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Impact On Energy Consumption And Environmental Degradation By Switching Of Refrigerants In Small Scale Commercial Refrigeration Units
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Book Synopsis Impact on Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation by Switching of Refrigerants in Small Scale Commercial Refrigeration Units by : Anant Wadhwa
Download or read book Impact on Energy Consumption and Environmental Degradation by Switching of Refrigerants in Small Scale Commercial Refrigeration Units written by Anant Wadhwa and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2020-06-23 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Engineering - Power Engineering, , language: English, abstract: World population has reached 7 billion people in 2013 and there has been an increase in energy consumption, especially in emerging countries. In 2050 it will be more than 9 billion people living on the planet. Because of this, there has been a rapid increase in CO2 concentration levels, so the average planet temperature is rising, causing a greenhouse effect, as the CO2 is trapping in the heat and not releasing it. Consequently, ocean levels are rising, because of the shrinking polar ice caps. We also have seen an increase in the frequency of extreme atmosphere events around the globe. The refrigeration industry has contributed a lot to the global ozone depletion and global warming. To reduce the environmental impact by the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration industry – both commercial and domestic – there is an urgent need to look for solutions that are both ozone friendly and CO2 friendly (greenhouse effect friendly). Eradicating the damage to the environment has encouraged the industrial and commercial refrigeration industry to investigate refrigerant alternatives that reduce the environmental impact although a good transition to them will also depend on the training that technicians acquire, as well as the understanding of the current and future benefits for the companies and the end users. This thesis aims at such a system which is both above mentioned. Once such a system is designed, it is of the utmost importance to test it and compare it with the systems that are being used currently to assess the benefits of using such system. The thesis has a focus on the liquid cooling systems such as water coolers and small commercial systems that help attain cooling of the liquids to a set temperature. In this thesis, the improvement of energy consumption and environmental degradation prevention is attained by switching the refrigerant used from R134a (current) to R290 (Propane) which is a natural refrigerant and Hydro Carbon Blend which is a mixture of refrigerants but is safer and environmentally friendlier. A comparison of both systems is done against the current system in terms of efficiency, energy consumption and chemical properties with respect to global warming potential and ozone depletion potential and ultimately proven that natural refrigerants and HC Blends are the refrigerants of the future.
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Energy Systems by : Ibrahim Dincer
Download or read book Comprehensive Energy Systems written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 5543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Energy Systems, Seven Volume Set provides a unified source of information covering the entire spectrum of energy, one of the most significant issues humanity has to face. This comprehensive book describes traditional and novel energy systems, from single generation to multi-generation, also covering theory and applications. In addition, it also presents high-level coverage on energy policies, strategies, environmental impacts and sustainable development. No other published work covers such breadth of topics in similar depth. High-level sections include Energy Fundamentals, Energy Materials, Energy Production, Energy Conversion, and Energy Management. Offers the most comprehensive resource available on the topic of energy systems Presents an authoritative resource authored and edited by leading experts in the field Consolidates information currently scattered in publications from different research fields (engineering as well as physics, chemistry, environmental sciences and economics), thus ensuring a common standard and language
Book Synopsis High Efficiency, Low Emission Refrigeration System by :
Download or read book High Efficiency, Low Emission Refrigeration System written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supermarket refrigeration systems account for approximately 50% of supermarket energy use, placing this class of equipment among the highest energy consumers in the commercial building domain. In addition, the commonly used refrigeration system in supermarket applications is the multiplex direct expansion (DX) system, which is prone to refrigerant leaks due to its long lengths of refrigerant piping. This leakage reduces the efficiency of the system and increases the impact of the system on the environment. The high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants commonly used in these systems, coupled with the large refrigerant charge and the high refrigerant leakage rates leads to significant direct emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Methods for reducing refrigerant leakage and energy consumption are available, but underutilized. Further work needs to be done to reduce costs of advanced system designs to improve market utilization. In addition, refrigeration system retrofits that result in reduced energy consumption are needed since the majority of applications address retrofits rather than new stores. The retrofit market is also of most concern since it involves large-volume refrigerant systems with high leak rates. Finally, alternative refrigerants for new and retrofit applications are needed to reduce emissions and reduce the impact on the environment. The objective of this Collaborative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Hill Phoenix is to develop a supermarket refrigeration system that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and has 25 to 30 percent lower energy consumption than existing systems. The outcomes of this project will include the design of a low emission, high efficiency commercial refrigeration system suitable for use in current U.S. supermarkets. In addition, a prototype low emission, high efficiency supermarket refrigeration system will be produced for laboratory and field testing. Laboratory and field testing will demonstrate the high energy efficiency and low environmental impact of the refrigeration system developed in this project.
