Investigation Of The Function Of The Vaccinia Virus O1l Gene

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Investigation of the Function of the Vaccinia Virus O1L Gene

Author : Mark Wood Metcalf
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of the Function of the Vaccinia Virus O1L Gene by : Mark Wood Metcalf

Download or read book Investigation of the Function of the Vaccinia Virus O1L Gene written by Mark Wood Metcalf and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poxviruses are large DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells, and are responsible for many infections annually in a variety of animal (and human) hosts. Despite the work that has been done on the virus family, a great number of highly conserved genes remain uncharacterized. Vaccinia virus (the virus used for smallpox vaccination) is the most studied poxvirus, but much is still unknown about it specifically with respect to its virulence factors. We identified a set of genes that we hypothesized might be immunoregulators because they are 1) highly conserved in mammalian tropic poxviruses, 2) are exclusive to poxviruses, and 3) have not been identified as replication essential genes in genome wide studies. Vaccinia Virus (VacV) O1L was chosen for further study and characterization. O1L codes for a large theoretical protein, and has multiple independent lines of evidence supporting its expression. Herein, O1L knockout mutant viruses were generated, and replication was assessed via one-step and multistep growth curves. Replication of the deletion mutant virus was also measured in several other cell types. Effects of O1L on cellular metabolism and survival, viral particles, virulence in groups of intranasally challenged Balb/C mice, and in vitro and in vivo immune responses were assessed.

Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology

Author : Stuart N. Isaacs
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592597890
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology by : Stuart N. Isaacs

Download or read book Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology written by Stuart N. Isaacs and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-03 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Right Book at the Right Time The poxviruses comprise a family of complex DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of vertebrate or invertebrate cells. Of the eight recognized g- era of vertebrate poxviruses, those belonging to the orthopoxvirus genus have been most intensively studied. This group includes variola virus, the agent of smallpox, as well as cowpox virus and vaccinia virus. Jenner’s original sma- pox vaccine, described in 1798, consisted of live cowpox virus, but vaccinia virus later replaced it (1). There has been speculation as to the origin of v- cinia virus; the most likely idea is that it is a separate species, possibly ori- nally isolated from a horse, and is now extinct or rare in nature (2). Recent genome sequencing studies confirm the distinctness of variola virus, cowpox virus, and vaccinia virus and also their very close genetic relationship, which accounts for the cross protection of smallpox vaccines. The novelty of the smallpox vaccine can be readily appreciated by the time it took, about 80 years, before the next live vaccine against rabies was developed, and another 50 years for the yellow fever vaccine. Moreover, the eradication of smallpox in 1977 stands as a unique medical achievement. Because of its historical role, sma- pox vaccination contributed greatly to present concepts of infectious disease, immunity, and pathogenesis. Less well known, however, are the many other “firsts” for vaccinia virus.

An Investigation Into the Specific Function of the Vaccinia Virus 13.8 KDa Protein Encoded by the N1L Gene

Author : Melissa-Rose Hilda Abrahams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis An Investigation Into the Specific Function of the Vaccinia Virus 13.8 KDa Protein Encoded by the N1L Gene by : Melissa-Rose Hilda Abrahams

Download or read book An Investigation Into the Specific Function of the Vaccinia Virus 13.8 KDa Protein Encoded by the N1L Gene written by Melissa-Rose Hilda Abrahams and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Structural and Functional Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus O1 Virulence Protein

Author : Anastasia C. Weeks
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural and Functional Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus O1 Virulence Protein by : Anastasia C. Weeks

Download or read book Structural and Functional Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus O1 Virulence Protein written by Anastasia C. Weeks and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses capable of causing disfiguring and deadly disease in a wide range of hosts, from insects to mammals. Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) encode many proteins that are not essential for viral replication, but are responsible for vast differences in pathogenesis. Of the>200 proteins in the prototypical OPXV vaccinia virus (VACV), many remain functionally cryptic. The objective of these studies was to understand how the VACV O1 protein functions by investigating cell-specific effects that may contribute to virulence. The O1L gene is expressed early as the O1 protein, a 78 kDa protein that lacked N-linked glycosylation. These data are the first to demonstrate the reduced ability of an O1 deletion mutant ([delta]O1) to induce cell migration compared to the parental VACV Western Reserve strain (VACV-WR). [delta]O1-infected cell monolayers also exhibited reduced plaque diameter and clearance in plaque foci. These observations indicated that O1 is a significant contributor to VACV cytopathic effects (CPE) in vitro, in agreement with published reports. The results reported herein are the first to describe an altered immunological response with [delta]O1, as levels of anti-VACV immunoglobulin significantly increased with [delta]O1 infection at a time point (seven days post-infection) when VACV-WR induced VACV-specific antibody levels were comparable to sera from mock-infected mice. [delta]O1 was more immunogenic in an ex vivo antigen presentation assay, although mitogen-induced CD4+ T cell activation during [delta]O1 infection was equivalent to VACV-WR infection. Surprisingly, of all the immune cell types tested, [delta]O1 significantly differed from VACV-WR infection in the metabolic readout of only one cell type - RAW 264.7 macrophages. VACV-WR infected RAW 264.7 macrophages were more metabolically active than [delta]O1-infected cells at higher infectious doses, which may be indicative of a specialized niche for O1 function. Taken together, these data may provide clues into the mechanism of O1 virulence.

