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In Situ Catalytic Upgrading Of Pyrolysis Vapor
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Book Synopsis In-situ Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor by :
Download or read book In-situ Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapor written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rising fuel prices, environmental concerns over the emission of greenhouse gases, and the limited availability of fossil fuels led to the current focus on developing alternative fuel sources that are sustainable and environmentally benign. Lignocellulosic biomass, due to its high carbon value, abundance and for being greenhouse gas neutral, is a promising alternative energy resource. Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass produces high energy density liquid fuel, called bio-oil, which has the potential as transportation fuel. But, crude bio-oils are chemically complex liquids with high oxygen contents (40 % oxygen content), high viscosity, low pH, low thermal stability, and poor heating values (20 MJ/Kg). Therefore, bio-oils must be substantially upgraded (de-oxygenated) to highly stable, non-corrosive, and high calorific value liquid fuels prior to their use as transportation fuels. This research was conducted to investigate the efficiency of various acid catalysts in upgrading (cracking) the oxygenated pine wood pyrolysis vapors to high quality liquid fuel. Initial catalyst screening studies proved that zeolite acidity and pore structure is essential for effective cracking of pyrolysis vapors. Low space velocities and moderate temperatures were found to be favorable for the deoxygenation of pyrolysis vapors. Various zeolites were tested, of which HZSM-5 with low Si/Al ratio was found to be an effective cracking catalyst. But the use of zeolites resulted in poor liquid yields. Zeolites were promoted with transition metal ions in order to inhibit the secondary cracking reactions occurring on Brönsted acid sites. The meta--promoted bi-functional catalysts were found to be the most effective catalysts, among all the catalysts employed in this research, in promoting hydrocarbon forming reactions without adversely affecting the liquid yields. Catalyst coking was unavoidable but the addition of metal ions to zeolites lowered the extent of coking. TG analysis of used catalysts indicated that the catalysts can be regenerated by calcining at 600-650 °C.
Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Pt/TiO2 by :
Download or read book Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Pt/TiO2 written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vapor phase upgrading can produce a liquid of lower oxygen and higher energy density than can fast pyrolysis alone. Therefore, it is anticipated that catalytic pyrolysis followed by a single stage of hydrotreating will be a more cost-effective route to hydrocarbon fuels than fast pyrolysis with multiple-stage or more-severe hydrotreating. To this end, a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer was operated at 150 g/h feed rate of pine flour with a 100 g fixed-bed catalytic upgrader. A 0.5% Pt/TiO2 catalyst produced a lower oxygen (
Book Synopsis Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Platinum on Titania by : Richard French
Download or read book Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Platinum on Titania written by Richard French and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Catalysis for Renewables by : Gabriele Centi
Download or read book Catalysis for Renewables written by Gabriele Centi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With its focus on catalysis and addressing two very hot and timely topics with significant implications for our future lives, this will be a white book in the field. The authority behind this practical work is the IDECAT Network of Excellence, and the authors here outline how the use of catalysis will promote the more extensive use of renewable feedstocks in chemical and energy production. They present the latest applications, their applicability and results, making this a ready reference for researchers and engineers working in catalysis, chemistry, and industrial processes wishing to analyze options, outlooks and opportunities in the field.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : A. V. Bridgwater
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Cpl Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited and updated version of the final report of the IEA Bioenergy Pyrolysis Task, is useful both to newcomers to the subject area and those already involved in research, development, and implementation.
Book Synopsis Strategies for Catalytic Upgrading of Vapor Streams from Thermal Fractionation of Biomass by : Tyler Steven Vann
Download or read book Strategies for Catalytic Upgrading of Vapor Streams from Thermal Fractionation of Biomass written by Tyler Steven Vann and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Robert C Brown
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Robert C Brown and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-07-07 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast pyrolysis and related catalytic pyrolysis are of increasing interest as pathways to advanced biofuels that closely mimic traditional petroleum products. Research has moved from empirical investigations to more fundamental studies of pyrolysis mechanisms. Theories on the chemical and physical pathways from plant polymers to pyrolysis products have proliferated as a result. This book brings together the latest developments in pyrolysis science and technology. It examines, reviews and challenges the unresolved and sometimes controversial questions about pyrolysis, helping advance the understanding of this important technology and stimulating discussion on the various competing theories of thermal deconstruction of plant polymers. Beginning with an introduction to the biomass-to-biofuels process via fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, chapters address prominent questions such as whether free radicals or concerted reactions dominate deconstruction reactions. Finally, the book concludes with an economic analysis of fast pyrolysis versus catalytic pyrolysis. This book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers interested in the science behind renewable fuel technology, and particularly the thermochemical processing of biomass.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Pt/Tio2 by : Richard French
Download or read book Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolysis Vapors at Bench Scale with Pt/Tio2 written by Richard French and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Thermochemical Processing of Biomass by : Robert C. Brown
Download or read book Thermochemical Processing of Biomass written by Robert C. Brown and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive examination of the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels and power through thermochemical processes Bringing together a widely scattered body of information into a single volume, this book provides complete coverage of the many ways that thermochemical processes are used to transform biomass into fuels, chemicals and power. Fully revised and updated, this new edition highlights the substantial progress and recent developments that have been made in this rapidly growing field since publication of the first edition and incorporates up-to-date information in each chapter. Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition incorporates two new chapters covering: condensed phased reactions of thermal deconstruction of biomass and life cycle analysis of thermochemical processing systems. It offers a new introductory chapter that provides a more comprehensive overview of thermochemical technologies. The book also features fresh perspectives from new authors covering such evolving areas as solvent liquefaction and hybrid processing. Other chapters cover combustion, gasification, fast pyrolysis, upgrading of syngas and bio-oil to liquid transportation fuels, and the economics of thermochemically producing fuels and power, and more. Features contributions by a distinguished group of European and American researchers offering a broad and unified description of thermochemical processing options for biomass Combines an overview of the current status of thermochemical biomass conversion as well as engineering aspects to appeal to the broadest audience Edited by one of Biofuels Digest’s "Top 100 People" in bioenergy for six consecutive years Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power, 2nd Edition will appeal to all academic researchers, process chemists, and engineers working in the field of biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals. It is also an excellent book for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying biomass, biofuels, renewable resources, and energy and power generation.
