Indonesia Then And Now

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Indonesia Then and Now

Author : Horst H. Geerken
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783746075327
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (753 download)

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Book Synopsis Indonesia Then and Now by : Horst H. Geerken

Download or read book Indonesia Then and Now written by Horst H. Geerken and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horst H. Geerken lived in Indonesia from 1963 to 1981. As well as working for a major German industrial firm, he travelled widely in the enormous Indonesian archipelago. After 1981 he visited the country every year - after 1993 also accompanied by his partner Annette Bräker. Annette Bräker got to know South East Asia from a very early age: her father was an orientalist, and she accompanied him, and sometimes both parents, on a number of research trips, where she came to have a special affection for Indonesia. Her university courses on Malay Studies, Comparative Religion and Oriental Art History brought her into particularly close contact with South East Asia. Horst H. Geerken has published several non-fiction books dealing with Indonesian history and culture, such as Der Ruf des Geckos (A Gecko for Luck or The Magic Gecko). His most recent publication (Hitlers Griff nach Asien Hitler's Asian Adventure) is a study of the influence of the Third Reich on the independence movement in the Netherlands East Indies down to the final achievement of independence under President Soekarno. These books have confirmed Horst H. Geerken's reputation as an expert on the region, not only in Germany and Indonesia, but also elsewhere. They have all appeared in German, English and Bahasa Indonesia. The current volume is a captivating account of travels in the giant Indonesian archipelago from 1964 to the present. It can be highly recommended for its humour and human interest. (G. H. H.)

Indonesia Today

Author : Grayson Lloyd
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 0742517624
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Indonesia Today by : Grayson Lloyd

Download or read book Indonesia Today written by Grayson Lloyd and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2001 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The turn of the century and the crossroads of reformasi presents a timely juncture for examining Indonesia's political, economic, and social history--both to evaluate current events and to chart the country's future course. Providing an up-to-date overview, this volume explores events, processes, and themes in contemporary Indonesia--including the evolution of political institutions and democracy, economic development and political economy, religious and social movements, political ideology, and the role of the armed forces. By holding a mirror to historical events, the authors add a rich dimension to our understanding of Indonesia and its problems, free from the exigencies of the present and the prejudices of the past.

An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography

Author : Soedjatmoko
Publisher : Equinox Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9789793780443
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography by : Soedjatmoko

Download or read book An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography written by Soedjatmoko and published by Equinox Publishing. This book was released on 2007 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first major work on Indonesian historiography to have appeared in any language, twenty-two outstanding scholars survey available source materials in Asia and Europe and discuss the current state of Indonesian historical scholarship, the approaches and methods that might be fruitful for future research, and the problems that confront Indonesian historians today. The contributions which can be made to historical studies by other disciplines - such as economics, sociology, anthropology, and international law - are discussed by specialists in these fields. Problems of Indonesian historiography are presented not only from points of view of the diff erent social sciences, but also from those of historians who differ in approach and interpretation from one another. This unique work, now brought back to life in Equinox Publishing's Classic Indonesia series, proves to be great value to historians and social scientists as an introduction to both sources for and diff erent approaches to the history of an important part of the world. Edited by one of Indonesia's leading scholars, Soedjatmoko, as well as Mohamad Ali, G.J. Resnik and George McT. Kahin, An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography features contributions from John Bastin, C.C. Berg, Buchari, J.C. Bottoms, C.R. Boxer, L. Ch. Damais, Hoesein Djajadiningrat, H.J. de Graf, Graham Irwan, Koichi Kishi, Koentjaraningrat, Ruth T. McVey, J. Noorduyn, J.M. Romein, R. Soekmono, Tjan Tjoe Som, F.J.E. Tan, W.F. Wertheim and P.J. Zoetmulder.

Indonesia Beyond Suharto

Author : Donald K. Emmerson
Publisher : M.E. Sharpe
ISBN 13 : 9781563248894
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (488 download)

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Book Synopsis Indonesia Beyond Suharto by : Donald K. Emmerson

Download or read book Indonesia Beyond Suharto written by Donald K. Emmerson and published by M.E. Sharpe. This book was released on 1999 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surveys in detail the most significant problems now facing Indonesia, raises vital issues for further investigation, and analyzes the results of the 1999 election.

