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International Currency Portfolios
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Book Synopsis International Currency Portfolios by : Mr.Michael Kumhof
Download or read book International Currency Portfolios written by Mr.Michael Kumhof and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2009-03-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a theory of international currency portfolios that holds in general equilibrium, and that is therefore not subject to the criticisms directed at the portfolio balance literature of the 1980s. It shows that, under plausible assumptions about fiscal policy, the relationship between the rates of return of different currency bonds is not correctly described by an arbitrage relationship but instead also depends on outstanding bond stocks. Other findings are: (1) There is a monotonically increasing relationship between domestic interest rates and the portfolio share of domestic currency denominated assets. This relationship is steep at low levels of government debt, and almost flat at high levels of government debt. (2) Optimal private sector foreign currency positions are negative, and their size is decreasing in exchange rate volatility. Under volatile exchange rates large negative aggregate net foreign asset positions can only be rationalized by assuming large public sector borrowing from foreign governments. (3) For a baseline economy with zero net foreign assets, open market sales of domestic government debt lead to valuation gains (losses) when the country as a whole has a short (long) position in foreign currency. (4) A fiscal theory of exchange rate determination is compatible with general equilibrium in a two-country world. (5) Equilibria are determinate when both fiscal and monetary policy are passive.
Book Synopsis Currency Hedging for International Portfolios by : Jochen M. Schmittmann
Download or read book Currency Hedging for International Portfolios written by Jochen M. Schmittmann and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-06-01 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the benefits from hedging the currency exposure of international investments in single- and multi-country equity and bond portfolios from the perspectives of German, Japanese, British and American investors. Over the period 1975 to 2009, hedging of currency risk substantially reduced the volatility of foreign investments at a quarterly investment horizon. Contrary to previous studies, the paper finds that at longer investment horizons of up to five years the case for hedging for risk reduction purposes remained strong.In addition to its impact on risk, hedging affected returns in economically meaningful magnitudes in some cases.
Book Synopsis Some Like It Hedged by : Momtchil Pojarliev
Download or read book Some Like It Hedged written by Momtchil Pojarliev and published by CFA Institute Research Foundation. This book was released on 2018-11-07 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreign currency exposure is a by-product of international investing. When obtaining global asset exposure, investors also obtain the embedded foreign currency exposure. Left unmanaged, this currency exposure acts like a buy-and-hold currency strategy, which receives little or no risk premium and adds unwanted volatility. In “Some Like It Hedged,” the author shows that the impact of foreign currency exposure on institutional portfolios depends significantly on the base currency of the investors and the specific composition of their portfolios. In general, investors whose base currency is negatively correlated with global equities, as are the US dollar and the Japanese yen, will reduce the volatility of their portfolios by fully hedging foreign currency exposure. In contrast, investors whose home currency is positively correlated with global equities, as is the Canadian dollar, will benefit from keeping some unhedged foreign currency exposure—in particular, exposure to the US dollar. Finally, investors with larger allocations to domestic assets will experience only small reductions in volatility from hedging. Pojarliev discusses a variety of options to address foreign currency exposures. Although there is no single best-practice solution for addressing foreign currency exposures, institutional investors have three main choices. Do nothing (i.e., maintain unhedged foreign currency exposure). Doing nothing is always the easiest option, but from a risk–return perspective, it could be the worst available choice. Currency has no long-term expected return because, although it is a risk exposure, it is not an economic asset. Hence, long-term currency returns are expected to be zero. Hedging should, therefore, have no long-term impact on the return and only affect the volatility. The volatility reduction from hedging can be redeployed more efficiently by increasing exposure to economic assets for which a risk premium exists. Hedge passively (i.e., maintain a constant hedge ratio).In general, hedging some of the foreign currency risk will decrease the volatility of the portfolio. The relationship between a specific hedge ratio and the decrease in volatility depends on the particular portfolio and, most importantly, on the base currency of the investor. Yet, passive hedging creates its own problems, including negative cash flow generation when foreign currencies are appreciating and detraction from returns because of hedging costs. Passive hedging might also introduce a major market-timing risk. If the base currency weakens after a passive policy is implemented, the investor will suffer substantial hedging losses when the forward currency hedging contracts settle. Hedge actively (i.e., vary the hedge ratio). One way to address the market-timing risk of implementing a passive hedging program is to actively time the hedging of the foreign currencies. An active hedging program seeks to reduce the risk of the foreign currency exposure but varies the hedge ratios for the various currencies based on market views to avoid negative cash flow and to generate positive returns. A successful active hedging program should both add to the return of the portfolio and lower the volatility, and it should outperform both an unhedged and a passive hedging benchmark. The best choice to address foreign currency exposure will differ from institution to institution, but it boils down to two fundamental factors. First, the optimal solution depends on the importance of risk versus return and the institution’s tolerance for negative cash flow. Second, investors must decide whether they believe that currency managers are able to achieve a positive information ratio over the long run after fees and, importantly, whether they will be able to identify these currency managers. Any currency policy will depend on the details of the specific portfolio—in particular, on the base currency of the investor and the size of the foreign currency exposure.
