Integrative Approach to Comprehensive Building Renovations

Download Integrative Approach to Comprehensive Building Renovations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030114767
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrative Approach to Comprehensive Building Renovations by : Vesna Žegarac Leskovar

Download or read book Integrative Approach to Comprehensive Building Renovations written by Vesna Žegarac Leskovar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a new approach to building renovation, combining aspects of various professional disciplines, integrating green building design, structural stability, and energy efficiency. It draws attention to several often-overlooked qualities of buildings that should be comprehensively integrated into the context of building renovation. The book presents an overview of the most important renovation approaches according to their scope, intensity, and priorities. Combining basic theoretical knowledge and the authors’ scientific research it emphasizes the importance of simultaneous consideration of energy efficiency and structural stability in building renovation processes. It simultaneously analyses the effects of various renovation steps related to the required level of energy efficiency, while it also proposes the options of building extension with timber-glass upgrade modules as the solution to a shortage of usable floor areas occurring in large cities. This book offers building designers and decision makers a tool for predicting energy savings in building renovation processes and provides useful guidelines for architects, city developers and students studying architecture and civil engineering. Additionally, it demonstrates how specific innovations, e.g., building extensions with timber-glass modules, can assist building industry companies in the planning and development of their future production. The main aim of the current book is to expose various approaches to the renovation of existing buildings and to combine practical experience with existing research, in order to disseminate knowledge and raise awareness on the importance of integrative and interdisciplinary solutions.

Construction Project Management

Download Construction Project Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136827617
Total Pages : 567 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Construction Project Management by : Peter Fewings

Download or read book Construction Project Management written by Peter Fewings and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-07 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the project manager continues to evolve, presenting new challenges to established practitioners and those entering the field for the first time. This second edition of Peter Fewings' groundbreaking textbook has been thoroughly revised to recognise the increasing importance of sustainability and lean construction in the construction industry. It also tackles the significance of design management, changing health and safety regulation, leadership and quality for continuous improvement of the service and the product. Using an integrated project management approach, emphasis is placed on the importance of effectively handling external factors in order to best achieve an on-schedule, on-budget result, as well as good negotiation with clients and skilled team leadership. Its holistic approach provides readers with a thorough guide in how to increase efficiency and communication at all stages while reducing costs, time and risk. Short case studies are used throughout the book to illustrate different tools and techniques. Combining the theories underpinning best practice in construction project management, with a wealth of practical examples, this book is uniquely valuable for practitioners and clients as well as undergraduate and graduate students for construction project management.

Integrated Practice in Architecture

Download Integrated Practice in Architecture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471998494
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (719 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Practice in Architecture by : George Elvin

Download or read book Integrated Practice in Architecture written by George Elvin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endorsed by The American Institute of Architects, this work is about integrated practice in architecture, which is the collaborative design, construction, and life-cycle management of buildings.

Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment

Download Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030611183
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment by : Ancuța Rotaru

Download or read book Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment written by Ancuța Rotaru and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book presents contributions to the International Conference on Critical Thinking in the Sustainable Rehabilitation and Risk Management of the Built Environment – CRIT-RE-BUILT – held in Iași, Romania, November 7–9, 2019. It mirrors outcomes in fundamental and applied research covering a broad palette of competences like observations, analysis, interpretation, evaluation, problem-solving and decision making. The book sets up eight chapters related to rehabilitation and risk in the built environment. Each chapter starts with a broad state-of-the-art presentation comprising the latest ideas and methods in the field assessing and asserting synthesized levels of research, development and novelty through a critical thinking process. The authors of the eight presentations are partners in the E+ Programme for Strategic Partnerships Rehabilitation of the Built Environment in the Context of Smart City and Sustainable Development Concepts for Knowledge Transfer and Lifelong Learning (RE-BUILT).

The Natural Building Companion

Download The Natural Building Companion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1603583408
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Natural Building Companion by : Jacob Deva Racusin

Download or read book The Natural Building Companion written by Jacob Deva Racusin and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2012-05-01 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural buildings not only bring satisfaction to their makers and joy to their occupants, they also leave the gentlest footprint on the environment. In this complete reference to natural building philosophy, design, and technique, Jacob Deva Racusin and Ace McArleton walk builders through planning and construction, offering step-by-step instructions on: siting and site analysis choosing materials integrating basic structural considerations into a design strategies for heating/cooling efficiency and moisture management planning for acoustics developing an integrative design navigating budgeting, code compliance, and project management creating the foundation, wall system, roof, and floors selecting and making plasters and paints evaluating options for mechanical and utility systems protecting against fire and insects integrating structures within landscape, climate, and human communities ...and more Applicable to building in climates that are cold and wet, hot and dry, or somewhere in-between, The Natural Building Companion provides the tools necessary to understand basic principles of building science, including structural and thermal engineering, and hydrodynamics. This guide offers thorough, up-to-date, and advanced installation details and performance characteristics of straw-bale, straw-clay, woodchip-clay, and cellulose wall systems, as well as earthen and stone wall systems and a variety of framing, roofing, flooring, mechanical system, and finishing options. This fully-illustrated volume informs professionals making the transition from conventional building, homeowners embarking on their own construction, or green builders who want comprehensive guidance on natural-building options. A State-of-the-Art Resource for Natural Builders The Natural Building Companion is a part of The Yestermorrow Design/Build Library and includes an instructional DVD.