Book Synopsis Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals written by Mark Crocker and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010-09-10 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is increasing recognition that low-cost, high capacity processes for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are essential for expanding the utilization of carbon neutral processes, reducing dependency on fossil fuel resources, and increasing rural income. While much attention has focused on the use of biomass to produce ethanol via fermentation, high capacity processes are also required for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. In addition to traditional conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis, new developments are considered, including catalytic routes for the production of liquid fuels from carbohydrates and the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulose utilization. The individual chapters, written by experts in the field, provide an introduction to each topic, as well as describing recent research developments.
Book Synopsis Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels by : Akhilendra P Singh
Download or read book Prospects of Alternative Transportation Fuels written by Akhilendra P Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses different types of alternative fuels, including biodiesel, alcohol, synthetic fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) and its blend with hydrogen, HCNG, and provides detailed information on the utilization of these alternative fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines. Further, it presents methods for production of these alternative fuels and explores advanced combustion techniques, such as low-temperature and dual-fuel combustion, using alternative fuels. It includes a chapter on the soot morphology of biodiesel, which focuses on the toxicity. There are also four chapters on hydrogen-fueled engines, which discuss use of hydrogen in IC engines and also provide important information on the methodologies. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and practicing engineers alike.
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Vapor and Bio-Oil Preconditioning via Ex Situ Hydrodeoxygenation and Alkylation Using a Heteropolyacid Catalyst by :
Download or read book Pyrolysis Vapor and Bio-Oil Preconditioning via Ex Situ Hydrodeoxygenation and Alkylation Using a Heteropolyacid Catalyst written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ex situ catalytic preconditioning of biomass pyrolysis vapors (partial deoxygenation) has the potential for both reducing the oxygen content and beneficially influencing the oxygen speciation of condense bio-oils for enhancement of downstream condensed phase upgrading processes. Here, condensed phase upgrading processes may refer to both coprocessing and hydroprocessing with vacuum gas-oil (VGO). Reduction of oxygen content to produce bio-oils with greater hydrophobicity can enhance VGO-solubility while tailoring of oxygen speciation by removal of reactive carbonyls (e.g., acetic acid) can lessen catalytic deactivation via coking reactions. 1,2 Furthermore, enhanced VGO-solubility and reduced coking leads to greater biogenic carbon incorporation in end-products from condensed phase upgrading processes. By leveraging the hydrodeoxygenation and alkylation activity of a titania-supported molybdenum-heteropolyacid (Mo-HPA/TiO2) catalyst, pyrolysis vapors and resulting condensed bio-oils were effectively preconditioned for downstream upgrading. 3 Data regarding the use of Mo-HPA/TiO2 for pyrolysis vapor preconditioning will be presented on, including method of employment, catalyst characterization, and impacts on bio-oil in relation to downstream condensed phase upgrading processes. Our approach is to: Compare Mo-HPA/TiO2 product distribution to HZSM-5; Investigate Mo-HPA/TiO2 regeneration and characterize changes in acid site character; Assess product differences in terms of enhanced VGO-solubility.
Book Synopsis Catalyst Characterization by : Boris Imelik
Download or read book Catalyst Characterization written by Boris Imelik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: to the Fundamental and Applied Catalysis Series Catalysis is important academically and industrially. It plays an essential role in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from gasoline and plastics to fertilizers and herbicides, which would otherwise be unobtainable or prohibitive ly expensive. There are few chemical-or oil-based material items in modern society that do not depend in some way on a catalytic stage in their manufacture. Apart from manufacturing processes, catalysis is finding other important and over-increasing uses; for example, successful applications of catalysis in the control ofpollution and its use in environmental control are certain to in crease in the future. The commercial import an ce of catalysis and the diverse intellectual challenges of catalytic phenomena have stimulated study by a broad spectrum of scientists including chemists, physicists, chemical engineers, and material scientists. Increasing research activity over the years has brought deeper levels of understanding, and these have been associated with a continually growing amount of published material. As recentlyas sixty years ago, Rideal and Taylor could still treat the subject comprehensively in a single volume, but by the 19 50s Emmett required six volumes, and no conventional multivolume text could now cover the whole of catalysis in any depth.
