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Influence Of Spatial Variation In Forage Availability And Predation Risk On Habitat Selection By Woodland Caribou Rangifer Tarandus Caribou In Ontario
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Book Synopsis Influence of Spatial Variation in Forage Availability and Predation Risk on Habitat Selection by Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in Ontario by : Madeleine McGreer
Download or read book Influence of Spatial Variation in Forage Availability and Predation Risk on Habitat Selection by Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) in Ontario written by Madeleine McGreer and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Resource Selection, Predation Risk, and Population Dynamics of Woodland Caribou by : Nicholas James DeCesare
Download or read book Resource Selection, Predation Risk, and Population Dynamics of Woodland Caribou written by Nicholas James DeCesare and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) have experienced population declines and local extirpations across North America. Human disturbance has caused caribou declines indirectly through changes to apparent competition dynamics within the predator-prey community. Apparent competition occurs as a negative indirect interaction between prey species, mediated by their direct interactions with a shared predator. I first review apparent competition, and show that across many endangered species including woodland caribou, human disturbance often causes an asymmetric tilt to the balance among prey species. Landscape disturbance such as forest harvest and energy development have created early seral-stage forests and linear features across the landscape of west-central Alberta. I studied the effects of landscape disturbance on the predator-prey dynamics of woodland caribou, wolves (Canis lupus) and other ungulate prey species in this region. I examined spatial patterns of resource selection by caribou, wolf predation risk, adult female caribou survival and, ultimately, population trend for 9 woodland caribou populations. Caribou avoided disturbance across all scales of resource selection, though avoidance of forestry cut-blocks was strongest at broad home range scales and avoidance of linear features was strongest at fine scales along caribou movement paths. Linear disturbances also increased predation risk by being selected as travel routes for hunting wolves, but did not increase the predation efficiency in terms of kills per time, as hypothesized. Rather, spatial changes in predation efficiency were largely driven by natural landscape heterogeneity. Avoidance by caribou and increased wolf predation risk in disturbed areas indicate functional habitat loss for caribou, yet these patterns alone do not necessarily imply a demographic impact. Spatial analysis of factors influencing adult female survival indicated that caribou resource selection was broadly correlated with survival, but also that wolf predation risk was an additional mortality risk beyond that perceived by caribou. This failure of caribou to non-ideally avoid predation risk may explain my final analysis showing significant and multi-year declines for all populations in west-central Alberta. Ultimately, if caribou conservation is to succeed, management must reverse the ultimate causes shifting the balance of apparent competition at both broad and fine scales across woodland caribou range.
Book Synopsis Plasticity in Selection Strategies of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) During Winter and Calving by : David D. Gustine
Download or read book Plasticity in Selection Strategies of Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou) During Winter and Calving written by David D. Gustine and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatial Factors Influencing Northern Mountain Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus) Survival and Distribution in the Telkwa Range by : Laura Vivian Grant
Download or read book Spatial Factors Influencing Northern Mountain Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus) Survival and Distribution in the Telkwa Range written by Laura Vivian Grant and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-induced habitat alteration has led to the decline of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) populations across Canada. The many challenges in conserving caribou are exemplified by a herd of northern mountain caribou in the Telkwa Range of central British Columbia. Despite population augmentation in the 1990s, this herd has declined to 18 individuals, yet mechanisms driving this decline are largely unknown. I used location data from caribou collared between 1991-2015 to investigate the influence of human disturbances - including forestry, roads, and recreation - on survival (N = 224) and habitat selection (N = 76). Results suggested that the decline of this herd was largely driven by a shift in predator prey dynamics following forest harvest. Further exacerbating the decline were the cumulative effects of disturbance in the Telkwa Range. Roads, recreation, and forestry influenced the distribution of the Telkwa caribou herd, ultimately affecting habitat availability and the ability of caribou to successfully manage predation risk.
Book Synopsis Modelling the Effect of Landscape Features on Woodland Caribou Movement and Population Growth in Ontario by : Boyan Liu
Download or read book Modelling the Effect of Landscape Features on Woodland Caribou Movement and Population Growth in Ontario written by Boyan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of an animal's local environment is expected to influence patterns of movement and population growth rate (lambda). Landscape suitability can accordingly be estimated, based on the relative frequency and spatial distribution of good versus poor areas. This framework can be used to evaluate the landscape suitability of 14 woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) ranges in Ontario and relate it to projected inter-range differences in movement and lambda; calculated using individual-based movement trajectories. The caribou movement simulation model predicted that average rates of caribou displacement should decrease with increasing forage variability and decreasing variability in moose abundance. The caribou population viability analysis model predicted that caribou population growth should decrease with increasing density of both wolves and moose, the wolves' primary prey. These model predictions suggest that caribou movement and lambda could respond differently to spatial variation in food availability and predation risk.