Download or read book CO2 as a Refrigerant written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems by :
Download or read book Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact Analyses of Supermarket Refrigeration Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents energy and life cycle climate performance (LCCP) analyses of a variety of supermarket refrigeration systems to identify designs that exhibit low environmental impact and high energy efficiency. EnergyPlus was used to model refrigeration systems in a variety of climate zones across the United States. The refrigeration systems that were modeled include the traditional multiplex DX system, cascade systems with secondary loops and the transcritical CO2 system. Furthermore, a variety of refrigerants were investigated, including R-32, R-134a, R-404A, R-1234yf, R-717, and R-744. LCCP analysis was used to determine the direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the operation of the various refrigeration systems over their lifetimes. Our analysis revealed that high-efficiency supermarket refrigeration systems may result in up to 44% less energy consumption and 78% reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to the baseline multiplex DX system. This is an encouraging result for legislators, policy makers and supermarket owners to select low emission, high-efficiency commercial refrigeration system designs for future retrofit and new projects.
Book Synopsis Solving the Climate Crisis through Social Change by : Gar W. Lipow
Download or read book Solving the Climate Crisis through Social Change written by Gar W. Lipow and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2012-03-12 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an accessible and easy-to-follow argument that the climate crisis is a side effect of inequality and injustice, and demonstrates how strategies such as large-scale social investment will prove far more effective in reducing greenhouse gas pollution than cap-and-trade or other forms of free-market environmentalism. Solving the Climate Crisis through Social Change: Public Investment in Social Prosperity to Cool a Fevered Planet offers a new approach to battling the climate crisis, arguing that the massive waste that caused the current environmental crisis resulted not only from fundamental structural flaws in markets but also from social inequality, lack of democracy, and a deeply flawed foreign policy. Rather than providing the typical doomsday perspective, it offers realistic optimism about the expanding climate crisis, highlighting the convergence between the necessary steps to save the planet and what needs to be done to improve the lives of Americans. The author's discussion of the United States's role in the climate crisis spans subjects as varied as the 17th-century forests of New England, the evolution of housework over 200 years, the American addiction to the automobile, the lettuce fields of California in the 1970s, and the Guano wars in 19th-century Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. This book will appeal to a wide range of readers, from the interested general public to students, academics, professionals, and other experts. The main section presents a clear and accessible survey of the economic, social, and political causes of the climate crisis, accompanied by potential solutions, while extensive appendixes offer in-depth and technical discussions.
Download or read book After Cooling written by Eric Dean Wilson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-07-19 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This “ambitious [and] delightful” (The New York Times) work of literary nonfiction interweaves the science and history of the powerful refrigerant (and dangerous greenhouse gas) Freon with a haunting meditation on how to live meaningfully and morally in a rapidly heating world. In After Cooling, Eric Dean Wilson braids together air-conditioning history, climate science, road trips, and philosophy to tell the story of the birth, life, and afterlife of Freon, the refrigerant that ripped a hole larger than the continental United States in the ozone layer. As he traces the refrigerant’s life span from its invention in the 1920s—when it was hailed as a miracle of scientific progress—to efforts in the 1980s to ban the chemical (and the resulting political backlash), Wilson finds himself on a journey through the American heartland, trailing a man who buys up old tanks of Freon stockpiled in attics and basements to destroy what remains of the chemical before it can do further harm. Wilson is at heart an essayist, looking far and wide to tease out what particular forces in American culture—in capitalism, in systemic racism, in our values—combined to lead us into the Freon crisis and then out. “Meticulously researched and engagingly written” (Amitav Ghosh), this “knockout debut” (New York Journal of Books) offers a rare glimpse of environmental hope, suggesting that maybe the vast and terrifying problem of global warming is not beyond our grasp to face.
Book Synopsis Refrigeration units in marine vessels by : Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner
Download or read book Refrigeration units in marine vessels written by Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 956 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Publisher :Amer Society of Heating ISBN 13 :9781933742342 Total Pages : pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (423 download)
Book Synopsis 2008 ASHRAE Handbook by : American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Download or read book 2008 ASHRAE Handbook written by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers and published by Amer Society of Heating. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Food Processing by : Stephanie Clark
Download or read book Food Processing written by Stephanie Clark and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: FOOD PROCESSING Food Processing: Principles and Applications, Second Edition is the fully revised new edition of this best-selling food technology title. Advances in food processing continue to take place as food scientists and food engineers adapt to the challenges imposed by emerging pathogens, environmental concerns, shelf life, quality and safety, as well as the dietary needs and demands of humans. In addition to covering food processing principles that have long been essential to food quality and safety, this edition of Food Processing: Principles and Applications, unlike the former edition, covers microbial/enzyme inactivation kinetics, alternative food processing technologies as well as environmental and sustainability issues currently facing the food processing industry. The book is divided into two sections, the first focusing on principles of food processing and handling, and the second on processing technologies and applications. As a hands-on guide to the essential processing principles and their applications, covering the theoretical and applied aspects of food processing in one accessible volume, this book is a valuable tool for food industry professionals across all manufacturing sectors, and serves as a relevant primary or supplemental text for students of food science.
