Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry Of Proteins

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Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins

Author : David D. Weis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118616499
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins by : David D. Weis

Download or read book Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins written by David D. Weis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-21 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry is widely recognized for its ability to probe the structure and dynamics of proteins. The application of this technique is becoming widespread due to its versatility for providing structural information about challenging biological macromolecules such as antibodies, flexible proteins and glycoproteins. Although the technique has been around for 25 years, this is the first definitive book devoted entirely to the topic. Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications brings into one comprehensive volume the theory, instrumentation and applications of Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS) - a technique relevant to bioanalytical chemistry, protein science and pharmaceuticals. The book provides a solid foundation in the basics of the technique and data interpretation to inform readers of current research in the method, and provides illustrative examples of its use in bio- and pharmaceutical chemistry and biophysics In-depth chapters on the fundamental theory of hydrogen exchange, and tutorial chapters on measurement and data analysis provide the essential background for those ready to adopt HX-MS. Expert users may advance their current understanding through chapters on methods including membrane protein analysis, alternative proteases, millisecond hydrogen exchange, top-down mass spectrometry, histidine exchange and method validation. All readers can explore the diversity of HX-MS applications in areas such as ligand binding, membrane proteins, drug discovery, therapeutic protein formulation, biocomparability, and intrinsically disordered proteins.

Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins

Author : David D. Weis
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118703693
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins by : David D. Weis

Download or read book Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins written by David D. Weis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-11 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry is widely recognized for its ability to probe the structure and dynamics of proteins. The application of this technique is becoming widespread due to its versatility for providing structural information about challenging biological macromolecules such as antibodies, flexible proteins and glycoproteins. Although the technique has been around for 25 years, this is the first definitive book devoted entirely to the topic. Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry of Proteins: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications brings into one comprehensive volume the theory, instrumentation and applications of Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HX-MS) - a technique relevant to bioanalytical chemistry, protein science and pharmaceuticals. The book provides a solid foundation in the basics of the technique and data interpretation to inform readers of current research in the method, and provides illustrative examples of its use in bio- and pharmaceutical chemistry and biophysics In-depth chapters on the fundamental theory of hydrogen exchange, and tutorial chapters on measurement and data analysis provide the essential background for those ready to adopt HX-MS. Expert users may advance their current understanding through chapters on methods including membrane protein analysis, alternative proteases, millisecond hydrogen exchange, top-down mass spectrometry, histidine exchange and method validation. All readers can explore the diversity of HX-MS applications in areas such as ligand binding, membrane proteins, drug discovery, therapeutic protein formulation, biocomparability, and intrinsically disordered proteins.

Protein Complex Assembly

Author : Joseph A. Marsh
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493992775
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Protein Complex Assembly by : Joseph A. Marsh

Download or read book Protein Complex Assembly written by Joseph A. Marsh and published by Humana. This book was released on 2019-04-15 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume details the importance of multiple experimental techniques and computational methods needed to obtain the comprehensive picture of protein complex structure, dynamics and assembly afforded by the emerging field of integrative structural biology. Chapters guide readers through the broad spectrum of approaches required for a complete representation of protein complexes, including expression and purification, experimental characterization of structure and assembly, and computational methods for identifying protein complexes and modelling their assembly. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Protein Complex Assembly: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

Biophysical Characterization of Proteins in Developing Biopharmaceuticals

Author : Damian J. Houde
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444641742
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

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Book Synopsis Biophysical Characterization of Proteins in Developing Biopharmaceuticals by : Damian J. Houde

Download or read book Biophysical Characterization of Proteins in Developing Biopharmaceuticals written by Damian J. Houde and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-13 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biophysical Characterization of Proteins in Developing Biopharmaceuticals, Second Edition, presents the latest on the analysis and characterization of the higher-order structure (HOS) or conformation of protein based drugs. Starting from the very basics of protein structure, this book explains the best way to achieve this goal using key methods commonly employed in the biopharmaceutical industry. This book will help today's industrial scientists plan a career in this industry and successfully implement these biophysical methodologies. This updated edition has been fully revised, with new chapters focusing on the use of chromatography and electrophoresis and the biophysical characterization of very large biopharmaceuticals. In addition, best practices of applying statistical analysis to biophysical characterization data is included, along with practical issues associated with the concept of a biopharmaceutical's developability and the technical decision-making process needed when dealing with biophysical characterization data. - Presents basic protein characterization methods and tools applicable to (bio)pharmaceutical research and development - Highlights the capabilities and limitations of each technique - Discusses the underlining science of each tool - Empowers industrial biophysical chemists by providing a roadmap for applying biophysical tools - Outlines the needs for new characterization and analytical tools in the biopharmaceutical industry

