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Implications Of Dietary Lipid And Carbohydrate Intake On The Liver And The Susceptibility Of Hatchery Reared Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri To Vibriosis
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Book Synopsis Implications of Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Intake on the Liver and the Susceptibility of Hatchery-reared Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) to Vibriosis by : Allan A. Heres E.
Download or read book Implications of Dietary Lipid and Carbohydrate Intake on the Liver and the Susceptibility of Hatchery-reared Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) to Vibriosis written by Allan A. Heres E. and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hypotheses to be tested in this investigation are: 1) there is a threshold level of liver lipid and glycogen content above which the health condition of hatchery-reared fish is impaired, 2) fatty and high glycogen livers impair liver function and structure, and 3) fatty and high glycogen livers increase the susceptibility of fish to vibriosis. Under the conditions of this study, levels of hepatosomatic index, specific gravity, liver lipid and glycogen content sufficient to cause pathologic conditions in rainbow trout were not established. Blood parameters like hematocrits and mature red blood cell counts were found to be normal. The condition factors (K) were indicative of well fed fish. It was concluded that all the above parameters fell within a normal range of values representative of healthy rainbow trout. Determination of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and histological examination of the livers did not indicate any sign of liver pathology. It was concluded that all the livers were normal and healthy, even though the liver composition varied with each dietary treatment. The disease challenge did not reveal any difference in susceptibility to vibriosis as measured by cumulative mortalities and mean day to death. The agglutinating antibody titers against Vibrio anguillarum were similar in strength and might have been protective. It was concluded that susceptibility to disease was unaffected by the different liver composition observed for each dietary treatments.
Download or read book Sport Fishery Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fisheries Review written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids on Membrane Components of Liver of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : Mark A. Einerson
Download or read book Effect of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids on Membrane Components of Liver of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by Mark A. Einerson and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) on the membrane components of livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In the first study, 14C-sterculic acid was administered by intraperitoneal injection into rainbow trout and the trout maintained for 72 hours. The labelled sterculic acid was found in choline phospholipids (CP) and ethanolamine phospholipids (EP). Smaller amounts of label were found in other microsomal membrane lipid components. No label was found associated with the proteins of the microsomal membrane. Phospholipase A2 treatment of isolated CP and EP showed 14C-sterculic acid to be preferentially esterified to the 1-position of the glycerol backbone. In the second study, the cleavable bifunctional protein crosslinking reagent dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate-2HCl (DTBP) was used in an attempt to study alterations in the spatial arrangement of proteins in liver microsomal and plasma membranes that might be induced by dietary CPFA. The use of this reagent failed to yield a clear picture of protein-protein interactions in the microsomal membrane due to the formation of high molecular weight aggregates that were not resolvable on polyacrylamide gels. On the other hand, the use of DTBP failed to crosslink the proteins of the plasma membrane. In the third study, two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to assess the effects of dietary CPFA on protein composition of trout liver microsomal and plasma membranes. Proteins were separated in the first dimension on the basis of their isoelectric points and in the second dimension on the basis of their molecular weights. No major alterations in the composition of liver microsomal or plasma membranes were found to be induced by dietary CPFA.
Book Synopsis An Investigation of the Effects of Nutritional Status on the Action of Insulin in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : Richard F. Ablett
Download or read book An Investigation of the Effects of Nutritional Status on the Action of Insulin in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by Richard F. Ablett and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between insulin and nutritional parameters in rainbow trout. In the first study effects on growth parameters and tissue composition of rainbow trout were investigated following injection of bovine insulin at two dose levels every 48 hr for 56 days. In addition, [14C]-leucine incorporation into plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle was studied for the two insulin treatments and a group of the saline-injected controls given a single shock-dose of insulin (5.0 IU/kg). Hypoglycemic responses were observed with all insulin treatments. In comparison to controls, high insulin treatment gave a significant body weight increase. At both levels, insulin increased the content of protein, lipid, and also the incorporation of [14C]-leucine activity in skeletal muscle. Simultaneous decreases in specific activity of plasma and liver tissue indicated a net movement of [14C]-leucine toward the peripheral musculature. No effect of the