Book Synopsis Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool by :
Download or read book Development of Low Global Warming Potential Refrigerant Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration Systems Using a Life Cycle Climate Performance Design Tool written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commercial refrigeration systems are known to be prone to high leak rates and to consume large amounts of electricity. As such, direct emissions related to refrigerant leakage and indirect emissions resulting from primary energy consumption contribute greatly to their Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP). In this paper, an LCCP design tool is used to evaluate the performance of a typical commercial refrigeration system with alternative refrigerants and minor system modifications to provide lower Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerant solutions with improved LCCP compared to baseline systems. The LCCP design tool accounts for system performance, ambient temperature, and system load; system performance is evaluated using a validated vapor compression system simulation tool while ambient temperature and system load are devised from a widely used building energy modeling tool (EnergyPlus). The LCCP design tool also accounts for the change in hourly electricity emission rate to yield an accurate prediction of indirect emissions. The analysis shows that conventional commercial refrigeration system life cycle emissions are largely due to direct emissions associated with refrigerant leaks and that system efficiency plays a smaller role in the LCCP. However, as a transition occurs to low GWP refrigerants, the indirect emissions become more relevant. Low GWP refrigerants may not be suitable for drop-in replacements in conventional commercial refrigeration systems; however some mixtures may be introduced as transitional drop-in replacements. These transitional refrigerants have a significantly lower GWP than baseline refrigerants and as such, improved LCCP. The paper concludes with a brief discussion on the tradeoffs between refrigerant GWP, efficiency and capacity.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9780521863360 Total Pages :500 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (633 download)
Book Synopsis Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Download or read book Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-24 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description
Book Synopsis 7th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2011 by : IMechE
Download or read book 7th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2011 written by IMechE and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-09-02 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems at City University London in conjunction with the IMECHE. This conference is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. It features contributions from equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations; these papers present developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors; vacuum pumps; expanders; and related systems and components. Papers cover the design, development and operation of a wide range of compressors and expanders. Equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations are all represented. Aspects covered include: present and future developments in scroll compressors; design and optimisation of screw compressors; latest thinking in oscillating and vane compressors; improving the function of valves; latest research in dynamic compressors; detailed analysis of reciprocating compressors; improved accuracy and usefulness of modelling techniques; developing better control of centrifugal compressors; and reducing unwanted noise and vibration. Presents all the papers of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2011 Up to date papers on compressor technology improvements The latest prediction modelling techniques are presented
Book Synopsis The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America by : Acoustical Society of America
Download or read book The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America written by Acoustical Society of America and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 1596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ... Catalog by : National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
Download or read book Publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ... Catalog written by National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation and Optimisation of Commercial Refrigeration Cycles Using the Natural Refrigerant CO2 by : Jason Alexander Shilliday
Download or read book Investigation and Optimisation of Commercial Refrigeration Cycles Using the Natural Refrigerant CO2 written by Jason Alexander Shilliday and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With tighter regulations on the use of Hydroflurocarbons (HFCs) due to their high GWP (Global Warming Potential), many supermarket operators are looking for alternative refrigerants. To contribute to this, the objectives of this thesis are to investigate the practicality, environmental benefits and economic viability of an all-CO2 transcritical refrigeration system suitable for small supermarkets. Whilst the environmental benefits of using CO2 as a refrigerant are clear, there is rather limited practical and technical knowledge on the design and operation of these systems. In this work, simulation models of a transcritical 'booster' CO2 refrigeration system have been developed to investigate and evaluate its performance against that of a traditional HFC system. The models were verified using test results from an experimental CO2 system built at Brunel University. To evaluate the performance of the CO2 refrigeration system in the field, energy data from a real supermarket employing a HFC refrigeration system was used for energy simulations. The results demonstrate that the annual energy consumption of the CO2 refrigeration system in a small supermarket in Northern Ireland would be equivalent to that of a typical HFC refrigeration system. However, the low GWP of CO2 will result in a 50% reduction in the combined direct and indirect CO2 emissions over the operational life of the system assuming an annual leakage rate of 15%. Northern Ireland has a high number of small supermarkets due to its rural population, approximately 615. The CO2 system presented in this research could replace the existing R404A systems in these small supermarkets resulting in emissions reduction of up to 188,752 tCO2e. This research has developed selection techniques and criteria to be considered by supermarket designers and operators when developing national strategies for the eventual phase-out of HFC refrigerants in all supermarket sizes. The validated simulation models developed in this research combined with the detailed geographical and refrigeration load ratio analysis presented, will provide valuable information that will assist system designers and operators in the efficient design and optimisation of CO2 technology for small supermarkets.