Design and Construction of High-performance Homes

Download Design and Construction of High-performance Homes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415615283
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (156 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design and Construction of High-performance Homes by : Franca Trubiano

Download or read book Design and Construction of High-performance Homes written by Franca Trubiano and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both professionals and students are increasingly committed to achieving high-performance metrics in the design, construction and operation of residential buildings. This book responds to this demand by offering a comprehensive guide which features: architectural innovations in building skin technologies which make lighter more transparent buildings high performing energy-free architectural design principles and advances in building-integrated photovoltaics essential engineering principles, controls and approaches to simulation for achieving net zero the advantages of integrated design in residential construction and the challenges and opportunities it engenders detailed case studies of innovative homes which have incorporated low-energy design solutions, new materials, alternative building assemblies, digital fabrication, integrated engineering systems and operational controls. Divided into four parts, the book discusses the requisite AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) knowledge needed when building a high-performance home. It also communicates this information across four case studies, which provide the reader with a thorough overview of all aspects to be considered in the design and construction of sustainable homes. With contributions from experts in the field, the book provides a well-rounded and multi-faceted approach. This book is essential reading for students and professionals in design, architecture, engineering (civil, mechanical and electrical), construction and energy management.

Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability

Download Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 085014003X
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability by :

Download or read book Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-04-10 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrative Approaches in Urban Sustainability - Architectural Design, Technological Innovations and Social Dynamics in Global Contexts takes readers on an academic exploration of the complex realm of urban sustainability. This extensive book explores the significant changes in the worldwide demographic environment, documenting the swift process of urbanization that has taken place from the beginning of the 19th century. This highlights the impact of the shift from rural to urban environments on our global society, bringing both difficulties and possibilities in equal proportions. This intellectually stimulating investigation transcends mere academic inquiry. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive strategies in urban planning, combining user-focused design with inventive solutions and environmental consciousness. Key themes encompass the incorporation of eco-friendly technology, such as solar energy systems, into urban architecture, the significance of designs that prioritize pedestrians and green spaces for the development of sustainable and livable communities, and the crucial role of technological progress in energy and health management within the urban environment. This book also addresses the socioeconomic consequences of urbanization, encompassing issues such as the cost of housing and the availability of high-quality education and health care. This analysis explores the impact of urban hubs on promoting economic expansion and innovation, emphasizing the necessity for policies that balance economic progress and social fairness. This book is essential for politicians, urban planners, researchers, and everyone with an interest in the future of our cities. It presents a persuasive concept of developing urban settings that are financially prosperous, technologically sophisticated, environmentally sustainable, and socially inclusive. The tactics and concepts provided are crucial in constructing cities that can effectively address the intricate requirements of the 21st century and beyond. Participate in reimagining the potential of urban spaces and molding a future where cities thrive as vibrant centers for everyone.

Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Download Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0128128186
Total Pages : 860 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings by : Umberto Desideri

Download or read book Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings written by Umberto Desideri and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 860 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A Life Cycle Approach offers a comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject with a further focus on the Life Cycle. The editors, renowned academics, invited a diverse group of researchers to develop original chapters for the book and managed to well integrate all contributions in a consistent volume. Sections cover the role of the building sector on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, international technical standards, laws and regulations, building energy efficiency and zero energy consumption buildings, the life cycle assessment of buildings, from construction to decommissioning, and other timely topics. The multidisciplinary approach to the subject makes it valuable for researchers and industry based Civil, Construction, and Architectural Engineers. Researchers in related fields as built environment, energy and sustainability at an urban scale will also benefit from the books integrated perspective. - Presents a complete and thorough coverage of energy efficiency in buildings - Provides an integrated approach to all the different elements that impact energy efficiency - Contains coverage of worldwide regulation

Construction, Demolition and Disaster Waste Management

Download Construction, Demolition and Disaster Waste Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351650076
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Construction, Demolition and Disaster Waste Management by : Erik K. Lauritzen