hormone was seen on the glycogen content of liver or muscle tissue over the 56-day period. In a second study, the effect of bovine insulin on tissue incorporation of [14C]-glucose and [3H]-leucine was investigated in fed and fasted rainbow trout reared on a control and high-protein diet. Insulin produced marked hypoglycemia and mobilization of liver glycogen in all treatments. Although insulin gave no evidence of glycogenic stimulation it did appear to promote oxidative clearance of [14C]-glucose. Compared to [14C]-glucose much greater tissue incorporation of [3H]-leucine was observed in fasted fish; insulin stimulated the incorporation of [3H]-leucine into skeletal muscle protein. In plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle of all treatments, the summed specific activities of [3H]-leucine was considerably greater than that of the summed values of [14C]-glucose following insulin administration. Four weeks of fasting apparently lowered basal metabolism but no changes were observed in plasma glucose and glycogen stores. There was some evidence of gluconeogenic activity in the high protein-fasted fish and the data indicated in all fasted treatments a stimulation of [14C]-glucose and [3H]-leucine metabolism following insulin administration. As a third investigation, [125I]-iodoinsulin binding studies in the presence of a concentration range of bovine insulin were conducted to establish specific insulin binding levels in erythrocytes, skeletal muscle plasma membranes and isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout reared on control-, high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets. Negative cooperativity was observed and receptor concentrations and apparent dissociation constants established for each preparation. No differences of specific binding attributed to diet were detected in either erythrocytes or skeletal muscle plasma membrane preparations, However, the receptor concentration of isolated hepatocytes from high-carbohydrate reared trout was increased. This contrasted to comparable mammalian studies. In view of an apparent depression of receptor concentration in skeletal muscle plasma membranes and isolated hepatocytes of high-protein reared trout, these data were interpreted according to the reciprocal relationship observed between endogenous insulin and insulin receptor concentrations established for mammals. Unlike mammals where glucose was shown to be the primary insulin secretagogue, endogenous insulin levels in rainbow trout have been closely correlated to circulatory amino acids and are thought to be primarily controlled by these protein metabolites.
Book Synopsis Effects of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids on Liver Plasma Membranes of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : Donald Robert Marino
Download or read book Effects of Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids on Liver Plasma Membranes of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by Donald Robert Marino and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA), which are a group of fatty acids produced by plants of the order Malvales, are known to induce adverse physiological effects when administered to a variety of animal species. A structurally strained cyclopropene ring is present in all CPFA and is believed responsible for the toxic action of these fatty acids. Dietary consumption of CPFA by mammals, poultry and fish has resulted in toxic responses including hepatic damage, impaired reproductive capabilities and sizeable alterations in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, CPFA have been identified as mildly carcinogenic and strongly cocarcinogenic towards rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The mechanism by which CPFA enhance carcinogenesis is currently not understood. The research in this thesis has therefore been directed toward obtaining a better understanding as to how CPFA induce toxic responses in rainbow trout. Hepatic plasma membranes were isolated from both control trout and trout which had consumed dietary CPFA. The plasma membranes were then compared via the use of electron microscopy, chromatographic analysis of phospholipid and fatty acid content, two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins, and Western blot analysis of concanavalin A sensitive glycoproteins. Electron micrographs revealed that control plasma membranes appeared more homogeneous than CPFA membranes and were characterized by more membrane sheets and less vesicularization. The analysis of enzyme activities revealed that CPFA caused a decrease in whole liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity and that control plasma membranes expressed slightly higher glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activities as compared to CPFA membranes. Although dietary CPFA appeared to have no effect on the phospholipid content of the plasma membranes, significant alterations in the fatty acid profiles of ethanolamine and choline phospholipids were observed. CPFA caused a decrease in palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids while the level of stearic and docosahexaenoic acids subsequently increased. Differences between the protein content of control and CPFA plasma membranes were made clear through the analysis of electrophoretic and Western blotting data. Membranes isolated from fish fed CPFA contained several proteins of high molecular weight (above 66,000 daltons) and other proteins of high isoelectric point that were not present in control plasma membranes. Additionally, two families of glycoproteins which had previously been identified as microsomal in origin were detected only in CPFA plasma membranes. A discussion concerning the possible causes and biological ramifications of the observed subcellular alterations caused by CPFA insult is also presented in this thesis.
