Introduction To Renewable Biomaterials

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Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials

Author : Ali S. Ayoub
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119962293
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials by : Ali S. Ayoub

Download or read book Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials written by Ali S. Ayoub and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the entire evolutionary spectrum of biomass, from its genetic modification and harvesting, to conversion technologies, life cycle analysis, and its value to the current global economy This original textbook introduces readers to biomass—a renewable resource derived from forest, agriculture, and organic-based materials—which has attracted significant attention as a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals for large-scale production of fuels, materials, and chemicals. The current renaissance in the manipulation and uses of biomass has been so abrupt and focused, that very few educational textbooks actually cover these topics to any great extent. That’s why this interdisciplinary text is a welcome resource for those seeking a better understanding of this new discipline. It combines the underpinning science of biomass with technology applications and sustainability considerations to provide a broad focus to its readers. Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials: First Principles and Concepts consists of eight chapters on the following topics: fundamental biochemical & biotechnological principles; principles and methodologies controlling plant growth and silviculture; fundamental science and engineering considerations; critical considerations and strategies for harvesting; first principles of pretreatment; conversion technologies; characterization methods and techniques; and life cycle analysis. Each chapter includes a glossary of terms, two to three problem sets, and boxes to highlight novel discoveries and instruments. Chapters also offer questions for further consideration and suggestions for further reading. Developed from a successful USDA funded course, run by a partnership of three US universities: BioSUCEED - BioProducts Sustainability, a University Cooperative Center for Excellence in Education Covers the entire evolutionary spectrum of biomass, from genetic modification to life cycle analysis Presents the key chemistry, biology, technology, and sustainability aspects of biomaterials Edited by a highly regarded academic team, with extensive research and teaching experience in the field Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials: First Principles and Concepts is an ideal text for advanced academics and industry professionals involved with biomass and renewable resources, bioenergy, biorefining, biotechnology, materials science, sustainable chemistry, chemical engineering, crop science and technology, agriculture.

Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials

Author : Ali S. Ayoub
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118698592
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials by : Ali S. Ayoub

Download or read book Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials written by Ali S. Ayoub and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the entire evolutionary spectrum of biomass, from its genetic modification and harvesting, to conversion technologies, life cycle analysis, and its value to the current global economy This original textbook introduces readers to biomass—a renewable resource derived from forest, agriculture, and organic-based materials—which has attracted significant attention as a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals for large-scale production of fuels, materials, and chemicals. The current renaissance in the manipulation and uses of biomass has been so abrupt and focused, that very few educational textbooks actually cover these topics to any great extent. That’s why this interdisciplinary text is a welcome resource for those seeking a better understanding of this new discipline. It combines the underpinning science of biomass with technology applications and sustainability considerations to provide a broad focus to its readers. Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials: First Principles and Concepts consists of eight chapters on the following topics: fundamental biochemical & biotechnological principles; principles and methodologies controlling plant growth and silviculture; fundamental science and engineering considerations; critical considerations and strategies for harvesting; first principles of pretreatment; conversion technologies; characterization methods and techniques; and life cycle analysis. Each chapter includes a glossary of terms, two to three problem sets, and boxes to highlight novel discoveries and instruments. Chapters also offer questions for further consideration and suggestions for further reading. Developed from a successful USDA funded course, run by a partnership of three US universities: BioSUCEED - BioProducts Sustainability, a University Cooperative Center for Excellence in Education Covers the entire evolutionary spectrum of biomass, from genetic modification to life cycle analysis Presents the key chemistry, biology, technology, and sustainability aspects of biomaterials Edited by a highly regarded academic team, with extensive research and teaching experience in the field Introduction to Renewable Biomaterials: First Principles and Concepts is an ideal text for advanced academics and industry professionals involved with biomass and renewable resources, bioenergy, biorefining, biotechnology, materials science, sustainable chemistry, chemical engineering, crop science and technology, agriculture.

