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Improving Water Flood Recovery Of Viscous Crude Oils By Chemical Control
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Book Synopsis Improving Water Flood Recovery of Viscous Crude Oils by Chemical Control by : Gordon R. Scott
Download or read book Improving Water Flood Recovery of Viscous Crude Oils by Chemical Control written by Gordon R. Scott and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A laboratory study was made of a number of aqueous solutions of acids and alkalis to determine their suitability for water flooding crude oil reservoirs. Tests were run using sodium hydroxide solutions to displace viscous natural crude from an artificial pack of unconsolidated core sand. Sodium hydroxide increased oil recovery on these displacement tests. Tests indicate a change towards preferential water wetting of the sand after contact with weak sodium hydroxide solutions. The natural sand in the original state may be neutral or oil wet. The interfacial tension between brine and asphaltic crude oil was drastically reduced after addition of alkali to the aqueous phase. The reduction of interfacial tension influences the wettability of the system and the oil recovery. The results of the tests indicate that sodium hydroxide may develop as a practical method to increase water flood recovery. The research indicated some new problems which will have to be overcome before application of this technique to field use.
Book Synopsis Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding by : D.O. Shah
Download or read book Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding written by D.O. Shah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding contains papers presented at the 1976 AIChE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery by Surfactant and Polymer Flooding held in Kansas City. Organized into 18 chapters, the book includes papers that introduce petroleum reservoirs and discuss interfacial tension; molecular forces; molecular aspects of ultralow interfacial tension; the structure, formation, and phase inversion of microemulsions; and thermodynamics of micellization and related phenomena. Papers on adsorption phenomena at solid/liquid interfaces and reservoir rocks, as well as on flow through porous media studies on polymer solutions, microemulsions, and soluble oils are also provided. Significant topics on molecular, microscopic, and macroscopic aspects of oil displacement in porous media by surfactant and polymer solutions and related phenomena are also discussed. The literature cited in this book forms a comprehensive list of references in relation to improved oil recovery by surfactant and polymer flooding. This book will be useful to experts and non-experts in this field of research.
Book Synopsis Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery by : Patrizio Raffa
Download or read book Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Patrizio Raffa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Book Synopsis Recovery Improvement by : Qiwei Wang
Download or read book Recovery Improvement written by Qiwei Wang and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2022-09-06 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oil and Gas Chemistry Management Series brings an all-inclusive suite of tools to cover all the sectors of oil and gas chemicals from drilling, completion to production, processing, storage, and transportation. The third reference in the series, Recovery Improvement, delivers the critical chemical basics while also covering the latest research developments and practical solutions. Organized by the type of enhanced recovery approaches, this volume facilitates engineers to fully understand underlying theories, potential challenges, practical problems, and keys for successful deployment. In addition to the chemical, gas, and thermal methods, this reference volume also includes low-salinity (smart) water, microorganism- and nanofluid-based recovery enhancement, and chemical solutions for conformance control and water shutoff in near wellbore and deep in the reservoir. Supported by a list of contributing experts from both academia and industry, this book provides a necessary reference to bridge petroleum chemistry operations from theory into more cost-efficient and sustainable practical applications. - Covers background information and practical guidelines for various recovery enhancement domains, including chapters on enhanced oil recovery in unconventional reservoirs and carbon sequestration in CO2 gas flooding for more environment-friendly and more sustainable initiatives - Provides effective solutions to control chemistry-related issues and mitigation strategies for potential challenges from an industry list of experts and contributors - Delivers both up-to-date research developments and practical applications, featuring various case studies
Book Synopsis Enhanced Oil Recovery of Heavy Oils by Non-thermal Chemical Methods by : Rahul Kumar (active 2013)
