Introduction To Memory Development During Childhood And Adolescence

Download Introduction To Memory Development During Childhood And Adolescence full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Introduction To Memory Development During Childhood And Adolescence ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Introduction to Memory Development During Childhood and Adolescence

Author : Wolfgang Schneider
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1134806892
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Memory Development During Childhood and Adolescence by : Wolfgang Schneider

Download or read book Introduction to Memory Development During Childhood and Adolescence written by Wolfgang Schneider and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory development has been a central topic in developmental psychology for the past 30 years. This volume summarizes the research achievements during that era and relates those achievements to work on memory development conducted throughout the 20th century. An abridgement of Schneider and Pressley's previous work (Memory Development Between Two and Twenty, Second Edition, 1997, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.), this book has been reorganized to better discuss the most important themes in memory development for the novice student. By highlighting the issues driving contemporary memory development research, it provides the knowledge that students require to effectively understand the newest studies on memory development. This textbook is not a history; rather, it offers a framework for understanding the many memory development studies now appearing in the literature. A comprehensive, yet succinct, summary of theory and research on memory development, this volume covers more than a century of research, including European, Soviet, and American contributions. Its organization in terms of basic memory capacities, knowledge, strategies, and metamemory reflects the way that the most important researchers in memory development have conceived of the field during the past two decades. At the same time, it emphasizes the perspective that memory development is not development of any of the components alone, but rather is due to developments in capacity, knowledge, strategies, and metamemory in interaction. As such, the book is appropriate for courses in child development, cognitive development, and cognition and memory--that is, wherever students have a need to know about how leading scholars view the development of memory and intellect.

The Promise of Adolescence

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309490111
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Promise of Adolescence by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Promise of Adolescence written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-07-26 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescenceâ€"beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€"is a critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop. These changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity mark adolescence as a period of opportunity to discover new vistas, to form relationships with peers and adults, and to explore one's developing identity. It is also a period of resilience that can ameliorate childhood setbacks and set the stage for a thriving trajectory over the life course. Because adolescents comprise nearly one-fourth of the entire U.S. population, the nation needs policies and practices that will better leverage these developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescenceâ€"rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish.

Memory Development from Early Childhood Through Emerging Adulthood

Author : Wolfgang Schneider
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319096117
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Memory Development from Early Childhood Through Emerging Adulthood by : Wolfgang Schneider

Download or read book Memory Development from Early Childhood Through Emerging Adulthood written by Wolfgang Schneider and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-03 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on decades of established research findings in cognitive and developmental psychology, this volume explores and integrates the leading scientific advances into infancy and brain-memory linkages as well as autobiographical and strategic memory. In addition, given that the predominantly classic research on memory development has recently been complemented by more cutting-edge applied research (e.g., eyewitness memory, memory development in educational contexts) in recent years, this volume also provides in-depth and up-to-date coverage of these emerging areas of study.

Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309324882
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 by : National Research Council

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

The Development of Children's Memory

Author : Lynne E. Baker-Ward
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108836453
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Development of Children's Memory by : Lynne E. Baker-Ward

Download or read book The Development of Children's Memory written by Lynne E. Baker-Ward and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-06-10 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this introduction to The Development of Children's Memory: The Scientific Contributions of Peter A. Ornstein, we provide biographical information for Professor Ornstein and identify some contextual influences on his work. We then examine the four distinct but interrelated programs of research he conducted that form the structure for this volume. Next, we briefly describe the chapters that are included in the review of each research program and introduce the authors. Ornstein's scientific development over his 50 years in research is depicted as moving from the study of age-related changes in memory performance to an increasing emphasis on the developmental processes that result in skilled remembering in children. This transition both reflected and contributed to the emergence of a developmental science of memory. Over a century of memory research has swung between the two poles of the mechanistic model of Ebbinghaus and the adaptive, sociocultural, and organismic view of Bartlett, both of which were necessary but neither of which was essentially developmental. The Ornstein lab has, over the last half century, with experimental rigor, explored how growing children use memory adaptively in meaningful contexts. From the transitional era of "verbal learning" in the 1950s to the cognitive revolution of the information-processing period in the 1980s, models of memory focused on the development of the deployment and control of strategic processes of remembering, models that, despite their modern sophistication, owe something to Ebbinghaus. But children grow up embedded in cultural structures of meanings ranging from the doctor's office to the courtroom, aided or hindered by the people in them, intent on helping growing children to use memory adaptively within those cultural narratives"--

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8)

Author : Donald A. P. Bundy
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464804397
Total Pages : 977 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8) by : Donald A. P. Bundy

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8) written by Donald A. P. Bundy and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More children born today will survive to adulthood than at any time in history. It is now time to emphasize health and development in middle childhood and adolescence--developmental phases that are critical to health in adulthood and the next generation. Child and Adolescent Health and Development explores the benefits that accrue from sustained and targeted interventions across the first two decades of life. The volume outlines the investment case for effective, costed, and scalable interventions for low-resource settings, emphasizing the cross-sectoral role of education. This evidence base can guide policy makers in prioritizing actions to promote survival, health, cognition, and physical growth throughout childhood and adolescence.

