classical music education in one volume. Comprehensive, discriminating, and delightfully irreverent, Classical Music provides such essential information as: * Rankings of the top 50 composers (Bach is #1. Borodin is #50) * A detailed and anecdotal look at each composer's life and work * The five primary works of each composer and specific recommended CDs for each. * Further great works of each composer--if you really like him * Concise explanations of musical terminology, forms, and periods * A guide to the parts and history of the symphony orchestra "This book uses every conceivable gimmick to immerse readers in the richness of classical music: lists, rankings, sidebars devoted to lively anecdotes, and catchy leads." --The Washington Post "One terrific music appreciation book...The information is surprisingly detailed but concisely presented. Goulding's writing style is breezy yet mature....[He] has raised music appreciation from a racket to a service." --The Arizona Daily Star

Reading Opera

Download Reading Opera PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 140085959X
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reading Opera by : Arthur Groos

Download or read book Reading Opera written by Arthur Groos and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-14 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Libretto-bashing has a distinguished tradition in the blood sport of opera," writes Arthur Groos in the introduction to this broad survey of critical approaches to that much-maligned genre. To examine, and to challenge, the long-standing prejudice against libretti and the scholarly tradition that has, until recently, reiterated it, Groos and Roger Parker have commissioned thirteen stimulating essays by musicologists, literary critics, and historians. Taken as a whole, the volume demonstrates that libretti are now very much within the purview of contemporary humanistic scholarship. Libretti pose questions of intertextuality, transposition of genre, and reception history. They invite a broad spectrum of contemporary reading strategies ranging from the formalistic to the feminist. And as texts for music they raise issues in the relation between the two mediums and their respective traditions. Reading Opera will be of value to anyone with a serious interest in opera and contemporary opera criticism. The essays cover the period from the early nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries, with a particular focus on works of the later nineteenth century. The contributors are Carolyn Abbate, William Ashbrook, Katherine Bergeron, Caryl Emerson, Nelly Furman, Sander L. Gilman, Arthur Groos, James A. Hepokoski, Jurgen Maehder, Roger Parker, Paul Robinson, Christopher Wintle, and Susan Youens. Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Opera for Libraries

Download Opera for Libraries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 9780786414420
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Opera for Libraries by : Clyde T. McCants

Download or read book Opera for Libraries written by Clyde T. McCants and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2003-02-28 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Opera is a unique expression of the human mind and spirit--a play that communicates plot, characterization and story almost entirely through music. Unfortunately, because of restraints of time, location and income, few people have the opportunity to see operas performed on a regular basis. Public libraries are an easily accessible alternative for gaining operatic knowledge and exposure, offering the public a chance to hear, see, and develop an appreciation of opera. This work is a two-part guide for libraries that want to assemble a comprehensive collection of operatic materials. Part I is a list of recommended operas ranging over four hundred years of operatic history and including a variety of different styles and languages. The goal of Part I is to provide recommendations for a comprehensive library collection of video and sound operatic recordings. Part II suggest books, periodicals, and online resources that could be an integral and important part of a library's opera collection. This section also discusses the care and maintenance of sound and video recordings, offers suggestions for locating hard-to-find operatic material, and explores the library's role in sparking patron interest in opera.

New Grove Book of Operas

Download New Grove Book of Operas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0195309073
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (953 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Grove Book of Operas by : Stanley Sadie

Download or read book New Grove Book of Operas written by Stanley Sadie and published by . This book was released on with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's defiinitive single volume of opera reference including: full plot synopses, cast lists, singers, composers, literary and social history, recordings, and much more. Covers over 250 operas performed over the last quarter-century, additional works selected for interest, merit, or historical significance, 64 pages of color plates, 100 black-and-white photographs, fully cross-referenced with indexes and a glossary.

Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657-1704

Download Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657-1704 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780300047905
Total Pages : 1018 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (479 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657-1704 by : Lindsey Hughes

Download or read book Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657-1704 written by Lindsey Hughes and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 1018 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Om Sof'ja (1657-1704), der som formynder for sine yngre brødre, Fedor (1661-1682) og Ivan (1666-1696), var Ruslands første kvindelige regent

Romanov Riches

Download Romanov Riches PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Knopf
ISBN 13 : 0307595528
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Romanov Riches by : Solomon Volkov

Download or read book Romanov Riches written by Solomon Volkov and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2011-02-22 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a sweeping cultural history of Russia from the rise of the house of Romanov in 1613 to its downfall at the hands of the Bolsheviks in 1917, Solomon Volkov effortlessly unwinds the twisted relationship between art and the royal family. Throughout the Romanov dynasty, Russia’s greatest artists and thinkers, painters and poets, composers and dancers, served two masters. Devotion to craft—or principle—could never wholly eclipse dependence on the tsars. Similarly, consumers of Russian culture could never respond without political consideration: Volkov recounts how, at the 1836 premiere of Glinka’s opera A Life for the Tsar, fashionable audiences watched Nicholas I in his private box to see how they ought to react. He wept, and they wept accordingly. In this spellbinding story, we watch the great figures of Russian history clash. Alexei, father of Peter the Great, befriended the writer Avvakum only to banish him; the next tsar, Fedor, had Avvakum burned alive. Using her notorious charms, Catherine the Great masterfully wielded political control over her culture industry. For his part, Pushkin became the first favored artist to resist the tsar’s influence. His poem “To Liberty” is cherished as a revolutionary work of dissent. But even Pushkin’s genius went unspared: Alexander tired of the poet’s literary and amorous freethinking and banished him from St. Petersburg. Romanov Riches is a work of epic scale that never sacrifices individual characters for broader themes. Gogol, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy are presented in a devilishly intricate dance with their royal patrons. A truly essential work for anyone who wants to understand Russia’s passionate devotion to its most important artists, it is the prequel to Volkov’s acclaimed work The Magical Chorus: A History of Russian Culture from Tolstoy to Solzhenitsyn.

Masters of Russian Music

Download Masters of Russian Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Faber & Faber
ISBN 13 : 0571302823
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (713 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Masters of Russian Music by : Gerald Abraham

Download or read book Masters of Russian Music written by Gerald Abraham and published by Faber & Faber. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1936, Calvocoressi's and Abraham's study was the first complete account of its subject to appear in any language, including Russian, and was based on a large amount of original first-hand research. Over 75 years later Masters of Russian Music retains its power - as any study of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakof, Scriabin, Borodin et al really ought to, since these were composers whose extraordinary musical accomplishments still left room in their lives for all manner of other interesting (and sometimes eccentric) activities. The portraits in this volume are scholarly, authoritative, and highly lively - as befitting the eminent talents under discussion.

Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions, Volume Two

Download Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions, Volume Two PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520293495
Total Pages : 798 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions, Volume Two by : Richard Taruskin

Download or read book Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions, Volume Two written by Richard Taruskin and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-04-27 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book undoes 50 years of mythmaking about Stravinsky's life in music. During his spectacular career, Igor Stravinsky underplayed his Russian past in favor of a European cosmopolitanism. Richard Taruskin has refused to take the composer at his word. In this long-awaited study, he defines Stravinsky's relationship to the musical and artistic traditions of his native land and gives us a dramatically new picture of one of the major figures in the history of music. Taruskin draws directly on newly accessible archives and on a wealth of Russian documents. In Volume One, he sets the historical scene: the St. Petersburg musical press, the arts journals, and the writings of anthropologists, folklorists, philosophers, and poets. Volume Two addresses the masterpieces of Stravinsky's early maturityÑPetrushka, The Rite of Spring, and Les Noces. Taruskin investigates the composer's collaborations with Diaghilev to illuminate the relationship between folklore and modernity. He elucidates the Silver Age ideal of "neonationalism"Ñthe professional appropriation of motifs and style characteristics from folk artÑand how Stravinsky realized this ideal in his music. Taruskin demonstrates how Stravinsky achieved his modernist technique by combining what was most characteristically Russian in his musical training with stylistic elements abstracted from Russian folklore. The stylistic synthesis thus achieved formed Stravinsky as a composer for life, whatever the aesthetic allegiances he later professed. Written with Taruskin's characteristic mixture of in-depth research and stylistic verve, this book will be mandatory reading for all those seriously interested in the life and work of Stravinsky.

Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions

Download Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520070998
Total Pages : 798 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions by : Richard Taruskin

Download or read book Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions written by Richard Taruskin and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1996-07-15 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taruskin demonstrates how Stravinsky achieved his modernist technique by combining what was most characteristically Russian in his musical training with stylistic elements abstracted from Russian folklore. The stylistic synthesis thus achieved formed Stravinsky as a composer for life, whatever the aesthetic allegiances he later professed.