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery of Heavy Oils by Non-thermal Chemical Methods written by Rahul Kumar (active 2013) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is estimated that the shallow reservoirs of Ugnu, West Sak and Shraeder Bluff in the North Slope of Alaska hold about 20 billion barrels of heavy oil. The proximity of these reservoirs to the permafrost makes the application of thermal methods for the oil recovery very unattractive. It is feared that the heat from the thermal methods may melt this permafrost leading to subsidence of the unconsolidated sand (Marques 2009; Peyton 1970; Wilson 1972). Thus it is necessary to consider the development of cheap non-thermal methods for the recovery of these heavy oils. This study investigates non-thermal techniques for the recovery of heavy oils. Chemicals such as alkali, surfactant and polymer are used to demonstrate improved recovery over waterflooding for two oils (A:10,000cp and B:330 cp). Chemical screening studies showed that appropriate concentrations of chemicals, such as alkali and surfactant, could generate emulsions with oil A. At low brine salinity oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were generated whereas water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions were generated at higher salinities. 1D and 2D sand pack floods conducted with alkali surfactant (AS) at different salinities demonstrated an improvement of oil recovery over waterflooding. Low salinity AS flood generated lower pressure drop, but also resulted in lower oil recovery rates. High salinity AS flood generated higher pressure drop, high viscosity emulsions in the system, but resulted in a greater improvement in oil recovery over waterfloods. Polymers can also be used to improve the sweep efficiency over waterflooding. A 100 cp polymer flood improved the oil recovery over waterflood both in 1D and 2D geometry. In 1D geometry 1PV of polymer injection increased the oil recovery from 30% after waterflood to 50% OOIP. The tertiary polymer injection was found to be equally beneficial as the secondary polymer injection. It was also found that the combined application of AS and polymer did not give any major advantage over polymer flood or AS flood alone. Chemical EOR technique was considered for the 330cp oil B. Chemical screening studies showed that microemulsions could be generated in the system when appropriate concentrations of alkali and surfactant were added. Solubilization ratio measurement indicted that the interfacial tension in the system approached ultra-low values of about 10-3 dynes/cm. The selected alkali surfactant system was tested in a sand pack flood. Additionally a partially hydrolyzed polymer was used to provide mobility control to the process. The tertiary injection of ASP (Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer) was able to improve the oil recovery from 60% OOIP after the waterflood to almost 98% OOIP. A simple mathematical model was built around viscous fingering phenomenon to match the experimental oil recoveries and pressure drops during the waterflood. Pseudo oil and water relative permeabilities were calculated from the model, which were then used directly in a reservoir simulator in place of the intrinsic oil-water relative permeabilities. Good agreement with the experimental values was obtained. For history matching the polymer flood of heavy oil, intrinsic oil-water relative permeabilities were found to be adequate. Laboratory data showed that polymer viscosity is dependent on the polymer concentration and the effective brine salinity. Both these effects were taken into account when simulating the polymer flood or the ASP flood. The filtration theory developed by Soo and Radke (1984) was used to simulate the dilute oil-in-water emulsion flow in the porous media when alkali-surfactant flood of the heavy oil was conducted. The generation of emulsion in the porous media is simulated via a reaction between alkali, surfactant, water and heavy oil. The theory developed by Soo and Radke (1984) states that the flowing emulsified oil droplets clog in pore constrictions and on the pore walls, thereby restricting flow. Once captured, there is a negligible particle re-entrainment. The simulator modeled the capture of the emulsion droplets via chemical reaction. Next, the local water relative permeability was reduced as the trapping of the oil droplets will reduce the mobility of the water phase. This entrapment mechanism is responsible for the increase in the pressure drop and improvement in oil recovery. The model is very sensitive to the reaction rate constants and the oil-water relative permeabilities. ASP process for lower viscosity 330 cp oil was modeled using the UTCHEM multiphase-multicomponent simulator developed at the University of Texas at Austin. The simulator can handle the flow of three liquid phases; oil, water and microemulsion. The generation of microemulsion is modeled by the reaction of the crude oil with the chemical species present in the aqueous phase. The experimental phase behavior of alkali and surfactant with the crude oil was modeled using the phase behavior mixing model of the simulator. Oil and water relative permeabilities were enhanced where microemulsion is generated and interfacial tension gets reduced. Experimental oil recovery and pressure drop data were successfully history matched using UTCHEM simulator.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Oil Recovery, II by : E.C. Donaldson