From Neurons to Neighborhoods

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309069882
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis From Neurons to Neighborhoods by : National Research Council

Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

Memory Development Between 2 and 20

Author : Wolfgang Schneider
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461397170
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Memory Development Between 2 and 20 by : Wolfgang Schneider

Download or read book Memory Development Between 2 and 20 written by Wolfgang Schneider and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-12 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For some time now, the study of cognitive development has been far and away the most active discipline within developmental psychology. Although there would be much disagreement as to the exact proportion of papers published in developmental journals that could be considered cognitive, 50% seems like a conservative estimate. Hence, a series of scholarly books devoted to work in cognitive development is espe cially appropriate at this time The Springer Series in Cognitive Development contains two basic types of books, namely, edited collections of original chapters by several authors, and original volumes written by one author or a small group of authors. The flagship for the Springer Series is a serial publication of the "advances" type, carrying the subtitle Progress in Cognitive Development Research. Each volume in the Progress sequence is strongly thematic, in that it is limited to some well-defined domain of cognitive developmental research (e. g. , logical and mathematical development, development of learning). All Progress volumes will be edited collections. Editors of such collec tions, upon consulting with the Series Editor, may elect to have their books pub lished either as contributions to the Progress sequence or as separate volumes. All books written by one author or a small group of authors are being published as separate volumes within the series. A fairly broad definition of cognitive development is being used in the selection of books for this series.

Handbook of Life Course Health Development

Author : Neal Halfon
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319471430
Total Pages : 667 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Life Course Health Development by : Neal Halfon

Download or read book Handbook of Life Course Health Development written by Neal Halfon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law.

The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development

Author : Olivier Houdé
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108540244
Total Pages : 727 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development by : Olivier Houdé

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Development written by Olivier Houdé and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-03 with total page 727 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does cognition develop in infants, children and adolescents? This handbook presents a cutting-edge overview of the field of cognitive development, spanning basic methodology, key domain-based findings and applications. Part One covers the neurobiological constraints and laws of brain development, while Part Two covers the fundamentals of cognitive development from birth to adulthood: object, number, categorization, reasoning, decision-making and socioemotional cognition. The final Part Three covers educational and school-learning domains, including numeracy, literacy, scientific reasoning skills, working memory and executive skills, metacognition, curiosity-driven active learning and more. Featuring chapters written by the world's leading scholars in experimental and developmental psychology, as well as in basic neurobiology, cognitive neuroscience, computational modelling and developmental robotics, this collection is the most comprehensive reference work to date on cognitive development of the twenty-first century. It will be a vital resource for scholars and graduate students in developmental psychology, neuroeducation and the cognitive sciences.

Improving Student Information Search

Author : Barbara Blummer
Publisher : Chandos Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780634625
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Improving Student Information Search by : Barbara Blummer

Download or read book Improving Student Information Search written by Barbara Blummer and published by Chandos Publishing. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metacognition is a set of active mental processes that allows users to monitor, regulate, and direct their personal cognitive strategies. Improving Student Information Search traces the impact of a tutorial on education graduate students' problem-solving in online research databases. The tutorial centres on idea tactics developed by Bates that represent metacognitive strategies designed to improve information search outcomes. The first half of the book explores the role of metacognition in problem-solving, especially for education graduate students. It also discusses the use of metacognitive scaffolds for improving students' problem-solving. The second half of the book presents the mixed method study, including the development of the tutorial, its impact on seven graduate students' search behaviour and outcomes, and suggestions for adapting the tutorial for other users. - Provides metacognitive strategies to improve students' information search outcomes - Incorporates tips to enhance database search skills in digital libraries - Includes seminal studies on information behaviour

Psychology and Climate Change

Author : Susan Clayton
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128131314
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Psychology and Climate Change by : Susan Clayton

