Intellectual Freedom And The Politics Of Reading Libraries As Sites Of Conservative Activism 1990 2010

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Young Adult Literature, Libraries, and Conservative Activism

Author : Loretta M. Gaffney
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442264098
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Young Adult Literature, Libraries, and Conservative Activism by : Loretta M. Gaffney

Download or read book Young Adult Literature, Libraries, and Conservative Activism written by Loretta M. Gaffney and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-02-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This incisive study analyzes young adult (YA) literature as a cultural phenomenon, explaining why this explosion of books written for and marketed to teen readers has important consequences for how we understand reading in America. As visible and volatile shorthand for competing views of teen reading, YA literature has become a lightning rod for a variety of aesthetic, pedagogical, and popular literature controversies. Noted scholar Loretta Gaffney not only examines how YA literature is defended and critiqued within the context of rapid cultural and technological changes, but also highlights how struggles about teen reading matter to—and matter in—the future of librarianship and education. The workbridges divides between literary criticism, professional practices, canon building, literature appreciation, genre classifications and recommendations, standard histories, and commentary. It will be useful in YA literature course settings in Library and Information Science, Education, and English departments. It will also be of interest to those who study right wing culture and movements in media studies, cultural studies, American studies, sociology, political science, and history. It is of additional interest to those who study print culture, publishing and the book, histories of teenagers, and research on teen reading. Finally, it will offer those interested in teenagers, literature, libraries, technology, and politics a fresh way to look at book challenges and controversies over YA literature.

Book Banning in 21st-Century America

Author : Emily J. M. Knox
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442231688
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Book Banning in 21st-Century America by : Emily J. M. Knox

Download or read book Book Banning in 21st-Century America written by Emily J. M. Knox and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Requests for the removal, relocation, and restriction of books—also known as challenges—occur with some frequency in the United States. Book Banning in 21st-Century American Libraries, based on thirteen contemporary book challenge cases in schools and public libraries across the United States argues that understanding contemporary reading practices, especially interpretive strategies, is vital to understanding why people attempt to censor books in schools and public libraries. Previous research on censorship tends to focus on legal frameworks centered on Supreme Court cases, historical case studies, and bibliographies of texts that are targeted for removal or relocation and is often concerned with how censorship occurs. The current project, on the other hand, is focused on the why of censorship and posits that many censorship behaviors and practices, such as challenging books, are intimately tied to the how one understands the practice of reading and its effects on character development and behavior. It discusses reading as a social practice that has changed over time and encompasses different physical modalities and interpretive strategies. In order to understand why people challenge books, it presents a model of how the practice of reading is understood by challengers including “what it means” to read a text, and especially how one constructs the idea of “appropriate” reading materials. The book is based on three different kinds sources. The first consists of documents including requests for reconsideration and letters, obtained via Freedom of Information Act requests to governing bodies, produced in the course of challenge cases. Recordings of book challenge public hearings constitute the second source of data. Finally, the third source of data is interviews with challengers themselves. The book offers a model of the reading practices of challengers. It demonstrates that challengers are particularly influenced by what might be called a literal “common sense” orientation to text wherein there is little room for polysemic interpretation (multiple meanings for text). That is, the meaning of texts is always clear and there is only one avenue for interpretation. This common sense interpretive strategy is coupled with what Cathy Davidson calls “undisciplined imagination” wherein the reader is unable to maintain distance between the events in a text and his or her own response. These reading practices broaden our understanding of why people attempt to censor books in public institutions.

Libraries and the Reading Public in Twentieth-Century America

Author : Christine Pawley
Publisher : University of Wisconsin Pres
ISBN 13 : 0299293238
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (992 download)

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Book Synopsis Libraries and the Reading Public in Twentieth-Century America by : Christine Pawley