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery, II written by E.C. Donaldson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1989-07-01 with total page 619 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by foremost experts in the field, and formulated with attention to classroom use for advanced studies in reservoir characterization and processes, this book reviews and summarises state-of-the-art progress in the field of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). All of the available techniques: alkaline flooding; surfactant flooding; carbon dioxide flooding; steam flooding; in-situ combustion; gas injection; miscible flooding; microbial recovery; and polymer flooding are discussed and compared. Together with Volume I, it presents a complete text on enhanced recovery technology and, hence, is an almost indispensible reference text.This second volume compliments the first by presenting as complete an analysis as possible of current oilfield theory and technology, for accomplishment of maximum production of oil. Many different processes have been developed and field tested for enhancement of oil recovery. The emerging philosophy is that no single process is applicable to all petroleum reservoirs. Each must be treated as unique, and carefully evaluated for characteristics that are amenable to one or two of the proven technologies of EOR. This book will aid the engineer in field evaluation and selection of the best EOR technology for a given oilfield. Even the emerging technology of microbial applications to enhance oil recovery are reviewed and explained in terms that are easily understood by field engineers.The book is presented in a manner suitable for graduate studies. The only addition required of teachers is to supply example problems for class work. An appendix includes a reservoir mathematic model and program for general application that can also be used for teaching.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Oil Recovery by : M. M. Schumacher
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery written by M. M. Schumacher and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1978 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery by : H.K. Van Poollen and Associates
Download or read book Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery written by H.K. Van Poollen and Associates and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Enhanced Oil Recovery of Heavy Oils by Non-thermal Chemical Methods by : Rahul Kumar
Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery of Heavy Oils by Non-thermal Chemical Methods written by Rahul Kumar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is estimated that the shallow reservoirs of Ugnu, West Sak and Shraeder Bluff in the North Slope of Alaska hold about 20 billion barrels of heavy oil. The proximity of these reservoirs to the permafrost makes the application of thermal methods for the oil recovery very unattractive. It is feared that the heat from the thermal methods may melt this permafrost leading to subsidence of the unconsolidated sand (Marques 2009; Peyton 1970; Wilson 1972). Thus it is necessary to consider the development of cheap non-thermal methods for the recovery of these heavy oils. This study investigates non-thermal techniques for the recovery of heavy oils. Chemicals such as alkali, surfactant and polymer are used to demonstrate improved recovery over waterflooding for two oils (A:10,000cp and B:330 cp). Chemical screening studies showed that appropriate concentrations of chemicals, such as alkali and surfactant, could generate emulsions with oil A. At low brine salinity oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were generated whereas water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions were generated at higher salinities. 1D and 2D sand pack floods conducted with alkali surfactant (AS) at different salinities demonstrated an improvement of oil recovery over waterflooding. Low salinity AS flood generated lower pressure drop, but also resulted in lower oil recovery rates. High salinity AS flood generated higher pressure drop, high viscosity emulsions in the system, but resulted in a greater improvement in oil recovery over waterfloods. Polymers can also be used to improve the sweep efficiency over waterflooding. A 100 cp polymer flood improved the oil recovery over waterflood both in 1D and 2D geometry. In 1D geometry 1PV of polymer injection increased the oil recovery from 30% after waterflood to 50% OOIP. The tertiary polymer injection was found to be equally beneficial as the secondary polymer injection. It was also found that the combined application of AS and polymer did not give any major advantage over polymer flood or AS flood alone. Chemical EOR technique was considered for the 330cp oil B. Chemical screening studies showed that microemulsions could be generated in the system when appropriate concentrations of alkali and surfactant were added. Solubilization ratio measurement indicted that the interfacial tension in the system approached ultra-low values of about 10-3 dynes/cm. The selected alkali surfactant system was tested in a sand pack flood. Additionally a partially hydrolyzed polymer was used to provide mobility control to the process. The tertiary injection of ASP (Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer) was able to improve the oil recovery from 60% OOIP after the waterflood to almost 98% OOIP. A simple mathematical model was built around viscous fingering phenomenon to match the experimental oil recoveries and pressure drops during the waterflood. Pseudo oil and water relative permeabilities were calculated from the model, which were then used directly in a reservoir simulator in place of the intrinsic oil-water relative permeabilities. Good agreement with the experimental values was obtained. For history matching the polymer flood of heavy oil, intrinsic oil-water relative permeabilities were found to be adequate. Laboratory data showed that polymer viscosity is dependent on the polymer concentration and the effective brine salinity. Both these effects were taken into account when simulating the polymer flood or the ASP flood. The filtration theory developed by Soo and Radke (1984) was used to simulate the dilute oil-in-water emulsion flow in the porous media when alkali-surfactant flood of the heavy oil was conducted. The