Book Synopsis Managing Foreign Exchange Risk by : David F. DeRosa
Download or read book Managing Foreign Exchange Risk written by David F. DeRosa and published by Irwin Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1991 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity by : International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Download or read book International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity written by International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This update of the guidelines published in 2001 sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data.
Book Synopsis International Investments by : Bruno Solnik
Download or read book International Investments written by Bruno Solnik and published by Addison-Wesley Longman. This book was released on 1991 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Internationally Diversified Bond Portfolios by : Richard M. Levich
Download or read book Internationally Diversified Bond Portfolios written by Richard M. Levich and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new statistical procedure is used to test for weak form efficiency in the foreign exchange futures markets. Using daily currency futures prices for the 1976-1990 period, we conclude that successive exchange rate changes have not been independent We examine the implications of this finding for two groups of investors: (1) return seeking investors considering foreign exchange as a separate asset class; (2) international portfolio investors deciding whether or not to currency hedge the foreign exchange rate exposures embedded in their non-dollar investments. Using the currency futures data and monthly data on 10-year dollar and non-dollar bonds, we conclude that active currency risk management, based on a simple application of technical trading signals, can substantially improve the risk-return opportunities for both groups of investors in comparison to passive currency strategies.
Book Synopsis IMF Working Papers by : Michael Kumhof
Download or read book IMF Working Papers written by Michael Kumhof and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Determinants of Currency Composition of Reserves: a Portfolio Theory Approach with an Application to RMB by : MissYinqiu Lu
Download or read book Determinants of Currency Composition of Reserves: a Portfolio Theory Approach with an Application to RMB written by MissYinqiu Lu and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-08 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The way central banks manage their foreign reserve assets has evolved over the past decades. One major trend is managing reserves in two or more tranches—liquidity tranche and investment tranche—especially for those with adequate reserves. Incorporating reserve tranching, we have developed in this paper a central bank’s reserve portfolio choice model to analyze the determinants of the currency composition of reserves. In particular, we adopt the classical mean-variance framework for the investment tranche and the asset-liability framework for the liquidity tranche. Building on these frameworks, the roles of currency compositions in imports invoicing and short-term external debt, and risk and returns of reserve currencies can be quantified by our structural model—a key contribution of our paper given the absence of structural models in the literature. Finally, we estimate the potential paths of the share of RMB in reserves under different scenarios to shed light on its status as an international currency.
Book Synopsis International Portfolios with Supply, Demand and Redistributive Shocks by : Nicolas Coeurdacier
Download or read book International Portfolios with Supply, Demand and Redistributive Shocks written by Nicolas Coeurdacier and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper explains three key stylized facts observed in industrialized countries: 1) portfolio holdings are biased towards local equity; 2) international portfolios are long in foreign currency assets and short in domestic currency; 3) the depreciation of a country's exchange rate is associated with a net external capital gain, i.e. with a positive wealth transfer from the rest of the world. We present a two-country, two-good model with trade in stocks and bonds, and three types of disturbances: shocks to endowments, to the relative demand for home vs. foreign goods, and to the distribution of income between labor and capital. With these shocks, optimal international portfolios are shown to be consistent with the stylized facts.
Book Synopsis Foreign Currency Bank Funding and Global Factors by : Signe Krogstrup
Download or read book Foreign Currency Bank Funding and Global Factors written by Signe Krogstrup and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature on the drivers of capital flows stresses the prominent role of global financial factors. Recent empirical work, however, highlights how this role varies across countries and time, and this heterogeneity is not well understood. We revisit this question by focusing on financial intermediaries’ funding flows in different currencies. A concise portfolio model shows that the sign and magnitude of the response of foreign currency funding flows to global risk factors depend on the financial intermediary’s pre-existing currency exposure. An analysis of a rich dataset of European banks’ aggregate balance sheets lends support to the model predictions, especially in countries outside the euro area.