Book Synopsis Effects of Disturbance and Landscape Position on Vegetation Structure and Productivity in Ontario Boreal Forests by : Erin E. Mallon
Download or read book Effects of Disturbance and Landscape Position on Vegetation Structure and Productivity in Ontario Boreal Forests written by Erin E. Mallon and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Foraging Ecology of Woodland Caribou in Boreal and Montane Ecosystems of Northeastern British Columbia by : Kristin Denryter
Download or read book Foraging Ecology of Woodland Caribou in Boreal and Montane Ecosystems of Northeastern British Columbia written by Kristin Denryter and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are an iconic species of boreal and montane ecosystems, but many populations are declining due to habitat alteration and associated changes in predator-prey dynamics. Summer forage, however, influences lactation, juvenile growth, pregnancy, and survival, thereby affecting individuals and populations. I used tame caribou (of three nutritional classes - lactating, non-lactating, yearling) as a habitat assessment tool, at 135 sites across northeastern British Columbia, to determine: food habits and selection; dry matter intake rates; diet quality; and daily nutrient intakes. My goal was to assess the suitability of nutritional resources in boreal and montane plant communities to support energy and protein requirements of caribou during summer. Caribou were highly selective foragers. Deciduous shrubs were the primary summer forage of caribou; forbs, lichens, and mushrooms were secondary dietary items. Intake rates by caribou increased with increasing bite masses and quantities of accepted forage biomass (vegetation species used proportionately more than or equal to availability). Caribou achieved highest intakes at sites with an abundance of selected deciduous shrubs (e.g., willow-alpine sites, young forests) that afforded large bite masses, whereas lowest intakes occurred where mean bite masses were small (e.g., dry alpine, nutrient-poor forests). Dietary digestible energy (DE) and protein (DP) content, intake rates, and foraging time varied across plant communities and among nutritional classes. Caribou increased foraging time, but could not compensate for low intake rates and some plant communities failed to provide caribou with adequate nutrient intakes to support nutritional demands for lactation and maintenance of body mass. Although highest nutrient intakes were associated with productive sites, predation risk and disturbance may constrain the nutritional benefits caribou can acquire from these sites. In a pilot study, I mapped foodscapes of DE and DP intakes for a herd of free-ranging boreal caribou. Caribou did not select for nutrient intakes, but other factors including food quantity, predation risk, and accuracy of spatial data layers, may have confounded my ability to isolate the role of nutrition in habitat selection. Insights from this study into the nutritional ecology of caribou during summer can better inform caribou conservation and management.
Book Synopsis Calving Behavior of Boreal Caribou in a Multi-predator, Multi-use Landscape by : Craig Allen DeMars
Download or read book Calving Behavior of Boreal Caribou in a Multi-predator, Multi-use Landscape written by Craig Allen DeMars and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The boreal ecotype of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) is federally listed as Threatened due to population declines throughout its distribution. High mortality rates of neonate calves (≤ 4 weeks old) due to predation are a key demographic factor contributing to population declines and increasing predation has been linked to landscape disturbance within and adjacent to caribou range. To inform management strategies for improving rates of calf survival, I investigated the space use and habitat requirements of female boreal caribou during calving. Space is integral to the calving behaviour of boreal caribou with parturient females dispersing widely on the landscape, a behaviour hypothesized to reduce predation risk. I assessed potential evolutionary drivers of dispersion using simulation analyses that tracked caribou-wolf encounters during the calving season. I specifically assessed whether dispersion decreased predation risk by: (i) increasing predator search time, (ii) reducing predator encounters because individuals are inconspicuous relative to groups, or (iii) eliminating the risk of multiple kills per predator encounter of caribou groups. Simulation outputs show that dispersion only becomes favourable when differential detectability based on group size is combined with the risk of multiple kills per encounter. This latter effect, however, is likely the primary mechanism driving parturient females to disperse because group detectability effects are presumably constant year round. Simulation outputs further demonstrate that if females become increasingly clumped - a pattern that may result if caribou avoid disturbance in highly impacted landscapes - then calf survival is negatively affected. To specifically identify key attributes of calving habitat, I used a three-step process. First, I identified GPS locations where females were accompanied by neonate calves by developing two novel methods for predicting parturition events and neonate survival status based on female movement