Polysaccharide Building Blocks

Author : Youssef Habibi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118229479
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Polysaccharide Building Blocks by : Youssef Habibi

Download or read book Polysaccharide Building Blocks written by Youssef Habibi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-14 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an archival reference for the evolving field of biomaterials and their applications in society, focusing on their composition, properties, characterization, chemistry and applications in bioenergy, chemicals, and novel materials and biomaterials. It has broad appeal due to the recent heightened awareness around bioenergy and biomass as potential replacements for petroleum feedstocks. The book is divided into three parts: cellulose-based biomaterials, chitin and chitosan biomaterials, and hemicelluloses and other polysaccharides. Each chapter addresses a separate biomaterial, discussing its chemical, physical, and biological attributes, and hones in on each compound's intrinsic tunability for numerous chemical transformations. In the current quest for a "green" economy and resources, this book will help inspire scientists towards novel sources for chemicals, materials, and energy in the years to come.

Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products

Author : Silvia Nair Goyanes
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319612883
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products by : Silvia Nair Goyanes

Download or read book Industrial Applications of Renewable Biomass Products written by Silvia Nair Goyanes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book effectively links the latest scientific advances to current technological applications of polymers, mainly focusing on biodegradable polymers obtained from biomass. The individual chapters were written by academic and industry researchers alike, introducing readers to topics that have received little attention in the literature to date. Key topics covered include polymers used in various areas such as food packaging, pharmaceuticals, energy production and the cosmetics industry, as well as the treatment of aqueous effluents.

Biomass for Bioenergy and Biomaterials

Author : Nidhi Adlakha
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000468836
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass for Bioenergy and Biomaterials by : Nidhi Adlakha

Download or read book Biomass for Bioenergy and Biomaterials written by Nidhi Adlakha and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass for Bioenergy and Biomaterials presents an overview of recent studies developed specifically for lignocellulose-based production of biofuels, biochemicals, and functional materials. The emphasis is on using sustainable chemistry and engineering to develop innovative materials and fuels for practical applications. Technological strategies for the physical processing or biological conversion of biomass for material production are also presented. FEATURES Offers a comprehensive view of biomass processing, biofuel production, life cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, and biochemical and biomaterial production Presents details of innovative strategies to pretreat biomass Helps readers understand the underlying metabolic pathways and identify the best engineering strategies for their native strain Highlights different strategies to make biomaterials from biomass Provides insight into the potential economic viability of the biomass-based process This book serves as an ideal reference for academic researchers and engineers working with renewable natural materials, the biorefining of lignocellulose, and biofuels. It can also be used as a comprehensive reference source for university students in metabolic, chemical, and environmental engineering.

Polysaccharide Building Blocks

Author : Youssef Habibi
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9781118229484
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (294 download)

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Book Synopsis Polysaccharide Building Blocks by : Youssef Habibi

Download or read book Polysaccharide Building Blocks written by Youssef Habibi and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2012-03-20 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an archival reference for the evolving field of biomaterials and their applications in society, focusing on their composition, properties, characterization, chemistry and applications in bioenergy, chemicals, and novel materials and biomaterials. It has broad appeal due to the recent heightened awareness around bioenergy and biomass as potential replacements for petroleum feedstocks. The book is divided into three parts: cellulose-based biomaterials, chitin and chitosan biomaterials, and hemicelluloses and other polysaccharides. Each chapter addresses a separate biomaterial, discussing its chemical, physical, and biological attributes, and hones in on each compound's intrinsic tunability for numerous chemical transformations. In the current quest for a "green" economy and resources, this book will help inspire scientists towards novel sources for chemicals, materials, and energy in the years to come.

Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials

Author : Peter Williams
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1782625844
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials by : Peter Williams

Download or read book Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials written by Peter Williams and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details polysaccharides and other important biomacromolecules covering their source, production, structures, properties, and current and potential application in the fields of biotechnology and medicine. It includes a systematic discussion on the general strategies of isolation, separation and characterization of polysaccharides and proteins. Subsequent chapters are devoted to polysaccharides obtained from various sources, including botanical, algal, animal and microbial. In the area of botanical polysaccharides, separate chapters are devoted to the sources, structure, properties and medical applications of cellulose and its derivatives, starch and its derivatives, pectins, and exudate gums, notably gum arabic. Another chapter discusses the potential of hemicelluloses (xylans and xylan derivatives) as a new source of functional biopolymers for biomedical and industrial applications. The algal polysaccharide, alginate, has significant application in food, pharmaceuticals and the medical field, all of which are reviewed in a separate chapter. Polysaccharides of animal origin are included with separate chapters on the sources, production, biocompatibility, biodegradability and biomedical applications of chitin (chitosan) and hyaluronan. With the increasing knowledge and applications of genetic engineering there is also an introduction in the book to nucleic acid polymers, the genome research and genetic engineering. Proteins and protein conjugates are covered, with one chapter providing a general review of structural glycoproteins, fibronectin and laminin, together with their role in the promotion of cell adhesion in vascular grafts, implants and tissue engineering. Another chapter discusses general aspects of a number of industrial proteins, including casein, caseinates, whey protein, gluten and soy proteins, with emphasis on their medical applications, and with reference to the potential of bacterial proteins. Another natural polymer resource, microbial polyesters, although small compared with polysaccharides and proteins, is also gaining increasing interest in biomedical technology and other industrial sectors. One chapter, therefore, is devoted to microbial polyesters, with comprehensive coverage of their biosynthesis, properties, enzymic degradation and applications. By dealing with biopolymers at the molecular level, the book is aimed at the biomedical and wider materials science communities and provides an advanced overview of biopolymers at the graduate and postgraduate level. In addition it will appeal to both academic and industrial life scientists who are involved in research and development activities in the medical and biotechnology field.

Introduction to Biomaterials

Author : Donglu Shi
Publisher : 清华大学出版社有限公司
ISBN 13 : 9787302108078
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Biomaterials by : Donglu Shi

Download or read book Introduction to Biomaterials written by Donglu Shi and published by 清华大学出版社有限公司. This book was released on 2006 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives a fundmaentally comprehensive introduction to most of the important biomaterials including ceramics, metals, and polymers.

Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials

Author : Leopoldo Javier Ríos González
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000210731
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials by : Leopoldo Javier Ríos González

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials written by Leopoldo Javier Ríos González and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The handbook provides an understanding of consolidated processing and biorefinery systems for the production of bio-based chemicals and value-added bioproducts from renewable sources. The chapters look at a variety of bioenergy technological advances and improvements in the energy and materials sectors that aim to lower our dependence of fossil fuels and consequently reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The volume looks at a selection of processes for the production of energy and biomaterials, including the Fischer–Tropsch process, gasification, pyrolysis, combustion, fermentation from renewable sources (such as, plants, animals and their byproducts), and others. Applications that are explored include transportation fuels, biodiesel production, wastewater treatment, edible packaging, bioplastics, physical rehabilitation, tissue engineering, biomedical applications, thermal insulation, industrial value compounds, and more. All of the topics covered in this publication address consolidated processes that play a pivotal role in the production of bioenergy and biomaterials because these processes require fewer unitary operations needed in the process, leading to a more direct method of production. This type of production system contributes to decreasing negative effects on the environment, lowering costs, saving energy and time, and improving profitability and efficiency. This volume will be valuable for the industrial sector, for researchers and scientists, as well as for faculty and advanced students.

The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials

Author : Lucian A. Lucia
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781444307481
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials by : Lucian A. Lucia

Download or read book The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials written by Lucian A. Lucia and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-07-23 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unique nanoscale properties of renewable biomaterials presentvaluable opportunities in the field of nanoscience and technology.Lignocellulosic biomass is an important industrial resource whichcan be used for the production of highly efficient andenvironmentally sustainable nanomaterials. The Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterialspresents the latest advances in biomass nanotechnology, includingleading research from academia and industry, as well as a futurevision for the nanotechnology of forest products. Topics covered include: A fundamental review of the relationship betweennanotechnology and lignocellulosic biomass Characterization methods for biomass on the nanometerscale Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin as nanoscopicbiomaterials-physical features, chemical properties and potentialnanoproducts Nanoscale surface engineering Renewable materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering Nanoscopically-controlled drug delivery This book will be a valuable resource for chemists, chemicalengineers, bioscience researchers and materials scientists who areinterested in harnessing the nanotechnological features ofrenewable biomaterials.