generation of emulsion in the porous media is simulated via a reaction between alkali, surfactant, water and heavy oil. The theory developed by Soo and Radke (1984) states that the flowing emulsified oil droplets clog in pore constrictions and on the pore walls, thereby restricting flow. Once captured, there is a negligible particle re-entrainment. The simulator modeled the capture of the emulsion droplets via chemical reaction. Next, the local water relative permeability was reduced as the trapping of the oil droplets will reduce the mobility of the water phase. This entrapment mechanism is responsible for the increase in the pressure drop and improvement in oil recovery. The model is very sensitive to the reaction rate constants and the oil-water relative permeabilities. ASP process for lower viscosity 330 cp oil was modeled using the UTCHEM multiphase-multicomponent simulator developed at the University of Texas at Austin. The simulator can handle the flow of three liquid phases; oil, water and microemulsion. The generation of microemulsion is modeled by the reaction of the crude oil with the chemical species present in the aqueous phase. The experimental phase behavior of alkali and surfactant with the crude oil was modeled using the phase behavior mixing model of the simulator. Oil and water relative permeabilities were enhanced where microemulsion is generated and interfacial tension gets reduced. Experimental oil recovery and pressure drop data were successfully history matched using UTCHEM simulator.
Download or read book Proceedings: Oil written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Improved Recovery by : Nicholas J. Constant
Download or read book Improved Recovery written by Nicholas J. Constant and published by Petroleum Extension Service. This book was released on 1983 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series was reviewed by a subcommittee of the API Advisory Committee for the School of Production Technology and approved by the instructor of the topic covered. Each book is divided into sections that consist of learning objectives, instructional text, and a test. A glossary and an answer key are included. Describes the role of improved recovery in U.S. oil production. Introduces four improved recovery methods -- waterflooding, gas injection, chemical flooding, and thermal recovery -- provides a non-technical description of the subsurface processes by which these methods displace oil, and evaluates their development and use.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Recovery of Residual and Heavy Oils by : M. M. Schumacher
Download or read book Enhanced Recovery of Residual and Heavy Oils written by M. M. Schumacher and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 1980 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Potential for Non-thermal Cost-effective Chemical Augmented Waterflood for Producing Viscous Oils by : Haomin Xu
Download or read book Potential for Non-thermal Cost-effective Chemical Augmented Waterflood for Producing Viscous Oils written by Haomin Xu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical enhanced oil recovery has regained its attention because of high oil price and the depletion of conventional oil reservoirs. This process is more complex than the primary and secondary recovery flooding and requires detailed engineering design for a successful field-scale application. An effective alkaline/co-solvent/polymer (ACP) formulation was developed and corefloods were performed for a cost efficient alternative to alkaline/surfactant/polymer floods by the research team at the department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. The alkali agent reacts with the acidic components of heavy oil (i.e. 170 cp in-situ viscosities) to form in-situ natural soap to significantly reduce the interfacial tension, which allows producing residual oil not contacted by waterflood or polymer flood alone. Polymer provides mobility control to drive chemical slug and oil bank. The cosolvent added to the chemical slug helps to improve the compatibility between in-situ soap and polymer and to reduce microemulsion viscosity. An impressive recovery of 70% of the waterflood residual oil saturation was achieved where the remaining oil saturation after the ACP flood was reduced to only 13.5%. The results were promising with very low chemical usage for injection. The UTCHEM chemical flooding reservoir simulator was used to model the coreflood experiments to obtain parameters for pilot scale simulations. Geological model was based on unconsolidated reservoir sand with multiple seven spot well patterns. However, facility capacity and field logistics, reservoir heterogeneity as well as mixing and dispersion effects might prevent coreflood design at laboratory from large scale implementation. Field-scale sensitivity studies were conducted to optimize the design under uncertainties. The influences of chemical mass, polymer pre-flush, well constraints, and well spacing on ultimate oil recovery were closely investigated. This research emphasized the importance of good mobility control on project economics. The in-situ soap generated from alkali-naphthenic acid reaction not only mobilizes residual oil to increase oil recovery, but also enhances water relative permeability and increases injectivity. It was also demonstrated that a closer well spacing significantly increases the oil recovery because of greater volumetric sweep efficiency. This thesis presents the simulation and modeling results of an ACP process for a viscous oil in high permeability sandstone reservoir at both coreflood and pilot scales.