Download or read book Libraries and the Reading Public in Twentieth-Century America written by Christine Pawley and published by University of Wisconsin Pres. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For well over one hundred years, libraries open to the public have played a crucial part in fostering in Americans the skills and habits of reading and writing, by routinely providing access to standard forms of print: informational genres such as newspapers, pamphlets, textbooks, and other reference books, and literary genres including poetry, plays, and novels. Public libraries continue to have an extraordinary impact; in the early twenty-first century, the American Library Association reports that there are more public library branches than McDonald's restaurants in the United States. Much has been written about libraries from professional and managerial points of view, but less so from the perspectives of those most intimately involved—patrons and librarians. Drawing on circulation records, patron reviews, and other archived materials, Libraries and the Reading Public in Twentieth-Century America underscores the evolving roles that libraries have played in the lives of American readers. Each essay in this collection examines a historical circumstance related to reading in libraries. The essays are organized in sections on methods of researching the history of reading in libraries; immigrants and localities; censorship issues; and the role of libraries in providing access to alternative, nonmainstream publications. The volume shows public libraries as living spaces where individuals and groups with diverse backgrounds, needs, and desires encountered and used a great variety of texts, images, and other media throughout the twentieth century.

Can I Teach That?

Author : Suzanne Linder
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 147581478X
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (758 download)

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Book Synopsis Can I Teach That? by : Suzanne Linder

Download or read book Can I Teach That? written by Suzanne Linder and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can I Teach That? Negotiating Taboo Language and Controversial Topics in the Language Arts Classroom is a collection of stories, strategies, advice, and documents collected for teachers who are using or plan to use materials or implement policies they know may be controversial. It is for any teacher dedicated to engaging their students in the complex, challenging, and rewarding activities of reading and writing, for any teacher committed to speaking honestly with students. For any teacher, period. Because when we decide to work with young people, when we commit to sharing books and ideas that engage their hearts and minds, when we strive to get adolescents to think critically and write honestly, we open ourselves up to suspicion and critique from someone, somewhere, no matter how above reproach we feel our materials and strategies are. Few language arts teachers will experience a full-blown challenge to the content of their curriculum, but many may self-censor or suffer through awkward and challenging conversations with colleagues, administrators, parents, and other members of their community. This book is for those times when teachers are called on to defend and legitimize their use of controversial material in their classroom––material that they know reflects students’ reality, even as it makes adults uncomfortable and fearful about their inability to protect children from that very reality.

Intellectual Freedom Manual, Ninth Edition

Author : Trina Magi
Publisher : American Library Association
ISBN 13 : 0838912923
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (389 download)

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Book Synopsis Intellectual Freedom Manual, Ninth Edition by : Trina Magi

Download or read book Intellectual Freedom Manual, Ninth Edition written by Trina Magi and published by American Library Association. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since it was established in 1967, ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) has championed the rights of library users to seek and receive information on all subjects from all points of view without restriction and without having the subject of one's interest examined or scrutinized by others. The new edition of the Intellectual Freedom Manual is more than just an invaluable compendium of guiding principles and policies. It’s also an indispensable resource for day-to-day guidance on maintaining free and equal access to information for all people. Fortifying and emboldening professionals and students from across the library spectrum, this manual includes 34 ALA policy statements and documents, 17 new or updated for this edition, addressing patron behavior, internet use, copyright, exhibits, use of meeting spaces, and other common concernsAt-a-glance lists summarizing key issues such as access, challenges and censorship, access by minors to controversial materials, and advocacyExplanations of legal points in clear, easy-to-understand language, alongside case citationsNumerous checklists to help readers stay organizedA glossary and selected bibliographyThis must-have tool will help librarians ensure that institutions of all kinds remain beacons of intellectual freedom.

Information Services Today

Author : Sandra Hirsh
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538156717
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Services Today by : Sandra Hirsh