Advanced Materials for Multidisciplinary Applications

Author : Marinda Wu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783031394034
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Materials for Multidisciplinary Applications by : Marinda Wu

Download or read book Advanced Materials for Multidisciplinary Applications written by Marinda Wu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2023-10-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of recent research in the area of advanced materials for improving human healthcare, protecting the environment and alternative energy resources. The authors analyze and deliver viable technical solutions, demonstrating how chemistry and engineering can collectively solve technical and societal challenges. The book explores innovative technology for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates & glycoproteins, new drug development & delivery, theragnostics of infectious disease and cancer. It also provides insights into the nature of energy extraction, management and usage related to fossil fuels and sustainable energy. The book brings together a group of dynamic and productive scientists, engineers, and other professionals in celebration of the 40th Anniversary of Chinese American Chemical Society. It is a valuable resource for all readers interested in the study of materials to address society's increasing need for electrical and chemical energy.

Biomaterials

Author : Rosario Pignatello
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533074183
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials by : Rosario Pignatello

Download or read book Biomaterials written by Rosario Pignatello and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-11-14 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These contribution books collect reviews and original articles from eminent experts working in the interdisciplinary arena of biomaterial development and use. From their direct and recent experience, the readers can achieve a wide vision on the new and ongoing potentialities of different synthetic and engineered biomaterials. Contributions were selected not based on a direct market or clinical interest, but based on results coming from very fundamental studies. This too will allow to gain a more general view of what and how the various biomaterials can do and work for, along with the methodologies necessary to design, develop and characterize them, without the restrictions necessarily imposed by industrial or profit concerns. The chapters have been arranged to give readers an organized view of this research area. In particular, this book contains 25 chapters related to recent researches on new and known materials, with a particular attention to their physical, mechanical and chemical characterization, along with biocompatibility and hystopathological studies. Readers will be guided inside the range of disciplines and design methodologies used to develope biomaterials possessing the physical and biological properties needed for specific medical and clinical applications.

Biomaterials

Author : Qizhi Chen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 148222769X
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials by : Qizhi Chen

Download or read book Biomaterials written by Qizhi Chen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-12-15 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores Biomedical Science from a Unique Perspective Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction is a definitive resource for students entering biomedical or bioengineering disciplines. This text offers a detailed exploration of engineering and materials science, and examines the boundary and relationship between the two. Based on the author’s course lecture notes and many years of research, it presents students with the knowledge needed to select and design biomaterials used in medical devices. Placing special emphasis on metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite biomaterials, it explains the difference between materials science and materials engineering, introduces basic concepts and principles, and analyzes the critically important properties of biomaterials. Explains Complex Theories Using Aspects of Daily Life This text provides an appropriate balance between depth and broadness of coverage, and offers an understanding of the most important concepts and principles to students from a wide academic spectrum. It delivers the science of biomaterials in laymen terms, from a material standpoint, as well as a clinical applications point of view. It equips students majoring in materials science/engineering with knowledge on the fundamentals of how biomaterials behave at a biological level, and provides students majoring in medicine with information that is generally unavailable in traditional medical courses. The authors incorporate learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, as well as chapter highlights, problems, and exercises at the end of each chapter. In addition, they present objectives, suggested activities, and reference material for further reading. Contains an overview of medical science vis-à-vis materials science, describes anatomy, histology, and cell biology Highlights health issues and diseases where biomaterials can easily find medical applications Presents knowledge of the relationship between the biomaterials and the living body Evaluates medical devices and looks into their respective regulations Biomaterials: A Basic Introduction contains an overview of basic biomaterials and concepts, and is written for upper-division students in the US/Canada, and second-level students in universities worldwide.