Mass Spectrometry in Biophysics

Author : Igor A. Kaltashov
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471705160
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry in Biophysics by : Igor A. Kaltashov

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry in Biophysics written by Igor A. Kaltashov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-05-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first systematic summary of biophysical mass spectrometrytechniques Recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have pushed the frontiersof analytical chemistry into the biophysical laboratory. As aresult, the biophysical community's acceptance of MS-based methods,used to study protein higher-order structure and dynamics, hasaccelerated the expansion of biophysical MS. Despite this growing trend, until now no single text has presentedthe full array of MS-based experimental techniques and strategiesfor biophysics. Mass Spectrometry in Biophysics expertly closesthis gap in the literature. Covering the theoretical background and technical aspects of eachmethod, this much-needed reference offers an unparalleled overviewof the current state of biophysical MS. Mass Spectrometry inBiophysics begins with a helpful discussion of general biophysicalconcepts and MS-related techniques. Subsequent chaptersaddress: * Modern spectrometric hardware * High-order structure and dynamics as probed by various MS-basedmethods * Techniques used to study structure and behavior of non-nativeprotein states that become populated under denaturingconditions * Kinetic aspects of protein folding and enzyme catalysis * MS-based methods used to extract quantitative information onprotein-ligand interactions * Relation of MS-based techniques to other experimental tools * Biomolecular properties in the gas phase Fully referenced and containing a helpful appendix on the physicsof electrospray mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry in Biophysicsalso offers a compelling look at the current challenges facingbiomolecular MS and the potential applications that will likelyshape its future.

Characterization of Protein Therapeutics using Mass Spectrometry

Author : Guodong Chen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441978623
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Protein Therapeutics using Mass Spectrometry by : Guodong Chen

Download or read book Characterization of Protein Therapeutics using Mass Spectrometry written by Guodong Chen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights current approaches and future trends in the use of mass spectrometry to characterize protein therapies. As one of the most frequently utilized analytical techniques in pharmaceutical research and development, mass spectrometry has been widely used in the characterization of protein therapeutics due to its analytical sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity. This book begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of protein therapeutics, structural identification strategies, quantitative approaches, followed by studies involving characterization of process related protein drug impurities/degradants, metabolites, higher order structures of protein therapeutics. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical sciences will benefit from this book that details step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to protein therapeutics research and development.

Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Proteomics

Author : W. Andy Tao
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118970217
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Proteomics by : W. Andy Tao

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Proteomics written by W. Andy Tao and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-10 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PROVIDES STRATEGIES AND CONCEPTS FOR UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL PROTEOMICS, AND ANALYZING PROTEIN FUNCTIONS, MODIFICATIONS, AND INTERACTIONS—EMPHASIZING MASS SPECTROMETRY THROUGHOUT Covering mass spectrometry for chemical proteomics, this book helps readers understand analytical strategies behind protein functions, their modifications and interactions, and applications in drug discovery. It provides a basic overview and presents concepts in chemical proteomics through three angles: Strategies, Technical Advances, and Applications. Chapters cover those many technical advances and applications in drug discovery, from target identification to validation and potential treatments. The first section of Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Proteomics starts by reviewing basic methods and recent advances in mass spectrometry for proteomics, including shotgun proteomics, quantitative proteomics, and data analyses. The next section covers a variety of techniques and strategies coupling chemical probes to MS-based proteomics to provide functional insights into the proteome. In the last section, it focuses on using chemical strategies to study protein post-translational modifications and high-order structures. Summarizes chemical proteomics, up-to-date concepts, analysis, and target validation Covers fundamentals and strategies, including the profiling of enzyme activities and protein-drug interactions Explains technical advances in the field and describes on shotgun proteomics, quantitative proteomics, and corresponding methods of software and database usage for proteomics Includes a wide variety of applications in drug discovery, from kinase inhibitors and intracellular drug targets to the chemoproteomics analysis of natural products Addresses an important tool in small molecule drug discovery, appealing to both academia and the pharmaceutical industry Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Proteomics is an excellent source of information for readers in both academia and industry in a variety of fields, including pharmaceutical sciences, drug discovery, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and analytical sciences.

Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in Proteomics

Author : Rune Matthiesen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781627033923
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (339 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in Proteomics by : Rune Matthiesen

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in Proteomics written by Rune Matthiesen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publishing of the first edition, the methodologies and instrumentation involved in the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has improved considerably. Fully revised and expanded, Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in Proteomics, Second Edition presents expert chapters on specific MS-based methods or data analysis strategies in proteomics. The volume covers data analysis topics relevant for quantitative proteomics, post translational modification, HX-MS, glycomics, and data exchange standards, among other topics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include brief introductions to their respective subjects, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Updated and authoritative, Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis in Proteomics, Second Edition serves as a detailed guide for all researchers seeking to further our knowledge in the field of proteomics.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Protein-Protein Interactions and Dynamics

Author : M. Chance
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470258861
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Protein-Protein Interactions and Dynamics by : M. Chance

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Protein-Protein Interactions and Dynamics written by M. Chance and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-22 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a wide variety of mass spectrometry methods used to explore structural mechanisms, protein dynamics and interactions between proteins. Preliminary chapters cover mass spectrometry methods for examining proteins and are then followed by chapters devoted to presenting very practical, how-to methods in a detailed way. Includes footprinting and plistex specifically, setting this book apart from the competition.

Characterization of Impurities and Degradants Using Mass Spectrometry

Author : Guodong Chen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470922974
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Impurities and Degradants Using Mass Spectrometry by : Guodong Chen

Download or read book Characterization of Impurities and Degradants Using Mass Spectrometry written by Guodong Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-27 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products. Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to pharmaceutical research.

Mass Spectrometry Handbook

Author : Mike S. Lee
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118180720
Total Pages : 1362 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometry Handbook by : Mike S. Lee

Download or read book Mass Spectrometry Handbook written by Mike S. Lee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-16 with total page 1362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to its enormous sensitivity and ease of use, mass spectrometry has grown into the analytical tool of choice in most industries and areas of research. This unique reference provides an extensive library of methods used in mass spectrometry, covering applications of mass spectrometry in fields as diverse as drug discovery, environmental science, forensic science, clinical analysis, polymers, oil composition, doping, cellular research, semiconductor, ceramics, metals and alloys, and homeland security. The book provides the reader with a protocol for the technique described (including sampling methods) and explains why to use a particular method and not others. Essential for MS specialists working in industrial, environmental, and clinical fields.

Protein Folding

Author : Victor Muñoz
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071617151
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Protein Folding by : Victor Muñoz

Download or read book Protein Folding written by Victor Muñoz and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides comprehensive protocols on experimental and computational methods that are used to study probe protein folding reactions and mechanisms. Chapters divided into five parts detail protein engineering, protein chemistry, experimental approaches to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding transitions, probe protein folding at the single molecule, analysis and interpretation of computer simulations, procedures and tools for the prediction of protein folding properties. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Protein Folding: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.

Multiprotein Complexes

Author : Arnaud Poterszman
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071611289
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiprotein Complexes by : Arnaud Poterszman

Download or read book Multiprotein Complexes written by Arnaud Poterszman and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-12-25 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explores strategies and detailed protocols for the preparation of macromolecular complexes and their characterization in view of structural analysis. The chapters in this book are separated into three parts: Part One focuses on sample preparation, and covers strategies for recombinant expression of multiprotein complexes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts, for genome engineering using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and for production of specific binders such as reformatted antibodies and artificial binding proteins. Part Two looks at the biophysical methods that can provide useful indicators for sample optimization, and often complement structural information obtained with core technologies for structure determination—x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy—by quantitative solution data. Part Three discusses the characterization of multiprotein complexes in a cellular environment using the latest technologies and in vivo approaches. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Multiprotein Complexes: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for structural and molecular biologists who need to prepare multi-components for their applications, and for other scientists working on macromolecular assemblies from other angles that need to know the latest approaches that the field has to offer.