Functional Genomic Studies of Vaccinia Virus Provide Fundamental Insights Into Virus-Host Interactions

Author : Brian Andrew Keller
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Functional Genomic Studies of Vaccinia Virus Provide Fundamental Insights Into Virus-Host Interactions by : Brian Andrew Keller

Download or read book Functional Genomic Studies of Vaccinia Virus Provide Fundamental Insights Into Virus-Host Interactions written by Brian Andrew Keller and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oncolytic virus field is in the midst of strong and sustained growth. The clinical utility of this class of therapeutics has been bolstered in recent years by the rise of immune checkpoint inhibition, which has the potential to work synergistically with oncolytic viruses to increase the scope of patients who respond favourably to therapy. This growth has been further driven by clear industry support with several pharmaceutical companies acquiring or developing oncolytic virus products following the 2015 FDA approval of Talimogene laherparepvec and the generally-accepted potential of immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment. Vaccinia virus is a double-stranded DNA virus with an extensive history of vaccine use in humans and a desirable safety profile. It is a large virus with a complex lifecycle, and its history of use as a vaccine has resulted in the generation of dozens of unique strains. Although it has been studied extensively, much remains unknown about many vaccinia virus gene function(s) and the virus' interactions with cellular hosts. Vaccinia virus-based oncolytic viruses have been developed, however clinical outcomes thus far have been unsatisfactory. A more complete understanding of vaccinia virus gene functions must therefore precede the effective design of a next-generation vaccinia virus-based oncolytic candidate. With this downstream goal, we sought to (1) understand the unique oncolytic virus-relevant phenotypic properties of five clinical candidate vaccinia virus strains, and (2) generate and characterize a library of single-gene mutants of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus. These studies resulted in the selection of vaccinia virus-Copenhagen as the wild-type strain of choice that will be utilized for future oncolytic virus development. Furthermore, the generation and initial characterization of an 89-member clonal library of vaccinia-Copenhagen single-gene mutants will be an important tool as we seek to generate a next-generation oncolytic virus candidate. Completed characterization studies challenge the role that viral thymidine kinase should play in oncolytic virus design, demonstrate novel functions of the vaccinia virus gene A47L, and provide an understanding of the role of the vaccinia virus gene F15L. These studies also raise the concept of the personalized selection of oncolytic virotherapeutics. This virus library has the potential to increase the fundamental understanding of vaccinia virus biology in this field as well as in the study of vaccine development and pathogen-host interactions.

Investigating the Role of Poxvirus Virulence Genes A35 and O1L in the Virus Life Cycle

Author : Alexandra G Hayes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating the Role of Poxvirus Virulence Genes A35 and O1L in the Virus Life Cycle by : Alexandra G Hayes

Download or read book Investigating the Role of Poxvirus Virulence Genes A35 and O1L in the Virus Life Cycle written by Alexandra G Hayes and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poxviruses, some of the largest viruses in existence, have a great impact on the human and animal world due to their ability to infect a broad assortment of organisms and cause significant disease. Today, poxvirus infections remain a danger to human health, as natural and potential bioterrorism threats. Vaccinia virus (VACV), the species of poxvirus used in smallpox vaccines, is the most studied poxvirus, but there is still much to learn in regards to its virulence factors and their role in the virus life cycle. Our laboratory has identified two VACV genes/proteins that play an important role in virulence, A35 and O1L, which we hypothesized were immunoregulatory, so their effects on host immune responses were assessed. We found that the A35 protein inhibits anti-viral antibody production and cytokine responses by T lymphocytes in vivo. However, there was no evidence to suggest that A35 inhibits recall antigen presentation by infected BMDC in vitro. There were also no A35 effects observed on VACV cell killing, replication, or integrin expression for bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDC), which were used as antigen presenting cells (APC). When looking at the function of O1L, we did not find an effect of O1L on anti-viral antibody production or T cell response, so the O1L effects on replication and spread, cell killing, integrin expression, cytokine production, and innate immunity were also measured. In each of these cases, the O1L deletion mutant (O1LDel) had a similar phenotype to the wild type virus. We did observe that plaques formed by the O1LDel virus appeared smaller in some cases compared to wild type plaques, which was due to reduced cell clearance in the center of the O1LDel plaques. However, the biological relevance of this finding is unclear at this time. The fact that the VACV O1L gene encodes a large protein that is conserved in mammalian tropic poxviruses with 92-100% homology supports that the gene performs an important function in the poxvirus life cycle. Our laboratory has shown that both A35 and O1L deletion viral mutants make safer vaccine alternatives against poxviruses. Understanding how poxviruses turn off immune responses will aid in our understanding of viral pathogenesis and support anti-viral drug design, improve vaccines, and may allow us to mimic poxvirus immunosuppression to control autoimmune diseases.