Renewable Biomaterials and Bioenergy - Current Developments and Challenges

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781605111926
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Biomaterials and Bioenergy - Current Developments and Challenges by :

Download or read book Renewable Biomaterials and Bioenergy - Current Developments and Challenges written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biomaterials Science

Author : Buddy D. Ratner
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008047036X
Total Pages : 879 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials Science by : Buddy D. Ratner

Download or read book Biomaterials Science written by Buddy D. Ratner and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-08-18 with total page 879 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this bestselling title provides the most up-to-date comprehensive review of all aspects of biomaterials science by providing a balanced, insightful approach to learning biomaterials. This reference integrates a historical perspective of materials engineering principles with biological interactions of biomaterials. Also provided within are regulatory and ethical issues in addition to future directions of the field, and a state-of-the-art update of medical and biotechnological applications. All aspects of biomaterials science are thoroughly addressed, from tissue engineering to cochlear prostheses and drug delivery systems. Over 80 contributors from academia, government and industry detail the principles of cell biology, immunology, and pathology. Focus within pertains to the clinical uses of biomaterials as components in implants, devices, and artificial organs. This reference also touches upon their uses in biotechnology as well as the characterization of the physical, chemical, biochemical and surface properties of these materials. Provides comprehensive coverage of principles and applications of all classes of biomaterials Integrates concepts of biomaterials science and biological interactions with clinical science and societal issues including law, regulation, and ethics Discusses successes and failures of biomaterials applications in clinical medicine and the future directions of the field Cover the broad spectrum of biomaterial compositions including polymers, metals, ceramics, glasses, carbons, natural materials, and composites Endorsed by the Society for Biomaterials

An Introduction To Biomaterials Science And Engineering

Author : A Sandeep Kranthi Kiran
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811228191
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction To Biomaterials Science And Engineering by : A Sandeep Kranthi Kiran

Download or read book An Introduction To Biomaterials Science And Engineering written by A Sandeep Kranthi Kiran and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a broad scope of the field of biomaterials science and technology, focusing on theory, advances and applications. It is written for those who would like to develop their interest and knowledge towards biomaterials or materials science and engineering. All aspects of biomaterials science are thoroughly addressed, from basic principles of biomaterials, organs and medical devices to advanced topics such as tissue engineering, surface engineering, sterilization techniques, 3D printing and drug delivery systems. Readers are also introduced to major concepts of surface modification techniques, and potential applications of different classes of biomaterials. Multiple-choice questions at the end of every chapter will be helpful for students to test their understanding of each topic, with answers provided at the end of the book.Ultimately, this book offers a one-stop source of information on the essentials of biomaterials and engineering. It is useful both as an introduction and advanced reference on recent advances in the biomaterials field. Suitable readers include undergraduate and graduate students, especially those in Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering.

Biomaterials

Author : Roderic S. Lakes
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475721560
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials by : Roderic S. Lakes

Download or read book Biomaterials written by Roderic S. Lakes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as a general introduction to the uses of artificial materials in the human body for the purposes of aiding healing, correcting deformities, and restoring lost function. It is an outgrowth of an undergraduate course for senior students in biomedical engineering, and it is offered as a text to be used in such courses. Topics include biocompatibility, techniques to minimize cor rosion or other degradation of implant materials, principles of materials science as it relates to the use of materials in the body, and specific uses of materials in various tissues and organs. It is expected that the student will have successively completed elementary courses in the mechanics of deformable bodies and in anatomy and physiology, and preferably also an introductory course in materials science prior to undertaking a course in biomaterials. Many quantitative examples are included as exercises for the engineering student. We recognize that many of these involve unrealistic simplifications and are limited to simple mechanical or chemical aspects of the implant problem. We offer as an apology the fact that biomaterials engineering is still to a great extent an empirical discipline that is complicated by many unknowns associated with the human body. In recognition of that fact, we have endeavored to describe both the successes and the failures in the use of materials in the human body. Also included are many photographs and illustrations of implants and devices as an aid to visualization.