Download or read book Information Services Today written by Sandra Hirsh and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-03-08 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third edition of Information Services Today: An Introduction demonstrates the ever-changing landscape of information services today and the need to re-evaluate curriculum, competency training, professional development, and lifelong learning in order to stay abreast of current trends and issues, and more significantly, remain competent to address the changing user needs of information communities. Specifically, the Information Services Today: An Introduction: provides a thorough introduction, history, and overall state of the field, explores different types of information communities, the varying information needs within those communities, and the role of equity of access, diversity, inclusion, and social justice in those communities, addresses why information organizations and information and technological literacy are more important today than ever before, discusses how technology has influenced the ways that information professionals provide information resources and services in today’s digital environment, highlights current issues and trends and provides expert insight into emerging challenges, innovations, and opportunities for the future, and identifies career management strategies and leadership opportunities in the information professions. The new edition features chapter updates to address changes in information services, introducing new/updated topics such as emergency/crisis management/community resilience, sustainability, data analysis and visualization, social justice, and equity of access, diversity, and inclusion (EDI). Information Services Today: An Introduction begins with an overview of libraries and their transformation as information and technological hubs within their local and digital communities, as well as trends impacting the information field. Information Services Today: An Introduction covers the various specializations within the field – emphasizing the exciting yet complex roles and opportunities for information professionals in a variety of information environments. With that foundation in place, it presents the fundamentals of information services, delves into management skills needed by information professionals today, and explores emerging issues related to the rapid development of new technologies. Information Services Today: An Introduction addresses how libraries and information centers serve different kinds of communities, highlighting the unique needs of increasingly diverse users. Information Services Today: An Introduction provokes discussion, critical thinking, and interaction to facilitate the learning process. The content and supplemental materials – discussion questions, rich sets of online accessible materials, multimedia webcast interviews featuring authors from this book discussing the trends and issues in their respective areas, and chapter presentation slides for use by instructors – give readers the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of and engagement with the topics.

The Dismissal of Miss Ruth Brown

Author : Louise S. Robbins
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806192852
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Dismissal of Miss Ruth Brown by : Louise S. Robbins

Download or read book The Dismissal of Miss Ruth Brown written by Louise S. Robbins and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2022-11 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950 Ruth W. Brown, librarian at the Bartlesville, Oklahoma, Public Library, was summarily dismissed from her job after thirty years of exemplary service, ostensibly because she had circulated subversive materials. In truth, however, Brown was fired because she had become active in promoting racial equality and had helped form a group affiliated with the Congress of Racial Equality. Louise S. Robbins tells the story of the political, social, economic, and cultural threads that became interwoven in a particular time and place, creating a strong web of opposition. This combination of forces ensnared Ruth Brown and her colleagues-for the most part women and African Americans-who championed the cause of racial equality. This episode in a small Oklahoma town almost a half-century ago is more than a disturbing local event. It exemplifies the McCarthy era, foregrounding those who labored for racial justice, sometimes at great cost, before the civil rights movement. In addition, it reveals a masking of concerns that led even Brown’s allies to obscure the cause of racial integration for which she fought. Relevant today, Ruth Brown’s story helps us understand the matrix of personal, community, state, and national forces that can lead to censorship, intolerance, and the suppression of individual rights.

Cultural Politics of Emotion

Author : Sara Ahmed
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 0748691146
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (486 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Politics of Emotion by : Sara Ahmed

Download or read book Cultural Politics of Emotion written by Sara Ahmed and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emotions work to define who we are as well as shape what we do and this is no more powerfully at play than in the world of politics. Ahmed considers how emotions keep us invested in relationships of power, and also shows how this use of emotion could be crucial to areas such as feminist and queer politics. Debates on international terrorism, asylum and migration, as well as reconciliation and reparation, are explored through topical case studies. In this book the difficult issues are confronted head on. The Cultural Politics of Emotion is in dialogue with recent literature on emotions within gender studies, cultural studies, sociology, psychology and philosophy. Throughout the book, Ahmed develops a theory of how emotions work, and the effects they have on our day-to-day lives. New for this editionA substantial 15,000-word Afterword on 'Emotions and Their Objects' which provides an original contribution to the burgeoning field of affect studiesA revised BibliographyUpdated throughout.

Expect More

Author : R. David Lankes
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781522957805
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (578 download)

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Book Synopsis Expect More by : R. David Lankes

Download or read book Expect More written by R. David Lankes and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015-12-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Libraries have existed for millennia, but today many question their necessity. In an ever more digital and connected world do we still need places of books in our towns, colleges, or schools? If libraries aren't about books, what are they about?In Expect More, David Lankes, winner of the 2012 ABC-CLIO/Greenwood Award for the Best Book in Library Literature, walks you through what to expect out of your library. Lankes argues that communities need libraries that go beyond bricks and mortar and beyond books. We need to expect more out of our libraries. They should be places of learning and advocates for our communities in terms of learning, privacy, intellectual property, and economic development.Expect More is a rallying call to communities to raise the bar, and their expectations, for great libraries.