patterns. These methods predicted parturition with near certainty and provided reasonable estimates of neonate survival, which I further augmented with aerial survey data. Using the partitioned GPS location data, I then developed resource selection functions using a generalized mixed effects modelling approach that explicitly maintained the individual as the sampling and comparative unit. I discriminated calving areas from other areas within caribou range by conducting multiple comparisons based on season and maternal status. These comparisons show that parturient females shifted from bog-dominated winter ranges to calving areas dominated by fens. In general, reducing predation risk was a dominant factor driving calving habitat selection although the shift to fen landscapes indicates that females may be trading off increased predation risk to access higher quality forage because fens are riskier than bogs. As a third step, I explicitly evaluated calving habitat quality by relating maternal selection and use of resources to the probability of neonate survival. These analyses included spatially explicit covariates of predator-specific risk. Surprisingly, variation in landscape disturbance had minimal effect on calf survival; rather, survival was best explained by predation risk from black bears (Ursus americanus). Collectively, my findings yield important insights into the habitat requirements of boreal caribou during calving and highlight that management actions aimed at improving calving habitat quality will need to be conducted at large spatial scales.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Landscape Change on Behaviour and Risk Perceptions of Predator and Prey Communities on a Heterogeneous Landscape in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada by : Gillian Chow-Fraser
Download or read book The Effects of Landscape Change on Behaviour and Risk Perceptions of Predator and Prey Communities on a Heterogeneous Landscape in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada written by Gillian Chow-Fraser and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Habitat selection is assumed to be informed by prior knowledge of the costs and benefits associated with habitat patches on heterogeneous landscapes. Ultimately, species should select habitat that maximizes resources acquired, and minimizes risks to mortality. However, landscape change alters the distribution of resources and, therefore, the energetic trade-offs that drive habitat selection. I investigated how landscape change, through anthropogenic disturbance features, affects behavioural decisions within the predator and prey community, and how those choices affect fitness in the boreal forests and foothills of west-central Alberta and east-central British Columbia. In my first data chapter, I investigated how interspecific interactions within the predator community changed across a gradient of anthropogenic disturbances, focusing on the habitat selection of wolverine (Gulo gulo). I used a novel temporally-explicit approach with camera trap data that modelled weekly co-occurrence of species. I found that anthropogenic features facilitated increased competition between wolverine and coyote, which I suggest is the mechanism that drives broad-scale declines of wolverine on disturbed landscapes. In my second chapter, I tested how woodland caribou evaluated risks and rewards associated with predation risk, disturbance features, and forage habitat during the calving period in two herds on landscapes with differing degrees of disturbance. I compared drivers of resource selection between mothers whose calves survived and mothers whose calves died in either herd. I found that resource selection for mothers on the lesser disturbed landscape was driven by a trade off between predation risk and forage habitat, wherein mothers whose calves eventually died prioritized selection of forage habitat over predation risk. However, all mothers on the more disturbed landscape prioritized their resource selection around disturbance features. Mothers whose calves died appeared to select sites closer to well sites, but more strongly avoided cut blocks and recent wildfire burns. I suggest that disturbance features introduce novel costs and rewards that are not traditionally evaluated on undisturbed landscapes, wherein caribou are required to effectively evaluate risks attributed to unique features with consequences for calf survival. More broadly, my research links the mechanisms that drive changes in habitat selection on changing landscapes with implications for species distributions, population dynamics, and evolutionary changes.
Book Synopsis Calf Survival of Woodland Caribou in a Multi-predator Ecosystem by : David D. Gustine
Download or read book Calf Survival of Woodland Caribou in a Multi-predator Ecosystem written by David D. Gustine and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The proximate role of predation in limiting caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations is well documented, but the long-term effects of predation pressure on selection of calving areas and the subsequent impacts to calving success remain unclear. We examined the relationships among calf survival, predation risk, and vegetation characteristics among 3 calving areas and across spatial scales in the Besa-Prophet River drainage of northern British Columbia"--page 1.