Investigation of Vaccinia Virus A6L Gene Product

Author : Deborah Sochia Eyfells
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Vaccinia Virus A6L Gene Product by : Deborah Sochia Eyfells

Download or read book Investigation of Vaccinia Virus A6L Gene Product written by Deborah Sochia Eyfells and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mechanisms of Host-range Function of Vaccinia Virus K1L Gene

Author : Ritu Rakshit Bradley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Host-range Function of Vaccinia Virus K1L Gene by : Ritu Rakshit Bradley

Download or read book Mechanisms of Host-range Function of Vaccinia Virus K1L Gene written by Ritu Rakshit Bradley and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Orthopoxviruses

Author : Frank Fenner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Orthopoxviruses by : Frank Fenner

Download or read book The Orthopoxviruses written by Frank Fenner and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Recombinant Poxviruses

Author : Matthew M. Binns
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780849361791
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (617 download)

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Book Synopsis Recombinant Poxviruses by : Matthew M. Binns

Download or read book Recombinant Poxviruses written by Matthew M. Binns and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-05-27 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recombinant Poxviruses provides a comprehensive examination of poxviruses with an emphasis on the potential of these viruses as new vaccines. The book considers a wide range of issues involved in producing new genetically engineered live vaccines, such as efficacy, safety, stability, cost, host range, immune response, immunization route, use of multivalent vaccines, and need for revaccination. The opening chapter describes the origin of vaccinia virus, its use to eradicate smallpox, and the pathogenesis of poxvirus infections. Subsequent chapters examine the molecular biology of poxviruses, methods of constructing vaccinia virus recombinants, and applications; the use and immune responses induced by poxvirus recombinants as live vaccines; and the important issues of the safety and immunogenicity of vaccinia virus. The book's final two chapters report the progress that has been made developing avipoxviruses and parapoxviruses as candidate recombinant vaccines. Recombinant Poxviruses will be a welcome addition to the bookshelves of virologists, microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, and veterinarians.

Flexible Viruses

Author : Vladimir Uversky
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470618310
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Flexible Viruses by : Vladimir Uversky

Download or read book Flexible Viruses written by Vladimir Uversky and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-07 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides up-to-date information on experimental and computational characterization of the structural and functional properties of viral proteins, which are widely involved in regulatory and signaling processes. With chapters by leading research groups, it features current information on the structural and functional roles of intrinsic disorders in viral proteomes. It systematically addresses the measles, HIV, influenza, potato virus, forest virus, bovine virus, hepatitis, and rotavirus as well as viral genomics. After analyzing the unique features of each class of viral proteins, future directions for research and disease management are presented.

Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology

Author : Stuart N. Isaacs
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781617798771
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology by : Stuart N. Isaacs

Download or read book Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology written by Stuart N. Isaacs and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first edition of Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology: Methods and Protocols was published, a number of important events related to poxvirology have occurred, such as FDA approval of a culture-based live smallpox vaccine and the vaccination of large numbers of U.S. military and relatively large numbers of U.S. civilians. Novel anti-poxvirus therapeutics have been developed and have been used in emergency settings. The second edition of Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology expands upon the previous edition with entirely new sets of protocols. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Vaccinia Virus and Poxvirology: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition seeks to aid scientists in continuing to study poxviruses using new tools and approaches.

Virus Structure

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080493777
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Virus Structure by :

Download or read book Virus Structure written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-10-02 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus Structure covers the full spectrum of modern structural virology. Its goal is to describe the means for defining moderate to high resolution structures and the basic principles that have emerged from these studies. Among the topics covered are Hybrid Vigor, Structural Folds of Viral Proteins, Virus Particle Dynamics, Viral Gemone Organization, Enveloped Viruses and Large Viruses. - Covers viral assembly using heterologous expression systems and cell extracts - Discusses molecular mechanisms in bacteriophage T7 procapsid assembly, maturation and DNA containment - Includes information on structural studies on antibody/virus complexes

The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309219396
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-30 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary.