A History of Modern Indonesia

Author : Adrian Vickers
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139619799
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (396 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Modern Indonesia by : Adrian Vickers

Download or read book A History of Modern Indonesia written by Adrian Vickers and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-25 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the Bali bombings of 2002 and the rise of political Islam, Indonesia has frequently occupied media headlines. Nevertheless, the history of the fourth largest country on earth remains relatively unknown. Adrian Vickers' book, first published in 2005, traces the history of an island country, comprising some 240 million people, from the colonial period through revolution and independence to the present. Framed around the life story of Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous and controversial novelist and playwright, the book journeys through the social and cultural mores of Indonesian society, focusing on the experiences of ordinary people. In this new edition, the author brings the story up to date, revisiting his argument as to why Indonesia has yet to realise its potential as a democratic country. He also examines the rise of fundamentalist Islam, which has haunted Indonesia since the fall of Suharto.

Kartini Centenary

Author : Ailsa Gwennyth Zainu'ddin
Publisher : Monash Asia Institute
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Kartini Centenary by : Ailsa Gwennyth Zainu'ddin

Download or read book Kartini Centenary written by Ailsa Gwennyth Zainu'ddin and published by Monash Asia Institute. This book was released on 1980 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Brief History of Indonesia

Author : Tim Hannigan
Publisher : Tuttle Publishing
ISBN 13 : 146291716X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (629 download)

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Book Synopsis Brief History of Indonesia by : Tim Hannigan

Download or read book Brief History of Indonesia written by Tim Hannigan and published by Tuttle Publishing. This book was released on 2015-08-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sultans, Spices, and Tsunamis: The Incredible Story of the World's Largest Archipelago Indonesia is by far the largest nation in Southeast Asia and has the fourth largest population in the world after the United States. Indonesian history and culture are especially relevant today as the Island nation is an emerging power in the region with a dynamic new leader. It is a land of incredible diversity and unending paradoxes that has a long and rich history stretching back a thousand years and more. Indonesia is the fabled "Spice Islands" of every school child's dreams--one of the most colorful and fascinating countries in history. These are the islands that Europeans set out on countless voyages of discovery to find and later fought bitterly over in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. This was the land that Christopher Columbus sought, and Magellan actually reached and explored. One tiny Indonesian island was even exchanged for the island of Manhattan in 1667! This fascinating history book tells the story of Indonesia as a narrative of kings, traders, missionaries, soldiers and revolutionaries, featuring stormy sea crossings, fiery volcanoes, and the occasional tiger. It recounts the colorful visits of foreign travelers who have passed through these shores for many centuries--from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and Dutch adventurers to English sea captains and American movie stars. For readers who want an entertaining introduction to Asia's most fascinating country, this is delightful reading.

Beginning to Remember

Author : Mary S. Zurbuchen
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295998768
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (959 download)

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Book Synopsis Beginning to Remember by : Mary S. Zurbuchen

Download or read book Beginning to Remember written by Mary S. Zurbuchen and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning to Remember charts Indonesia's turbulent decades of cultural repression and renewal amid the rise and fall of Suharto's New Order regime. These cross-disciplinary pieces illuminate Indonesia�s current efforts to reexamine and understand its past in order to shape new civic and cultural arrangements. In 1998, "reformasi" brought a wave of relief and euphoria. But Suharto's removal did not dispel persistent corruption, official secrecy and denial, religious and ethnic violence, and security policies leading to tragedy in East Timor, Aceh, and other regions. But the reformasi did open up new possibilities for seeing the past. What followed was a surge of discourse that challenged officially codified national history in mass media and publishing, in public policy debate, in the arts, and in popular mobilization and politics. This volume is an exploration of some of the expressions, narratives, and interpretations of the past found in Indonesia today. The authors illustrate ways in which the dissolution of the Indonesian state's monopoly on history is now permitting new national, local, and individual accounts and representations of the past to emerge. The book covers fields from performing arts and literature to anthropology, history, and transitional justice. The book opens with Goenawan Mohamad's dramatic poem Kali, the first publication of this important work by one of Indonesia�s leading intellectuals, which has become the libretto for an international opera production. Another chapter is a personal memoir by one of Java�s famous shadow-play masters, Tristuti Rachmadi, for years imprisoned under the New Order. Leading historian Anthony Reid commemorates the national struggle at the regional level, while South African lawyer Paul van Zyl compares efforts in transitional justice in Indonesia, East Timor, and South Africa.