Download or read book Construction, Demolition and Disaster Waste Management written by Erik K. Lauritzen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), from the construction, maintenance, renovation and demolition of buildings and structures, represents a large proportion of the waste in industrialized societies. Compared to other forms, such as household waste, more than 90% of CDW can be used as a resource and a substitute for construction materials, especially for primary, natural raw materials. Reuse, recovery and recycling depends on the quality and market for the materials, and the environmental impact of the processes for conversion of CDW from old structures to its use in new structures. However, the utilization today of CDW products as secondary resources is marginal. Most CDW is deposited or used as fill material, and the opportunities of high quality recycling are generally neglected. This book presents the opportunities for the sustainable and resource efficient utilisation of CDW, focusing on recycling of concrete and masonry as the major forms of CDW. The recycling of gypsum, timber, mineral wool, asphalt and other types are also described. Its aim is to present a chain of value and material streams in the transformation of obsolete buildings and structures into new buildings and structures. It takes a holistic view, focusing on the lifecycle economy (the circular economy) and integrated management aspects of various scenarios ranging from high industrial urban renewal to debris removal and management after disasters and conflicts. It is based on the author ́s 35 years of research and development combined with practical international experience within the demolition and recycling area. It addresses students, architects, civil engineers, building owners, public authorities and others working in urban planning, demolition and resource management in the building and construction sector and in the reconstruction of damaged buildings after disasters and wars.

Integrated Construction Information

Download Integrated Construction Information PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135820007
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Construction Information by : M. Betts

Download or read book Integrated Construction Information written by M. Betts and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The construction industry is an information-intensive sector and low levels of productivity are often blamed on inadequate integration of information. This book shows how the different types and sources of information can be integrated to benefit individual construction projects, construction companies and in the construction industry at world-wide level.

Developments in Clay Science and Construction Techniques

Download Developments in Clay Science and Construction Techniques PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1837696071
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (376 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Developments in Clay Science and Construction Techniques by : Amjad Almusaed

Download or read book Developments in Clay Science and Construction Techniques written by Amjad Almusaed and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-07-31 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building

Download The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470181109
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building by : 7group

Download or read book The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building written by 7group and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-13 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The members of 7group and Bill Reed are examples writ large of the kind of leadership that is taking this idea of green building and forming it into reality, by helping change minds, building practice, and design process." —from the Foreword by S. Rick Fedrizzi President, CEO, and Founding Chair, U.S. Green Building Council A whole-building approach to sustainability The integrative design process offers a new path to making better green building decisions and addressing complex issues that threaten living systems. In The Integrative Design Guide to Green Building: Redefining the Practice of Sustainability, 7group's principals and integrative design pioneer Bill Reed introduce design and construction professionals to the concepts of whole building design and whole systems. With integrative thinking that reframes what sustainability means, they provide a how-to guide for architects, designers, engineers, developers, builders, and other professionals on incorporating integrative design into every phase of a project. This practical manual: Explains the philosophy and underpinnings of effective integrative design, addressing systems thinking and building and community design from a whole-living system perspective Details how to implement integrative design from the discovery phase to occupancy, supported by process outlines, itemized tasks, practice examples, case studies, and real-world stories illustrating the nature of this work Explores the deeper understanding of integration that is required to transform architectural practice and our role on the planet This book, both practical and thoughtful, will help you deliver your vision of a sustainable environment. 7group, based in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, includes principals John Boecker, Scot Horst, Tom Keiter, Andrew Lau, Marcus Sheffer, and Brian Toevs, who bring a unique integration of expertise in design, engineering, energy and daylight modeling, materials assessments, commissioning, education, and communications to their work. Internationally recognized thought leaders in the green building movement, they have led countless teams through the practical implementation of integrative design on building projects of all types around the world. 7group also has been directly and deeply involved with the development of the LEED® Green Building Rating System, including experience on more than 100 LEED projects. Scot Horst currently serves as chair of the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED Steering Committee.

Building Envelopes

Download Building Envelopes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton Architectural Press
ISBN 13 : 1616892129
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (168 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Building Envelopes by : Jenny Lovel

Download or read book Building Envelopes written by Jenny Lovel and published by Princeton Architectural Press. This book was released on 2013-07-02 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few parts of a building work harder than its envelope (also known as its facade). The envelope is the part of the building most visible from the outside--so it should be visually appealing--but it can also have the biggest effect on the well-being and safety of its occupants--so the envelope should be help heat and cool the building, allow light into it, and provide necessary structure. Too often, a building's envelope is more aesthetically striking than functional, or vice versa. A great building envelope, though, architecturally integrates all of its elements.