Book Synopsis Influence of Dietary Fat on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Muscle and Liver Lipids in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : O. R. Braekkan
Download or read book Influence of Dietary Fat on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Muscle and Liver Lipids in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by O. R. Braekkan and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Tissue Lipid Composition in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : Diana H. Greene
Download or read book The Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Tissue Lipid Composition in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by Diana H. Greene and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of different dietary lipids on the growth, nutrition and tissue lipid profiles of rainbow trout raised to market size on a commercially available ration were examined. Rainbow trout of 80 g mean initial weight were fed pellets prepared according to Oregon Moist Pellet specifications for 20 weeks. Salmon oil (0MP-1), soybean oil (OMP-2), linseed oil (OMP-3), chicken fat (OMP-4), pork lard (OMP-5) and beef tallow (OMP-6) were used for the 6% lipid component of the diets. No differences in feed conversion or growth rate were observed across diet groups. Trout nutrition was monitored by three blood parameters -- red blood cell (RBC) fragility (hemolysis), packed cell volume (PCV) (hematocrit), and percent hemoglobin. The OMP-1 diet appeared to have caused oxidative stress in trout as measured by hemolysis, while hematocrit and percent hemoglobin values were uniform across diet groups. Tissue levels of total n-3 fatty acids were highest in the OMP-3 group and decreased in the order OMP-1> OMP-2 = OMP-4 = OMP-5 = OMP-6. However, unaltered linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) comprised almost 50% of the n-3 fatty acid content of OMP-3 trout tissue lipid. The level of total 20:5 n-3 plus 22:6 n-3 (18%), was 33% higher in tissue from OMP-1 trout than tissue from all other diet groups which held fairly constant at 12% across OMP groups 3-6. The lowest tissue level of total 20:5 n-3 plus 22:6 n-3 was found in the OMP-2 trout, 10%. Trout raised on the OMP-1 diet also retained higher tissue stores of 20 and 22 carbon monoenes than trout fed OMP diets 2-6, but less than dietary levels. In contrast, trout fed OMP diets 2-6 retained higher tissue levels of these same fatty acids than dietary levels. The diet ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/22:1 appeared to influence whether 22:1 was conserved or oxidized. The most favorable balance of trout tissue monoenes, n-6 fatty acids and total 20:5 n-3 plus 22:6 n-6 for human health was found in trout fed the OMP-6 diet.
Book Synopsis Effects of the Carbohydrate Level and of Dietary Protein Source on Growth Performance, Plasma Parameters and Hepatic Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout by : Jurij M. Wacyk
Download or read book Effects of the Carbohydrate Level and of Dietary Protein Source on Growth Performance, Plasma Parameters and Hepatic Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout written by Jurij M. Wacyk and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two experiments were conducted to study specific aspects of fish meal replacement in rainbow trout diets. The first one studied the effects of increasing levels of digestible carbohydrates and showed that rainbow trout is able to maximize protein retention with 15% of CHO inclusion without compromising fish performance. This effect seems to be the result of metabolic adaptations involving changes in transaminase expression as well as in genes associated with REDOX environment in the liver. Higher levels of carbohydrate inclusion (>15%) seems to overcome the ability of the fish to adapt to the diets as reflected by higher levels of expression of REDOX genes, higher whole body fat deposits and lower protein retentions observed for this group of fish. The second experiment, used amino acid balanced diets to study the effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) as the sole protein source in diets supplemented with increasing levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAA). Fish performance was negatively affected by replacing fishmeal (FM) using SPI regardless of the level of BCAA supplementation. The fish receiving the SPI-diets also presented significantly higher levels of indispensable amino acids in plasma and lower levels of hepatic transaminase expression compared to fish fed FM-based diets. The former fish presented significantly higher levels of expression of the REDD-1 gene, which has been associated with a reduced ability to synthesize protein through the TOR cascade in mammals. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was greatly affected by the dietary treatments, showing higher levels of expression in the liver of fish fed the SPI-diets. The BCAA supplementation showed an unexpected effect reducing whole body fat in this study reducing also the levels of lysine and threonine in the plasma of fish regardless of the protein source of the diets.