Land, Livelihood, the Economy and the Environment in Indonesia

Author : Anne Booth
Publisher : Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia
ISBN 13 : 9794618241
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis Land, Livelihood, the Economy and the Environment in Indonesia by : Anne Booth

Download or read book Land, Livelihood, the Economy and the Environment in Indonesia written by Anne Booth and published by Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. This book was released on 2012 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of essays is intended to honour an exceptional, indeed a unique scholar. Joan Hardjono grew up in Sydney and graduated from Sydney University in the mid-1950s. She majored in English and Geography and like most girls in those years who had managed to complete a tertiary degree, she probably expected to embark on a career as a high school teacher in Australia. But no doubt prompted by the spirit of adventure which she has kept throughout her long career, she decided to go to Indonesia as a volunteer teacher. The scheme which brought young Australian graduates to Indonesia at that time was pioneering; it pre-dated the US Peace Corps and several of the participants went on to distinguished academic careers. On the boat from Australia to Indonesia, she met a young Indonesian called Hardjono, who after participating in the struggle against the Dutch in the late 1940s, gained an engineering degree at the Institute of Technology in Bandung, then as now Indonesia’s leading tertiary institute for the study of engineering and technology. Joan was posted to teach in Semarang, the capital of the province of Central Java, and family legend has it that Hardjono used a borrowed motor cycle to pay her frequent visits, bringing with him Javanese delicacies as gifts. Since the late 1980s, Joan has been busy as a consultant to a number of bilateral and multilateral aid agencies. She has retired as a university teacher, but served for several years as an active member of the advisory board of a Bandung-based research organization, AKATIGA. She has also served since its inception in early 2001 on both the Board of Trustees and the Advisory Board of the Jakarta-based research group, The SMERU Research Institute. The editors are pleased that four chapters in this volume have been contributed by staff of these two institutions. Joan continues to be an active member of the SMERU boards, and in her advisory role, she has always stressed that SMERU should focus on what it does best, namely conducting solid research on the problems of poverty, social protection and unemployment, rather than engaging in policy advocacy. She worked very hard editing the institute’s first international publication, Poverty and Social Protection in Indonesia, which was published by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore in 2011. Joan has often regretted the fact that so few Indonesian social scientists publish internationally, and has assisted a number of scholars over the years to turn their research findings into publishable papers in English-language outlets. Like many Indonesians in her age group, Joan has at times been disappointed that the country’s macroeconomic progress over the last four decades has not yet achieved the elusive goal of a just and prosperous society. To friends, she can be at times very critical of the performance of politicians and senior bureaucrats, both during the Suharto era and subsequently. But she would be the last to deny that some progress has been made. She continues to visit Australia on a regular basis, but Bandung remains her home, and she remains steadfast in her love for, and commitment to, the people of Indonesia.

Indonesia in the Soeharto Years

Author : John H. McGlynn
Publisher : Brill
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Indonesia in the Soeharto Years by : John H. McGlynn

Download or read book Indonesia in the Soeharto Years written by John H. McGlynn and published by Brill. This book was released on 2007 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "During much of Soeharto's thirty-two years of reign as president (1967-1998) Indonesia was seen as a successful test-case in third-world development, a wayward pariah turned into a shining example of modern economic planning and democracy. His New Order government won awards from the United Nations for the country's advances in family planning. The nation's massive development plans won the applause of the World Bank and international financiers. In fact, behind the New Order's benign facade was an intricate web of nepotism, corruption and a persistent and wide-ranging repression of civil liberties, the full scope of which is now just beginning to become apparent." "Indonesia in the Soeharto Years delves into many of the issues and incidents that shaped the nation, from the grim years of 1965 and 1966, up until the nation's first direct election for the president in 2004." "Photographs by many of the nation's top photojournalists and essays by economists, government leaders, journalists, activist and scholars provide unique insights into the politics, culture and history of Indonesia under the New Order." "With the more than fifty short essays, eighty photographic series and extended captions, and 500 historical photographs, this book is an essential document for anyone interested in the politics and culture of modern Indonesia. It is also a publishing milestone; with the work of 125 photographers under one cover, it offers the first-ever comprehensive pictorial look at contemporary Indonesian history."--BOOK JACKET.