State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization

Author : J. M. Maurice
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241563869
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization by : J. M. Maurice

Download or read book State of the World's Vaccines and Immunization written by J. M. Maurice and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009-07-20 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This casebook collects 64 case studies each of which raises an important and difficult ethical issue connected with planning, reviewing or conducting health-related research. The book's purpose is to contribute to thoughtful analysis of these issues by researchers and members of research ethics committees (REC's known in some places as ethical review committees or institutional review boards) particularly those involved with studies that are conducted or sponsored internationally. . This collection is envisioned principally as a tool to aid educational programs from short workshops on research.

Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry

Author : Gareth Griffiths
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642770959
Total Pages : 477 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry by : Gareth Griffiths

Download or read book Fine Structure Immunocytochemistry written by Gareth Griffiths and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electron microscopy in the biological sciences can be divided into two disciplines. The first, concerned with high resolution detail of particles or periodic structures, is mostly based on sound theoretical principles of physics. The second, by far the larger discipline, is interested in the information obtainable from thin sections. The theoretical back ground to those groups of techniques for preparing and looking at thin sections is often inexact and "loose", for want of a better word. What should be chemistry is often closer to alchemy. This kind of electron microscopy is often enshrined with mystical recipes, handed down from generation to generation. Admittedly, many of the processes involved, such as those required to embed tissue in epoxy resins, involve multiple interconnected steps, which make it difficult to follow the details of anyone of these steps. If all these steps are shrouded in some mystery, however, can one really trust the final image that emerges on the EM screen? When we present the data in some semi quantitative form is there really no better way to do it than to categorize the parameters with ++, +/-, etc? What happens when one labels the sections with antibodies? Does the whole business necess arily need to be more of an "art" than a "science"? Upon reflecting on these problems in 1981, I had the impression that many of the multi-authored textbooks that existed then (and that have appeared since) tended to exacerbate or at least perpetuate this

Molecular Diagnostics: Promises and Possibilities

Author : Mousumi Debnath
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048132614
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Diagnostics: Promises and Possibilities by : Mousumi Debnath

Download or read book Molecular Diagnostics: Promises and Possibilities written by Mousumi Debnath and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-29 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A rapid development in diverse areas of molecular biology and genetic engineering resulted in emergence of variety of tools. These tools are not only applicable to basic researches being carried out world over, but also exploited for precise detection of abnormal conditions in plants, animals and human body. Although a basic researcher is well versed with few techniques used by him/her in the laboratory, they may not be well acquainted with methodologies, which can be used to work out some of their own research problems. The picture is more blurred when the molecular diagnostic tools are to be used by physicians, scientists and technicians working in diagnostic laboratories in hospitals, industry and academic institutions. Since many of them are not trained in basics of these methods, they come across several gray areas in understanding of these tools. The accurate application of molecular diagnostic tools demands in depth understanding of the methodology for precise detection of the abnormal condition of living body. To meet the requirements of a good book on molecular diagnostics of students, physicians, scientists working in agricultural, veterinary, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, it needs to expose the reader lucidly to: Give basic science behind commonly used tools in diagnostics Expose the readers to detailed applications of these tools and Make them aware the availability of such diagnostic tools The book will attract additional audience of pathologists, medical microbiologists, pharmaceutical sciences, agricultural scientists and veterinary doctors if the following topics are incorporated at appropriate places in Unit II or separately as a part of Unit-III in the book. Molecular diagnosis of diseases in agricultural crops Molecular diagnosis of veterinary diseases. Molecular epidemiology, which helps to differentiate various epidemic strains and sources of disease outbreaks. Even in different units of the same hospital, the infections could be by different strains of the same species and the information becomes valuable for infection control strategies. Drug resistance is a growing problem for bacterial, fungal and parasitic microbes and the molecular biology tools can help to detect the drug resistance genes without the cultivation and in vitro sensitivity testing. Molecular diagnostics offers faster help in the selection of the proper antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is a major problem of the in the developing world. The conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing of tuberculosis bacilli is laborious and time consuming, whereas molecular diagnosis offers rapid drug resistant gene detection even from direct clinical samples. The same approach for HIV, malaria and many more diseases needs to be considered. Molecular diagnostics in the detection of diseases during foetal life is an upcoming area in the foetal medicine in case of genetic abnormalities and infectious like TORCH complex etc. The book will be equally useful to students, scientists and professionals working in the field of molecular diagnostics.