Book Synopsis In-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology Pathway by :
Download or read book In-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis Technology Pathway written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This pathway case investigates converting woody biomass using in-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by upgrading to gasoline, diesel, and jet range blendstocks. Technical barriers and key research needs that should be pursued for this pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived blendstocks have been identified.
Book Synopsis Renewable Fuels Produced from Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors: Catalysis and Reaction Engineering by : David Pierce Gamliel
Download or read book Renewable Fuels Produced from Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors: Catalysis and Reaction Engineering written by David Pierce Gamliel and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At present, lignocellulosic biomass is the only renewable and available resource capable of supplanting fossil fuel resources. Fast pyrolysis is the conversion of biomass at elevated temperature, high heating rate and under inert atmosphere to produce bio-oil. This bio-oil is a blend of oxygenated hydrocarbons, which must be upgraded prior to use as a transportation fuel. The focus of this thesis is the investigation of bio-oil upgrading reaction pathways and catalysts for the production of biofuels. There are two primary pathways for pyrolysis vapor upgrading: catalytic cracking and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). During catalytic cracking, pyrolysis vapors react over the acid sites of ZSM-5 zeolite, which crack C-C bonds to release oxygen in the form of COx. Biofuel compound yield is greater when cracking occurs in-situ the pyrolysis reactor, but selectivity is greater when cracking occurs ex-situ. Because of its microporous structure, the ZSM-5 catalyst may exclude some of the bulky oxygenates formed during pyrolysis. This accessibility limitation can be alleviated through the introduction of mesoporosity in the ZSM-5 zeolite. Zeolite mesoporosity is beneficial for increasing aromatic yield and reducing coke on catalyst. While catalytic cracking is effective for removing oxygen from the pyrolysis vapors, this oxygen is removed as COx, reducing carbon return in the bio-oil. Moreover, the upgraded bio-oil is aromatic in nature, and aromatics in gasoline are limited. Incorporation of hydrogen into the pyrolysis reactor in the presence of Ni-ZSM-5 catalyst reduces char formation and substantially increases CH4 yield, but the bio-oil does not contain many alkanes. The high reaction temperature demanded by biomass volatilization thermodynamically limits hydrogenation reactions. Catalytic hydropyrolysis followed by secondary hydroprocessing produces a biofuel with heating value and aromaticity similar to gasoline. Liquid phase HDO is another pathway for removal of bio-oil oxygen. Catalytic HDO of anisole, 4-ethylphenol and benzofuran was performed with Ni, Ru and Pd supported on USY zeolite. Kinetic rate measurements show Pd is more effective than Ni and Ru in terms of reaction rate, deoxygenation activity and C-C coupling. Finally, controlled mesoporosity of the USY support is beneficial for enhancing access of oxygenates to the impregnated metal species for efficient hydrogenation.
Book Synopsis Conceptual Process Design and Techno-economic Assessment of Ex Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by :
Download or read book Conceptual Process Design and Techno-economic Assessment of Ex Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route for the production of fungible liquid biofuels. There is significant ongoing research on the design and development of catalysts for this process. However, there are a limited number of studies investigating process configurations and their effects on biorefinery economics. Herein we present a conceptual process design with techno-economic assessment; it includes the production of upgraded bio-oil via fixed bed ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by final hydroprocessing to hydrocarbon fuel blendstocks. This study builds upon previous work using fluidized bed systems, as detailed in a recent design report led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL/TP-5100-62455); overall yields are assumed to be similar, and are based on enabling future feasibility. Assuming similar yields provides a basis for easy comparison and for studying the impacts of areas of focus in this study, namely, fixed bed reactor configurations and their catalyst development requirements, and the impacts of an inline hot gas filter. A comparison with the fluidized bed system shows that there is potential for higher capital costs and lower catalyst costs in the fixed bed system, leading to comparable overall costs. The key catalyst requirement is to enable the effective transformation of highly oxygenated biomass into hydrocarbons products with properties suitable for blending into current fuels. Potential catalyst materials are discussed, along with their suitability for deoxygenation, hydrogenation and C-C coupling chemistry. This chemistry is necessary during pyrolysis vapor upgrading for improved bio-oil quality, which enables efficient downstream hydroprocessing; C-C coupling helps increase the proportion of diesel/jet fuel range product. One potential benefit of fixed bed upgrading over fluidized bed upgrading is catalyst flexibility, providing greater control over chemistry and product composition. Since this study is based on future projections, the impacts of uncertainties in the underlying assumptions are quantified via sensitivity analysis. As a result, this analysis indicates that catalyst researchers should prioritize by: carbon efficiency> catalyst cost> catalyst lifetime, after initially testing for basic operational feasibility.