A History of Modern Indonesia

Author : Merle Calvin Ricklefs
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Modern Indonesia by : Merle Calvin Ricklefs

Download or read book A History of Modern Indonesia written by Merle Calvin Ricklefs and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Counter In this second edition, all parts of the book have been revised and sections added wherever new research has required this, greater attention has been given to economic issues, and two new chapters have been written on the period since 1965. The bibliography has been brought completely up to date. Indonesia is the forth most populous nation of the earth and a major producer of oil and other resources. It is also the most populous nation of the Islamic world and at the same time heir to vigorous pre-Islamic traditions and complex cultural heritages of the many islands which make up the Republic. Its colourful history, from the coming of Islam c. 1300 to the present day, is described in this comprehensive work. The emphasis throughout the book is on the history of the Indonesian peoples themselves. An essential narrative of political history is provided as well as discussions of social, cultural and economic affairs. Chapter bibliographies are included to guide readers to the most recent scholarly works on the subject. Behind this structure, the book poses the important question of how the diverse but related linguistic and ethnic communities of the Indonesian archipelago became a unified nation. Attention is therefore given first to those influences which set the scene for the post-1300 era of Indonesian history: the spread of Islam; early European contact; the emergence of the new Indonesian states and the variety of indigenous cultural, literary and religious traditions. The turbulent seventeenth century and eighteenth centuries are then analysed in terms of the largely inconclusive struggles for hegemony among Indonesian states and the Dutch. The nineteenth century saw Dutch colonial rule gradually imposed throughout the archipelago, and the twentieth century opened with quite new issues which were by now common to most of the peoples of Indonesia. Islamic revivalism and anti-colonial movements further helped to draw Indonesia together, a process which culminated in the revolution and independence. Since then, Indonesia's unification has made many achievements possible, but has not prevented the emergence of persistence of serious problems. Without political or religious bias, using both western and Indonesian sources, this history assists the serious study of both the past and the present of this beautiful and important Southeast Asian nation.

A Short History of Indonesia

Author : Colin Brown
Publisher : Allen & Unwin
ISBN 13 : 9781865088389
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis A Short History of Indonesia by : Colin Brown

Download or read book A Short History of Indonesia written by Colin Brown and published by Allen & Unwin. This book was released on 2003 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New in the Short Histories of Asia series, edited by Milton Osborne, this is a readable, well-informed and comprehensive history of Indonesia and its peoples, from ancient origins to the present day.

In the Time of Madness

Author : Richard Lloyd Parry
Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
ISBN 13 : 155584863X
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (558 download)

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Book Synopsis In the Time of Madness by : Richard Lloyd Parry

Download or read book In the Time of Madness written by Richard Lloyd Parry and published by Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the acclaimed author of People Who Eat Darkness comes this “deeply felt” account of Indonesia at the crossroads of freedom and terror (Time, Asia). In the last years of the twentieth century, foreign correspondent Richard Lloyd Parry found himself in the vast island nation of Indonesia, one of the most alluring, mysterious, and violent countries in the world. For thirty-two years, it had been paralyzed by the grip of the dictator and mystic General Suharto, but now the age of Suharto was coming to an end. Would freedom prevail, or was the “time of madness” predicted centuries before now at hand? On the island of Borneo, tribesmen embarked on a rampage of headhunting and cannibalism. Vast jungles burned uncontrollably; money lost its value; there were plane crashes and volcanic eruptions. Then, after Suharto’s tumultuous fall, came the vote on East Timor’s independence from Indonesia. And it was here, trapped in the besieged compound of the United Nations, that Richard reached his own breaking point. A book of hair-raising immediacy and psychological unravelling, In the Time of Madness is an accomplishment in the great tradition of Conrad, Orwell, and Ryszard Kapuściński.

Unfinished Nation

Author : Max Lane
Publisher : Verso Books
ISBN 13 : 1844672379
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Unfinished Nation by : Max Lane

Download or read book Unfinished Nation written by Max Lane and published by Verso Books. This book was released on 2008-05-17 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unfinished Nation traces the evolution of Indonesia from its anti-colonial stirrings in the early twentieth century to the lengthy, and eventually victorious, struggle against the dictatorship of President Suharto. In clarifying the often misunderstood political changes that took place in Indonesia at the end of the twentieth century, Max Lane traces how small resistance groups inside Indonesia directed massive political transformation. He shows how the real heroes were the Indonesian workers and peasants, whose sustained mass direct action was the determining force in toppling one of the most enduring dictatorships of modern times. Taking in the role of political Islam, and with considerations on the future of this fragmented country, Unfinished Nation is an illuminating account of modern Indonesian history.