Book Synopsis Potential for Non-thermal Cost-effective Chemical Augmented Waterflood for Producing Viscous Oils by : Haomin Xu (master of science in engineering.)
Download or read book Potential for Non-thermal Cost-effective Chemical Augmented Waterflood for Producing Viscous Oils written by Haomin Xu (master of science in engineering.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical enhanced oil recovery has regained its attention because of high oil price and the depletion of conventional oil reservoirs. This process is more complex than the primary and secondary recovery flooding and requires detailed engineering design for a successful field-scale application. An effective alkaline/co-solvent/polymer (ACP) formulation was developed and corefloods were performed for a cost efficient alternative to alkaline/surfactant/polymer floods by the research team at the department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin. The alkali agent reacts with the acidic components of heavy oil (i.e. 170 cp in-situ viscosities) to form in-situ natural soap to significantly reduce the interfacial tension, which allows producing residual oil not contacted by waterflood or polymer flood alone. Polymer provides mobility control to drive chemical slug and oil bank. The cosolvent added to the chemical slug helps to improve the compatibility between in-situ soap and polymer and to reduce microemulsion viscosity. An impressive recovery of 70% of the waterflood residual oil saturation was achieved where the remaining oil saturation after the ACP flood was reduced to only 13.5%. The results were promising with very low chemical usage for injection. The UTCHEM chemical flooding reservoir simulator was used to model the coreflood experiments to obtain parameters for pilot scale simulations. Geological model was based on unconsolidated reservoir sand with multiple seven spot well patterns. However, facility capacity and field logistics, reservoir heterogeneity as well as mixing and dispersion effects might prevent coreflood design at laboratory from large scale implementation. Field-scale sensitivity studies were conducted to optimize the design under uncertainties. The influences of chemical mass, polymer pre-flush, well constraints, and well spacing on ultimate oil recovery were closely investigated. This research emphasized the importance of good mobility control on project economics. The in-situ soap generated from alkali-naphthenic acid reaction not only mobilizes residual oil to increase oil recovery, but also enhances water relative permeability and increases injectivity. It was also demonstrated that a closer well spacing significantly increases the oil recovery because of greater volumetric sweep efficiency. This thesis presents the simulation and modeling results of an ACP process for a viscous oil in high permeability sandstone reservoir at both coreflood and pilot scales.
Book Synopsis Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique by : Antoine Thomas
Download or read book Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique written by Antoine Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an easy-to-read introduction to the area of polymer flooding to improve oil production The production and utilization of oil has transformed our world. However, dwindling reserves are forcing industry to manage resources more efficiently, while searching for alternative fuel sources that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery technique that improves sweep, reduces water production, and improves recovery in geological reservoirs. This book summarizes the key factors associated with polymers and polymer flooding—from the selection of the type of polymer through characterization techniques, to field design and implementation—and discusses the main issues to consider when deploying this technology to improve oil recovery from mature reservoirs. Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique introduces the area of polymer flooding at a basic level for those new to petroleum production. It describes how polymers are used to improve efficiency of “chemical” floods (involving surfactants and alkaline solutions). The book also offers a concise view of several key polymer-flooding topics that can’t be found elsewhere. These are in the areas of pilot project design, field project engineering (water quality, oxygen removal, polymer dissolution equipment, filtration, pumps and other equipment), produced water treatment, economics, and some of the important field case histories that appear in the last section. Provides an easy to read introduction to polymer flooding to improve oil production whilst presenting the underlying mechanisms Employs “In A Nutshell” key point summaries at the end of each chapter Includes important field case studies to aid researchers in addressing time- and financial-consumption in dealing with this issue Discusses field engineering strategies appropriate for professionals working in field operation projects Essentials of Polymer Flooding Technique is an enlightening book that will be of great interest to petroleum engineers, reservoir engineers, geoscientists, managers in petroleum industry, students in the petroleum industry, and researchers in chemical enhanced oil recovery methods.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Recovery by Chemical Waterflooding by : Kevin L. Cook
Download or read book Enhanced Recovery by Chemical Waterflooding written by Kevin L. Cook and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology by :
Download or read book The Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