Book Synopsis Seasonal Habitat Selection by Resident and Translocated Caribou in Relation to Cougar Predation Risk by : Heather Leech
Download or read book Seasonal Habitat Selection by Resident and Translocated Caribou in Relation to Cougar Predation Risk written by Heather Leech and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mountain caribou, an arboreal lichen-feeding ecotype of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), have been extirpated from much of their historic range. Mountain caribou are federally listed as Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and red-listed by the BC government. Habitat loss and fragmentation of old growth forest is the ultimate cause for population declines. Yet, predation, linked to apparent competition, is the proximate cause for high rates of mortality. One of the most imperiled populations resides in the Purcell Mountains of BC, which was experimentally augmented in 2012 with 19 northern caribou from northern BC. The caribou-predator literature predominantly focuses on the relationship between caribou and wolves (Canis lupus) in northern caribou populations. However, cougars (Puma concolor) have been identified as a major predator of Purcells-South (PS) caribou, yet caribou-cougar interactions remain largely unstudied. I evaluated cougar predation risk in space and time on resident and translocated caribou in the Purcell Mountains.
Book Synopsis Factors Influencing the Distribution of Bathurst Barren-ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus) During Winter by : Tara A. Barrier
Download or read book Factors Influencing the Distribution of Bathurst Barren-ground Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Groenlandicus) During Winter written by Tara A. Barrier and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Across the circumpolar north, many herds of Rangifer have decreased in abundance. In the Canadian central Arctic, the Bathurst herd of barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) declined from 472,000 ± 72,900 (± 95% confidence interval) caribou in 1986 to 31,900 ± 10,900 caribou in 2009 ...A reduction in winter forage due to forest fires has been suggested as a factor contributing to the decline. I employed a multi-scale study design to identify the influence of vegetation, fire history, snow cover, and predation risk on the occupancy of winter habitats by Bathurst caribou. Between 2008 and 2009, I collected forest stand and understory data at habitats used by caribou, as well as paired control sites. At a larger spatial scale, I used animal location data recorded from 1996 - 2009 to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of Bathurst caribou on the winter range. At the scale of the feeding patch, caribou foraged in habitats with a high-percentage ground cover, high biomass of lichen, and few or small trees. Similarly, the consensus among the models of habitat selection was that collared caribou avoided areas of the winter range with a high density of burns and favoured older patches of forest characterized by a high percentage of ground cover of lichen and herbaceous forage and a close proximity to lakes and rivers. However, there was considerable use of habitats adjacent to the burn boundary, and some caribou occupied early-seral habitats significantly more than expected. Although the abundance of fruticose (having branched, shrubby thalli) lichens was relatively high (2464 kg/ha) in areas burned within the last 43 - 264 years, my results suggest that an increased incidence and severity of forest fires due to climatic warming could cause a temporary decrease in the habitat available to the Bathurst caribou herd during winter. In the event that reduced lichen availability becomes a limiting or regulating factor for caribou, fire suppression may be necessary to mitigate other climate- and anthropogenic-related pressures affecting the popualtion and distribution dynamics of Bathurst caribou."--P. ii-iii.
Book Synopsis Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation in Western North America by : David E. Naugle
Download or read book Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation in Western North America written by David E. Naugle and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2011-02-09 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book "offers a road map for securing North America's energy future while safeguarding its wildlife heritage. Contributing authors, including researchers, managers, planners, and conservationists, show how science can help craft solutions to conflicts between wildlife and energy development by delineating core areas, identifying landscapes that support viable populations, and forecasting future development scenarios and conservation design."--Publisher.