INDONESIARYA

Author : Santo Saba
Publisher : Santo Saba Piliang
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis INDONESIARYA by : Santo Saba

Download or read book INDONESIARYA written by Santo Saba and published by Santo Saba Piliang. This book was released on 2020-06-22 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: WE ARE ARYĀ Who did you mean by ARYĀ ....? Arya has become associated with "Race Hierarchy" which considers whites, blondes, blue eyes more superior to other skin nations and It serves as a "Powerful" propaganda tool in the historical reality that has taken place, however ... it is not factual To this day ... the word Aryā is loaded with all kinds of connotations "Negative" and is largely due to the Nazi "ideology" which claims to be the Arya ... Nazi misguided and propaganda, has damaged the image of Aryān ... eliminating thousands of humans with just one word "racism" ... We have entered and fallen into the abyss of destruction due to the political policies of a nation ... to the point that the "assumption" of white supremacy is the "Superior Nation" Then wildly make the attitude of "contagious" other nations to "Label" the human hierarchy based on the color of the skin "White" or "Black" ... this results in dividing the human race Then who is that Aryan ...? The initial assumption of the published "Aryans" today were those who lived in Iran & Iraq in the prehistoric era, these people migrated to northern India around 1,500 BC, Indian "Dravidian" natives call these newcomers "ārya" At the end of the early 19th century the early 20th "Aryans" was equated with people German or Nordic and before the assumption "Aryan" refers to an ancient language whose speakers are thought to have spread and influenced language throughout the Indian subcontinent Also published the Sumerian civilization flourished in the Persian Gulf, around 4 - 3,000 BC and the civilization on the 'Plain of Shinar Land' was a territory that only existed after 2,000 BC which is now called "Babylon" Other sources also spread that, according to the "Volkisch" (people) belief, Aryans had created a high civilization that existed thousands of years ago were destroyed by natural disasters of melting ice at the end of the last ice age or the beginning of the ice age, 12,000 years ago and the basis of this "Mythology" is not strong enough Another assumption is that the original Aryan land was "Thule" at the warm north end of the earth, they lived in caves, this branch of the 'Ras Aryan' descendant was proto-Indo-European, published were 'Iranians' who spread, colonized various regions of the north of the earth after the Flood, spread agricultural civilization and was universally recognized by the symbol "Swastika" (卐) This symbol is what Nazi ideology used to claim itself as an Aryan nation ... This Nazi misguided and propaganda that has damaged the image of Aryan ... eliminates humans only on the basis of "Racism" ... identified by using the symbol "Swastika" ( 卐) in the "Hitler" period Fundamental questions that must be answered: ● What nation in the world can explain the clear and detailed meaning of the philosophy of the "Swastika" symbol ...? ● What nation in the world to this day in its everyday culture uses the symbol "Swastika" ...? Nation ... which to this day with its "Swastika" philosophy lives peacefully and reconciles the world, because here is stored perfectly the basic teachings of the original "Dharmic" .... which underlies the growth of the 3 great religions of India Ńâmô āryātārā ..... We Are Aryā ... INDONËSIARYĀ By: Santosabapiliang (Datuok Panglimo Soko) Book Info: WA +62813 2132 9787

Inside Indonesia

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Inside Indonesia by :

Download or read book Inside Indonesia written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Power & Other Things

Author : Riksa Afiaty
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789461613783
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Power & Other Things by : Riksa Afiaty

Download or read book Power & Other Things written by Riksa Afiaty and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-26 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The project takes its name from the demand for the transfer of power and other things to the newly independent Indonesia in 1945. It travels through time, from European colonial occupation through the development of the republican state to the trans-national contemporary cultures of today. It looks at the various international exchanges that happened in the territories of contemporary Indonesia through the images and ideas of artists. The catalogue and the exhibition will follow a broad chronological narrative, allowing readers and visitors to learn more about how this huge archipelago has changed over the past two centuries and to observe how it has responded and adapted to different influences originating both from inside and outside the islands. The influence of the imperial Dutch and Japanese occupations naturally form a signifcant element in the narrative of the exhibition as well as the constant struggles for different forms of independence or equal treatment by the Javanese and other Indonesian cultures. The importance of Chinese and Arab influence on its cultural history will also feature as the exhibition tries to look for other ways alongside the post-colonial for understanding the present.