Download or read book Psychology and Climate Change written by Susan Clayton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychology and Climate Change: Human Perceptions, Impacts, and Responses organizes and summarizes recent psychological research that relates to the issue of climate change. The book covers topics such as how people perceive and respond to climate change, how people understand and communicate about the issue, how it impacts individuals and communities, particularly vulnerable communities, and how individuals and communities can best prepare for and mitigate negative climate change impacts. It addresses the topic at multiple scales, from individuals to close social networks and communities. Further, it considers the role of social diversity in shaping vulnerability and reactions to climate change. Psychology and Climate Change describes the implications of psychological processes such as perceptions and motivations (e.g., risk perception, motivated cognition, denial), emotional responses, group identities, mental health and well-being, sense of place, and behavior (mitigation and adaptation). The book strives to engage diverse stakeholders, from multiple disciplines in addition to psychology, and at every level of decision making - individual, community, national, and international, to understand the ways in which human capabilities and tendencies can and should shape policy and action to address the urgent and very real issue of climate change. - Examines the role of knowledge, norms, experience, and social context in climate change awareness and action - Considers the role of identity threat, identity-based motivation, and belonging - Presents a conceptual framework for classifying individual and household behavior - Develops a model to explain environmentally sustainable behavior - Draws on what we know about participation in collective action - Describes ways to improve the effectiveness of climate change communication efforts - Discusses the difference between acute climate change events and slowly-emerging changes on our mental health - Addresses psychological stress and injury related to global climate change from an intersectional justice perspective - Promotes individual and community resilience

Remembering the Times of Our Lives

Author : Patricia J. Bauer
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317716876
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Remembering the Times of Our Lives by : Patricia J. Bauer

Download or read book Remembering the Times of Our Lives written by Patricia J. Bauer and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of Remembering the Times of Our Lives: Memory in Infancy and Beyond is to trace the development from infancy through adulthood in the capacity to form, retain, and later retrieve autobiographical or personal memories. It is appropriate for scholars and researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology, memory, infancy, and human development.

Long-Term Memory Problems in Children and Adolescents

Author : Milton J. Dehn
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470872071
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Long-Term Memory Problems in Children and Adolescents by : Milton J. Dehn

Download or read book Long-Term Memory Problems in Children and Adolescents written by Milton J. Dehn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-09-03 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This book will be a valuable resource for psychologists and educators who work with children or adolescents who are having difficulties with memory and learning. Translating theory and research into practice is a talent that Dr. Dehn possesses and we will benefit from his professional skills.” — From the Foreword by Daniel C. Miller, PhD, ABPP, ABSNP, NCSP AN INDISPENSABLE GUIDE THAT EXAMINES THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM MEMORY FUNCTIONS ON CHILDREN’S LEARNING Long-Term Memory Problems in Children and Adolescents: Assessment, Intervention, and Effective Instruction is the first book of its kind for psychologists, school psychologists, and special education teachers who need an overview of long-term memory as it relates to learning and education. It presents the best practices for assessing long-term memory functions, as well as selecting and using evidence-based instructional practices with memory-impaired students. This useful and timely guide bridges theory and practice to provide professional guidance with coverage of: Risk factors that can lead to long-term memory impairments How long-term memory relates to other types of memory The subcomponents and processes of long-term memory and how they relate to academic achievement What is known about the neuroanatomy of how memories are formed The developmental trajectory of memory and learning Common types of memory dysfunction Memory assessment strategies, interventions for memory problems, and instructional practices that support memory Author Milton Dehn draws on his extensive experience as a trainer and workshop presenter, school psychologist, and educator to present both the theory and research on long-term memory in children and adolescents in this book. Specific, step-by-step guidance and hands-on case studies enable professionals to identify how memory can be assessed as well as the interventions that can be linked to the results of the assessment.

Working Memory Capacity

Author : Nelson Cowan
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317232380
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Working Memory Capacity by : Nelson Cowan

Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.

The Development of Working Memory

Author : Anik de Ribaupierre
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 9780863779275
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (792 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Development of Working Memory by : Anik de Ribaupierre

Download or read book The Development of Working Memory written by Anik de Ribaupierre and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue of the International Journal of Behavioral Development brings together research on the development of working memory that arises within two quite different approaches.

Child and Adolescent Psychology

Author : Stephen von Tetzchner
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317585186
Total Pages : 1258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Child and Adolescent Psychology by : Stephen von Tetzchner

Download or read book Child and Adolescent Psychology written by Stephen von Tetzchner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-26 with total page 1258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Child and Adolescent Psychology provides an accessible and thorough introduction to human development by integrating insights from typical and atypical development. This integration cements understanding since the same processes are involved. Knowledge about atypical development informs the understanding of typical development, and knowledge about typical development is a necessary basis for understanding atypical development and working with children with disorders. Based on international research, and informed by biological, social and cultural perspectives, the book provides explanations of developmental phenomena, with a focus on how children and adolescents at different age levels actually think, feel and act. Following a structure by topic, with chronological developments within each chapter, von Tetzchner presents and contrasts the major theoretical ideas in developmental psychology and discusses their implications for different aspects of development. He also integrates information about sensory, physical and cognitive disabilities and the main emotional and behavioral disorders of childhood and adolescence, and the developmental consequences of these disabilities and disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychology is accompanied by online resources for lecturers and students to enhance the book, including essay questions for each chapter, Powerpoint slides and multiple-choice questions. The book and companion website will prove invaluable to developmental psychology students.