Book Synopsis Effects of Dietary Vitamin E and Dietary Lipid Source on Product Quality of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri by : Steven M. Boggio
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Vitamin E and Dietary Lipid Source on Product Quality of Rainbow Trout Salmo Gairdneri written by Steven M. Boggio and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Lipid and Carbohydrate Energy Sources in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) by : Jesus G. Lanzuela
Download or read book Evaluation of Lipid and Carbohydrate Energy Sources in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) written by Jesus G. Lanzuela and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Response of Lake Trout and Rainbow Trout to Dietary Cellulose by : Hugh A. Poston
Download or read book Response of Lake Trout and Rainbow Trout to Dietary Cellulose written by Hugh A. Poston and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Rainbow Trout Liver by : Tommy Andersson
Download or read book Regulation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Rainbow Trout Liver written by Tommy Andersson and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Changes in the Lipid Composition of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdnerii) Fed Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids by : Jeffrey Noyes Roehm
Download or read book Changes in the Lipid Composition of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdnerii) Fed Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids written by Jeffrey Noyes Roehm and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rainbow trout were fed semi-purified diets containing cyclopropenoid fatty acids, and the biological effects of these acids were investigated. These fatty acids occur naturally in cottonseed oil and have been implicated in a large number of physiological disorders. Included in this study was an investigation of the pattern of deposition of cyclopropenes per se in trout tissue lipids, as well as the effect of these cyclopropenes on the deposition of other fatty acids. Other effects such as growth, liver size and histology were also noted. The ingestion of methyl sterculate, 2-octyl-1-cyclopropene-1- octanoic acid, by rainbow trout resulted in the deposition of intact cyclopropene in the body tissue. The accumulation in both the muscle and depot lipid reached a level approximately equivalent to that in the diet. This cyclopropene existed as the unaltered sterculate in the tissue triglycerides as shown by GLC analysis and was approximately equal to that predicted by the Halphen determination. A method was developed whereby trout liver lipid could be quantitatively analyzed for CPFA using a modified Halphen color reaction. This method was limited, however, by the small amounts of lipid normally available in trout liver. Ingestion of CPFA by rainbow trout resulted in reduction of growth. This effect was characterized by a large growth suppression early in the feeding period followed by a more normal pattern of gain. Dietary levels of 100 ppm and 200 ppm methyl sterculate resulted in identical effects. Livers from trout fed CPFA were typically enlarged and very firm as compared to normal trout livers. They also displayed a marked lack of pigmentation. Histological examination revealed extreme damage due to increased fatty infiltration and deposition. This phenomenon appeared to be most extreme during the early stages of feeding. Dietary cyclopropenoid fatty acids induced certain changes in the pattern of fatty acid deposition in rainbow trout. This alteration was characterized by a rapid increase in the concentration of stearic acid in the tissue, which resulted in a change in the ratio of stearic to oleic acid. A similar but less pronounced effect was also observed with palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid. The liver triglycerides of trout fed CPFA for an extended period also contained less 22:6w3 than normal. When these fish were fed a CPFA-free control diet their liver lipids returned to normal within 30 days.
Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Fish by : National Research Council
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Fish written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the latest research in fish nutrition, this volume revises and combines the 1981 edition on coldwater fish and the 1983 edition on warmwater fish and shellfish. In addition to updating requirements for energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins, this book provides, for the first time, summary tables on nutrient requirements of a variety of fish species, including channel catfish, rainbow trout, Pacific salmon, carp, and tilapia. Tabular data on amino acid requirements of 11 species are also included. Shellfish are not included in this edition because of lack of scientific information.
Book Synopsis Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp by : National Research Council
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-05-25 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquaculture now supplies half of the seafood and fisheries products consumed worldwide and is gaining international significance as a source of food and income. Future demands for seafood and fisheries products can only be met by expanded aquaculture production. Such production will likely become more intensive and will depend increasingly on nutritious and efficient aquaculture feeds containing ingredients from sustainable sources. To meet this challenge, Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp provides a comprehensive summary of current knowledge about nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp and supporting nutritional science. This edition incorporates new material and significant updates to information in the 1993 edition. It also examines the practical aspects of feeding of fish and shrimp. Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp will be a key resource for everyone involved in aquaculture and for others responsible for the feeding and care of fish and shrimp. It will also aid scientists in developing new and improved approaches to satisfy the demands of the growing aquaculture industry.
Book Synopsis Nutrition and Feeding of Fish by : Tom Lovell
Download or read book Nutrition and Feeding of Fish written by Tom Lovell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998-11-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquaculture is now recognized as a viable and profitable enterprise worldwide. As aquaculture technology has evolved, the push toward higher yields and faster growth has involved the enhancement or replacement of natural foods with prepared diets. In many aquaculture operations today, feed accounts for more than one-half the variable operating cost. Therefore, knowledge of nutrition and practical feeding of fish is essential to successful aquaculture. This book is not written exclusively for scientists but also for students, practicing nutritionists, and aquaculturists. It covers the known nutrient requirements and deficiency effects for different fishes, and digestion and metabolism of nutrients and energy. It discusses nutrient sources and preparation of practical and research feeds. It gives directions for conducting fish nutrition and feeding experiments. Feeding practices for salmonids, channel catfish, tilapias, shrimps and hybrid striped bass are presented. Since the first edition of this book was printed, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences has revised the nutrient requirements for fish. These revisions are in the present edition. Other additions to this revised edition are chapters on nutrition and fish health, and bioavailability of nutrients. Each original chapter has been meticulously revised and updated with new information. Aquaculture is a dynamic area and new technologies are being introduced continuously; therefore, some of the material discussed in this revised edition may become obsolete quickly. Nonetheless, the material presented has been thoughtfully selected and updated to make it of maximum use to persons whose interests range from general aquaculture to animal nutrition to feed manufacture.