Book Synopsis PORTFOLIO DECISIONS WITH INFORMATION AND INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY FRICTIONS by : Xiyue Cao
Download or read book PORTFOLIO DECISIONS WITH INFORMATION AND INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY FRICTIONS written by Xiyue Cao and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Portfolio decision problems have been the focus of research for decades. Many investors nowadays are aware of the benefits of adding foreign assets to a portfolio. These benefits include diversification, "don't put all your eggs in one basket", and hedging, which serves the same purpose as buying insurance. However, the empirical findings suggest that instead of holding the fully diversified portfolio suggested by financial theory, investors are tilted more heavily towards domestic asset positions. This disparity between theory and data is called the home bias puzzle. Three chapters in this dissertation investigate portfolio decisions from different angles and with distinctive concentrations, aiming at learning the mechanisms and factors at the root of the home bias puzzle. This dissertation complements existing literature by theoretically examining: the relation between portfolio decisions and international currencies; the role of information in asset trading behaviors; and quantitatively examining the welfare gain of holding additional foreign currency denominated assets. The first chapter, titled "International Portfolio in an Open Market Economy: The Role of Endogenous Nominal Exchange Rate'', allows endogenous monetary variables (inflation and nominal exchange) when modeling portfolio decisions in an open market economy. Endogenous monetary variables have not been studied in the existing portfolio decision research, however the risk characteristics of assets, especially bonds, can be better captured with them. This chapter finds the hedging features of assets which papers without endogenous monetary variables cannot obtain. Due to the hedging features of some domestic assets, under a specific set of reasonable parameter values, households exhibit home bias as buying insurance. This chapter has an innovative monetary structure that gives currency value, relates its value to economic conditions, and captures the neutrality of currency. It also sheds light on optimal asset allocation among different asset classes internationally, including bonds and equity issued by different production sectors. The second chapter, titled "International Diversification Portfolio in Noisy Rational Expectation Equilibria: The Role of Asymmetric Information", investigates asset trading behaviors incorporating information factors in both static and dynamic trading versions. Related work often relies on assumptions regarding information problems, such as additional knowledge about an asset making it less risky to traders. This chapter adopts the "risk borne by investors" defined in fundamental financial theory and such assumptions (additional knowledge about an asset making it less risky to traders) are not needed. This chapter discovers rational traders trade for two separate purposes: speculation and investment. If rational investors have an informational advantage on domestic assets over foreign assets, then they speculate the same way but invest more aggressively in domestic assets in both static and dynamic trading, therefore home bias is expected to occur. This chapter also learns that information has a lasting impact on later trading behaviors. Asymmetric information which happened in earlier sessions can lead to home bias in later trading sessions. The third chapter, titled "Diversification Benefits of Foreign Currency Denominated Assets", quantitatively analyzes the utility gain for the average U.S. investor from holding additional stock and/or bonds denominated in foreign currencies (U.K. and Canada). This chapter richens the existing literature by testing the ex-post welfare gain, providing a new perspective for understanding the international diversification benefits. The quantitative results show an additional portfolio with foreign government bonds brings more life-time ex-post welfare gain than the portfolio with the foreign stock index. It supports existing literature that, given the existing asset holdings of the average U.S. investor, the international diversification benefits of additional bonds outperform that of stock.
Book Synopsis Foreign Exchange Exposure Management:A Portfolio Approach by : L. Soenen
Download or read book Foreign Exchange Exposure Management:A Portfolio Approach written by L. Soenen and published by Springer. This book was released on 1979-09-06 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Financial Exchange Rates and International Currency Exposures by : Philip R. Lane
Download or read book Financial Exchange Rates and International Currency Exposures written by Philip R. Lane and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Why are Countries’ Asset Portfolios Exposed to Nominal Exchange Rates? by : Jonathan J. Adams
Download or read book Why are Countries’ Asset Portfolios Exposed to Nominal Exchange Rates? written by Jonathan J. Adams and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-12-22 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most countries hold large gross asset positions, lending in domestic currency and borrowing in foreign. Thus, their balance sheets are exposed to nominal exchange rates. We argue that when asset markets are incomplete, nominal exchange rate exposure allows countries to partially insure against shocks that move real exchange rates. We demonstrate that asset market incompleteness can simultaneously generate realistic gross asset positions and resolve the Backus-Smith puzzle: that relative consumptions and real exchange rates correlate negatively. We also show that local perturbation methods that use stabilizing endogenous discount factors are inaccurate when average and steady state interest rates differ. To address this, we develop a novel global solution method to accurately solve the model.
Book Synopsis Global Portfolios by : Robert Z. Aliber
Download or read book Global Portfolios written by Robert Z. Aliber and published by McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1991 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BUSINESS/ECONOMICS
Book Synopsis The International Diversification Puzzle when Goods Prices Are Sticky by : Mr.Charles Engel
Download or read book The International Diversification Puzzle when Goods Prices Are Sticky written by Mr.Charles Engel and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2009-01-01 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a two-country monetary DSGE model in which households choose a portfolio of home and foreign equities, and a forward position in foreign exchange. Some nominal goods prices are sticky. Trade in these assets achieves the same allocations as trade in a complete set of nominal state-contingent claims in our linearized model. When there is a high degree of price stickiness, we show that not much equity diversification is required to replicate the complete-markets equilibrium when agents are able to hedge foreign exchange risk sufficiently. Moreover, temporarily sticky nominal goods prices can have large effects on equity portfolios even when dividend processes are very persistent.