Book Synopsis Home Range and Core Area Determination, Habitat Use and Sensory Effects of All Weather Access on Boreal Woodland Caribou, Rangifer Tarandus Caribou, in Eastern Manitoba by : Doug W. Schindler
Download or read book Home Range and Core Area Determination, Habitat Use and Sensory Effects of All Weather Access on Boreal Woodland Caribou, Rangifer Tarandus Caribou, in Eastern Manitoba written by Doug W. Schindler and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Canada's boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou Gmelin) are listed as "Threatened" under the Canadian Species at Risk Act (SARA) and provincially under the Manitoba Endangered Species Act (MESA). Two of three provincially designated high-risk boreal woodland caribou ranges occur in eastern Manitoba and have been studied using Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking technology. This project was undertaken with the cooperation of the Eastern Manitoba Woodland Caribou Advisory Committee (EMWCAC). I investigated the development of an objective criterion using an adaptive kernel analysis to define core areas of use and the sensory effects of all weather access. A Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for woodland caribou was evaluated to determine if woodland caribou were selecting high quality habitat as defined by the model. Habitat use and selection at course and fine scales was assessed to determine landscape and stand level selection and use. A case study of habitat use and selection using forest inventory attribute data was also conducted and a comparative analysis was undertaken to determine differences in habitat use and selection between two ecologically distinct caribou populations. The criteria used to define core areas yielded mapping outputs that could provide a surrogate for critical habitat and a basis for management zoning and habitat planning. Analysis of the animal use of high quality habitat as predicted by the HSI model illustrated that woodland caribou selection of high quality habitat versus its availability is significant. Course or landscape scale habitat selection and use analysis illustrated that woodland caribou require large tracts of jack pine dominated forest containing black spruce, treed rock and muskegs. At the fine or stand level scale, woodland caribou selected habitat based on discrete variables described in the forest inventory attribute data. Woodland caribou preferred 60 - 80 year old pine dominated forest with a crown closure greater than 50%, interspersed with black spruce, rock outcrop and treed muskegs. Woodland caribou habitat containing greater proportions of treed rock and muskeg in pine dominated forest was important to woodland caribou in eastern Manitoba. The effects of the Happy Lake Road on woodland caribou use and animal energetics are measurable. Woodland caribou illustrate avoidance at approximately 2 kilometres from the road with maximum use of habitat occurring at 9 kilometres from the road. The location of the Happy Lake Road may be favourable considering the location of the Black River. Avoidance of the Happy Lake Road by the Owl Lake animals may be a function of predator and human avoidance. General management implications from this study include the use of the objective criteria for adaptive kernel analysis to determine ecologically representative core use areas that can be used in integrated management zoning. It also has application as a tool for proactive monitoring in the determination of core areas and critical habitat in resource development and mitigation.
Book Synopsis Habitat Selection by the Slate Island Boreal Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou). by : Jennifer Lynn Renton
Download or read book Habitat Selection by the Slate Island Boreal Woodland Caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Caribou). written by Jennifer Lynn Renton and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Slate Islands caribou (Rangifer tarandis caribou) is an insular population which has experienced several population crashes and has been described as likely to succumb to extirpation. While a great deal of research has been conducted on mainland woodland caribou, factors which influence caribou distributions may differ between island and main land populations. In this thesis, I investigate relationships between habitat, landscape, anthropogenic features, population size, predation and spatial distribution of woodland caribou across the Slate Islands Provincial Park (Ontario) at the forest-patch spatial scale. Generalized linear models were used to compare observed caribou locations to available locations across the park, based on data from 1978 to 1995. Results indicated that the Slate Islands caribou selected deciduous cover, larger forest patches, areas further to water, flatter areas, lower elevations and areas closer to anthropogenic features. Population size had a limited effect on caribou distributions.
Download or read book In Our Backyard written by Aimée Craft and published by Univ. of Manitoba Press. This book was released on 2022-04-29 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning with the Grand Rapids Dam in the 1960s, hydroelectric development has dramatically altered the social, political, and physical landscape of northern Manitoba. The Nelson River has been cut up into segments and fractured by a string of dams, for which the Churchill River had to be diverted and new inflow points from Lake Winnipeg created to manage their capacity. Historic mighty rapids have shrivelled into dry river beds. Manitoba Hydro's Keeyask dam and generating station will expand the existing network of 15 dams and 13,800 km of transmission lines. In Our Backyard tells the story of the Keeyask dam and accompanying development on the Nelson River from the perspective of Indigenous peoples, academics, scientists, and regulators. It builds on the rich environmental and economic evaluations documented in the Clean Environment Commission’s public hearings on Keeyask in 2012. It amplifies Indigenous voices that environmental assessment and regulatory processes have often failed to incorporate and provides a basis for ongoing decision-making and scholarship relating to Keeyask and resource development more generally. It considers cumulative, regional, and strategic impact assessments; Indigenous worldviews and laws within the regulatory and decision-making process; the economics of development; models for monitoring and management; consideration of affected species; and cultural and social impacts. With a provincial and federal regulatory regime that is struggling with important questions around the balance between development and sustainability, and in light of the inherent rights of Indigenous people to land, livelihoods, and self-determination, In Our Backyard offers critical reflections that highlight the need for purposeful dialogue, principled decision making, and a better legacy of northern development in the future.
Book Synopsis Bottom-up and Top-down Forces Shaping Caribou Forage Availability on the Lake Superior Coast by : Benjamin Kuchta
Download or read book Bottom-up and Top-down Forces Shaping Caribou Forage Availability on the Lake Superior Coast written by Benjamin Kuchta and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