Messengers of the Right

Author : Nicole Hemmer
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812248392
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Messengers of the Right by : Nicole Hemmer

Download or read book Messengers of the Right written by Nicole Hemmer and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-09-22 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Messengers of the Right tells the story of the media activists who built the American conservative movement and transformed it into one of the most significant and successful movements of the twentieth century—and in the process remade the Republican Party and the American media landscape.

Democracy in Chains

Author : Nancy MacLean
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101980974
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Democracy in Chains by : Nancy MacLean

Download or read book Democracy in Chains written by Nancy MacLean and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Lillian Smith Book Award Winner of the Los Angeles Times Book Prize Finalist for the National Book Award The Nation's "Most Valuable Book" “[A] vibrant intellectual history of the radical right.”—The Atlantic “This sixty-year campaign to make libertarianism mainstream and eventually take the government itself is at the heart of Democracy in Chains. . . . If you're worried about what all this means for America's future, you should be.”—NPR An explosive exposé of the right’s relentless campaign to eliminate unions, suppress voting, privatize public education, stop action on climate change, and alter the Constitution. Behind today’s headlines of billionaires taking over our government is a secretive political establishment with long, deep, and troubling roots. The capitalist radical right has been working not simply to change who rules, but to fundamentally alter the rules of democratic governance. But billionaires did not launch this movement; a white intellectual in the embattled Jim Crow South did. Democracy in Chains names its true architect—the Nobel Prize-winning political economist James McGill Buchanan—and dissects the operation he and his colleagues designed over six decades to alter every branch of government to disempower the majority. In a brilliant and engrossing narrative, Nancy MacLean shows how Buchanan forged his ideas about government in a last gasp attempt to preserve the white elite’s power in the wake of Brown v. Board of Education. In response to the widening of American democracy, he developed a brilliant, if diabolical, plan to undermine the ability of the majority to use its numbers to level the playing field between the rich and powerful and the rest of us. Corporate donors and their right-wing foundations were only too eager to support Buchanan’s work in teaching others how to divide America into “makers” and “takers.” And when a multibillionaire on a messianic mission to rewrite the social contract of the modern world, Charles Koch, discovered Buchanan, he created a vast, relentless, and multi-armed machine to carry out Buchanan’s strategy. Without Buchanan's ideas and Koch's money, the libertarian right would not have succeeded in its stealth takeover of the Republican Party as a delivery mechanism. Now, with Mike Pence as Vice President, the cause has a longtime loyalist in the White House, not to mention a phalanx of Republicans in the House, the Senate, a majority of state governments, and the courts, all carrying out the plan. That plan includes harsher laws to undermine unions, privatizing everything from schools to health care and Social Security, and keeping as many of us as possible from voting. Based on ten years of unique research, Democracy in Chains tells a chilling story of right-wing academics and big money run amok. This revelatory work of scholarship is also a call to arms to protect the achievements of twentieth-century American self-government.

Freedom in the World 2011

Author : Freedom House
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442209941
Total Pages : 862 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Freedom in the World 2011 by : Freedom House

Download or read book Freedom in the World 2011 written by Freedom House and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2011-11 with total page 862 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 194 countries and 14 territories are used by policymakers, the media, international corporations, civic activists, and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.