Handbook of Flood Risk Management in Developing Countries

Download Handbook of Flood Risk Management in Developing Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000847764
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Flood Risk Management in Developing Countries by : Victor Oladokun

Download or read book Handbook of Flood Risk Management in Developing Countries written by Victor Oladokun and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new handbook brings together various views and experiences of the impacts of flooding and its management in Africa, Asia and Latin America by drawing from traditional and modern approaches adopted by communities, homeowners, academics, project managers, institutions and policy makers. Key stakeholders provide insights and perspectives on flood hazards, flood impacts, flood control and adaptation strategies across these regions. The inclusion of policy makers, emergency responders, leaders of key organizations and managers of flood defence projects makes this volume a unique addition to the flood management literature. The chapters are organized to reveal various impacts and challenges associated with the management of flooding, including response and recovery. The chapter contributions bring together the different impacts of flooding and propose various mitigation approaches. They describe procedures for managing flooding and reducing the impacts from the perspectives of policy makers, environmental planners and restorers of flood-affected communities. Also, the book considers some of the related aspects including land use, waste management, drainage systems, security challenges, urban planning and development and their contributions to flooding. The book's primary target is experienced researchers and practitioners in flood risk management. It would also serve as a key text for postgraduate students studying related programmes. Inhabitants of flood prone communities in such developing countries will also find the text an important resource for guidance and understanding. This multi-disciplinary book represents a valuable contribution for a wide range of professionals (e.g. in engineering, built environment, health, retail, etc) who are interested in flood control and management and/or faced with flood-related challenges in the course of their work.

Sustainable Construction

Download Sustainable Construction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119055326
Total Pages : 946 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Construction by : Charles J. Kibert

Download or read book Sustainable Construction written by Charles J. Kibert and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-04-04 with total page 946 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading green building reference, updated with the latest advances in the field Sustainable Construction is the leading reference for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings. With broad coverage including architecture, engineering, and construction, this book nevertheless delivers detailed information on all aspects of the green building process, from materials selection to building systems and more. This new fourth edition has been updated to reflect the latest codes and standards, including LEED v4, and includes new coverage of carbon accounting. The discussion has been updated to align with the current thinking on economics, climate change, net zero buildings, and more, with contributions by leaders in the field that illustrate the most recent shifts in thinking and practice. Ancillary materials including an instructor's manual and PowerPoint presentations for each chapter help bring this clear and up-to-date information into the classroom, making this book a valuable reference for working construction professionals. Also, Interactive graphics found throughout the course help activate the content and highlight key concepts for students. Sustainable construction has gone mainstream, and will one day be the industry norm. This book provides a comprehensive reference to all aspects of a project to show you how green building concepts and principles apply throughout the design and construction process. Get up to date on the latest green building codes and standards Learn about the newest technology in green building materials Adopt the best practices in procurement and delivery systems Apply sustainability concepts to all aspects of construction and design Green buildings operate at a very high level of efficiency, which is made possible only by careful consideration every step of the way. Appropriate land use, landscaping, construction materials, siting, water use, and more all play a role in a structure's ultimate carbon footprint. Sustainable Construction provides clear guidance for all aspects of green building, including the most recent advances and the latest technology.

Peformative Architecture

Download Peformative Architecture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135994021
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Peformative Architecture by : Branko Kolarevic

Download or read book Peformative Architecture written by Branko Kolarevic and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-07-08 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Construction Project Management

Download Construction Project Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351122010
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Construction Project Management by : Peter Fewings

Download or read book Construction Project Management written by Peter Fewings and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Construction Project Management: An Integrated Approach is a management approach to leading projects and the effective choice and use of project management tools and techniques. It seeks to push the boundaries of project management to take on board future needs and user issues. Integration of the construction project, meaning closer relations between the project team, the supply chain and the client, is long overdue; however, despite some signs of growth in this area, the industry nonetheless remains fragmented in its approach. The role of the project manager is to integrate diverse interests and unify objectives to achieve a common goal. This has now broadened to include a responsibility, on the parts of both client and team, to ensure that construction addresses current and future societal needs. From an economic perspective, a great deal of waste is connected with conflict, thus a holistic approach that increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the task at hand will inject energy into project management. This third edition now takes on board the impact of technology in building information modelling and other digitised technologies such as artificial intelligence. Together, they open up avenues for more direct and incisive action to test creative design, manufacture directly and communicate spontaneously and intuitively. In time, such technologies will change the role of project managers but will never take away their responsibility to be passionate about construction and to integrate the team. A new chapter has been added that considers future societal needs. This edition is also reordered to make the project life cycle and process chapters clearer. This book combines best practice in construction with the theories underpinning project management and presents a wealth of practical case studies – many new. It focuses on all construction disciplines that may manage projects. The book is of unique value to students in the later years of undergraduate courses and those on specialist postgraduate courses in project management and also for practitioners in all disciplines and clients who have experienced the frustration caused by the fragmentation of construction projects.