Structural Biology in Drug Discovery

Author : Jean-Paul Renaud
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118900502
Total Pages : 1437 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Biology in Drug Discovery by : Jean-Paul Renaud

Download or read book Structural Biology in Drug Discovery written by Jean-Paul Renaud and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-09 with total page 1437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the most comprehensive and up-to-date overview of structure-based drug discovery covering both experimental and computational approaches, Structural Biology in Drug Discovery: Methods, Techniques, and Practices describes principles, methods, applications, and emerging paradigms of structural biology as a tool for more efficient drug development. Coverage includes successful examples, academic and industry insights, novel concepts, and advances in a rapidly evolving field. The combined chapters, by authors writing from the frontlines of structural biology and drug discovery, give readers a valuable reference and resource that: Presents the benefits, limitations, and potentiality of major techniques in the field such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, neutron crystallography, cryo-EM, mass spectrometry and other biophysical techniques, and computational structural biology Includes detailed chapters on druggability, allostery, complementary use of thermodynamic and kinetic information, and powerful approaches such as structural chemogenomics and fragment-based drug design Emphasizes the need for the in-depth biophysical characterization of protein targets as well as of therapeutic proteins, and for a thorough quality assessment of experimental structures Illustrates advances in the field of established therapeutic targets like kinases, serine proteinases, GPCRs, and epigenetic proteins, and of more challenging ones like protein-protein interactions and intrinsically disordered proteins

Glycosylation Engineering of Biopharmaceuticals

Author : Alan Beck
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781627033268
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (332 download)

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Book Synopsis Glycosylation Engineering of Biopharmaceuticals by : Alan Beck

Download or read book Glycosylation Engineering of Biopharmaceuticals written by Alan Beck and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyco-engineering is being developed as a method to control the composition of carbohydrates and to enhance the pharmacological properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other proteins. In Glycosylation Engineering of Biopharmaceuticals: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide readers with production and characterization protocols of glycoproteins and glyco-engineered biopharmaceuticals with a focus on mAbs. The volume is divided in four complementary parts dealing with glyco-engineering of therapeutic proteins, glycoanalytics, glycoprotein complexes characterization, and PK/PD assays for therapeutic antibodies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Glycosylation Engineering of Biopharmaceuticals: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for scientists striving to push forward the exciting field of engineered biopharmaceuticals.

Quantitative Proteome Analysis

Author : Kazuhiro Imai
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814316512
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantitative Proteome Analysis by : Kazuhiro Imai

Download or read book Quantitative Proteome Analysis written by Kazuhiro Imai and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-08-05 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of each of the commonly used quantitative proteomic methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. It also concentrates on the effective applications of these methods that resulted in many discoveries of the role of the proteins expressed in living cells and biological fluids. The first part of the book focuses on the description of advantages and disadvantages of each of the commonly used quantitative proteomic methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and, especially, reproducibility. The second part of the book focuses on providing concise descriptions of the effective applications of these methods to demonstrate how they have resulted in many important discoveries of the roles of the proteins expressed in living cells.

Protein-Ligand Interactions

Author : Mark A. Williams
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781493958733
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (587 download)

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Book Synopsis Protein-Ligand Interactions by : Mark A. Williams

Download or read book Protein-Ligand Interactions written by Mark A. Williams and published by Humana. This book was released on 2016-11-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proteins are the cell’s workers, their messengers and overseers. In these roles, proteins specifically bind small molecules, nucleic acid and other protein partners. Cellular systems are closely regulated and biologically significant changes in populations of particular protein complexes correspond to very small variations of their thermodynamics or kinetics of reaction. Interfering with the interactions of proteins is the dominant strategy in the development of new pharmaceuticals. Protein Ligand Interactions: Methods and Applications, Second Edition provides a complete introduction to common and emerging procedures for characterizing the interactions of individual proteins. From the initial discovery of natural substrates or potential drug leads, to the detailed quantitative understanding of the mechanism of interaction, all stages of the research process are covered with a focus on those techniques that are, or are anticipated to become, widely accessible and performable with mainstream commercial instrumentation. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Protein Ligand Interactions: Methods and Applications, Second Edition serves as an ideal guide for researchers new to the field of biophysical characterization of protein interactions – whether they are beginning graduate students or experts in allied areas of molecular cell biology, microbiology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry or structural biology.