The Freedom to Read

Author : American Library Association
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The Freedom to Read by : American Library Association

Download or read book The Freedom to Read written by American Library Association and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Working for Peace and Justice

Author : Lawrence S. Wittner
Publisher : Univ. of Tennessee Press
ISBN 13 : 1572338954
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (723 download)

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Book Synopsis Working for Peace and Justice by : Lawrence S. Wittner

Download or read book Working for Peace and Justice written by Lawrence S. Wittner and published by Univ. of Tennessee Press. This book was released on 2012-05-10 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A longtime agitator against war and social injustice, Lawrence Wittner has been tear-gassed, threatened by police with drawn guns, charged by soldiers with fixed bayonets, spied upon by the U.S. government, arrested, and purged from his job for political -reasons. To say that this teacher-historian-activist has led an interesting life is a considerable understatement. In this absorbing memoir, Wittner traces the dramatic course of a life and career that took him from a Brooklyn boyhood in the 1940s and ’50s to an education at Columbia University and the University of Wisconsin to the front lines of peace activism, the fight for racial equality, and the struggles of the labor movement. He details his family background, which included the bloody anti-Semitic pogroms of late-nineteenth-century Eastern Europe, and chronicles his long teaching career, which comprised positions at a small black college in Virginia, an elite women’s liberal arts college north of New York City, and finally a permanent home at the Albany campus of the State University of New York. Throughout, he packs the narrative with colorful vignettes describing such activities as fighting racism in Louisiana and Mississippi during the early 1960s, collaborating with peace-oriented intellectuals in Gorbachev’s Soviet Union, and leading thousands of antinuclear demonstrators through the streets of Hiroshima. As the book also reveals, Wittner’s work as an activist was matched by scholarly achievements that made him one of the world’s foremost authorities on the history of the peace and nuclear disarmament movements—a research specialty that led to revealing encounters with such diverse figures as Norman Thomas, the Unabomber, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Caspar Weinberger, and David Horowitz. A tenured professor and renowned author who has nevertheless lived in tension with the broader currents of his society, Lawrence Wittner tells an engaging personal story that includes some of the most turbulent and significant events of recent history. Lawrence S. Wittner, emeritus professor of history at the University at Albany, SUNY, is the author of numerous scholarly works, including the award-winning three-volume Struggle Against the Bomb. Among other awards and honors, he has received major grants or fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Aspen Institute, the United States Institute of Peace, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Author : Paulo Freire
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780140225839
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (258 download)

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Book Synopsis Pedagogy of the Oppressed by : Paulo Freire

Download or read book Pedagogy of the Oppressed written by Paulo Freire and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Activist Archives

Author : Doreen Lee
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822374099
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Activist Archives by : Doreen Lee

Download or read book Activist Archives written by Doreen Lee and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-28 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Activist Archives Doreen Lee tells the origins, experiences, and legacy of the radical Indonesian student movement that helped end the thirty-two-year dictatorship in May 1998. Lee situates the revolt as the most recent manifestation of student activists claiming a political and historical inheritance passed down by earlier generations of politicized youth. Combining historical and ethnographic analysis of "Generation 98," Lee offers rich depictions of the generational structures, nationalist sentiments, and organizational and private spaces that bound these activists together. She examines the ways the movement shaped new and youthful ways of looking, seeing, and being—found in archival documents from the 1980s and 1990s; the connections between politics and place; narratives of state violence; activists' experimental lifestyles; and the uneven development of democratic politics on and off the street. Lee illuminates how the interaction between official history, collective memory, and performance came to define youth citizenship and resistance in Indonesia’s transition to the post-Suharto present.

Freedom in the World 2010

Author : Freedom House
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781442204942
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (49 download)

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Book Synopsis Freedom in the World 2010 by : Freedom House

Download or read book Freedom in the World 2010 written by Freedom House and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2010-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Freedom in the World, the Freedom House flagship survey whose findings have been published annually since 1972, is the standard-setting comparative assessment of global political rights and civil liberties. The survey ratings and narrative reports on 193 countries and a group of select territories are used by policy makers, the media, international corporations, and civic activists and human rights defenders to monitor trends in democracy and track improvements and setbacks in freedom worldwide. Press accounts of the survey findings appear in hundreds of influential newspapers in the United States and abroad and form the basis of numerous radio and television reports. The Freedom in the World political rights and civil liberties ratings are determined through a multi-layered process of research and evaluation by a team of regional analysts and eminent scholars. The analysts used a broad range of sources of information, including foreign and domestic news reports, academic studies, nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, individual professional contacts, and visits to the region, in conducting their research. The methodology of the survey is derived in large measure from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and these standards are applied to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.