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Author : Dirk Schindler
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)
Download or read book Human Capital, Multiple Income Risk and Social Insurance written by Dirk Schindler and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Liuchun Deng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk written by Liuchun Deng and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, we empirically assess the causal links between trade and individual income risk and study the role that human capital plays in this relationship using a rich, worker-level, longitudinal data set from Germany spanning the years 1976 to 2012. Our estimates suggest substantial heterogeneity in labor income risk across workers in different entry cohorts, over workers' life cycles, and across workers with different levels of industry- and occupation-specific human capital. Accounting for entry-cohort effects and age effects, our findings suggest that within-industry changes in imports and exports (per worker) are causally related to income risk: Imports increase risk and exports decrease risk, and they do so in an economically significant manner. Importantly, we find there to be a complex interplay between human capital and the linkage between trade and risk: While, on average, individuals with higher levels of industry- or occupation-specific human capital experience lower income risk, a given increase in net-imports exposure in an industry increases risk for workers with higher levels of industry tenure more than it does for workers with lower levels of industry tenure. High levels of industry-specific human capital can therefore be costly, from a risk perspective, for workers in highly trade-exposed industries. By contrast, we find no evidence of any interaction between risk, industry trade exposure, and occupation-specific human capital.
Author : Ali Abdallah
Publisher : LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9783659213373
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Human Capabilities and Income Security: A New Methodological Approach written by Ali Abdallah and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study proposes a new methodological approach to develop a comprehensive accounting framework that is used in understanding, developing, and evaluating a comprehensive human capital-income security plan. The suggested approach adopts the preventive social risk management strategy to improve a comprehensive plan that helps an individual to manage lifetime income and consumption during education, employment and retirement coping the changing financial needs and surplus from stage to stage The proposed plan integrates income linked student loans to finance education expenses during young ages and personal saving accounts scheme to finance retirement benefits during old ages. A multiple decrement model is developed for the suggested plan. The model is tested using death and disability rates from the Government employees Social Insurance Fund (GSIF) in Egypt.
Author : Luca Benzoni
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Human Capital and Long-Run Labor Income Risk written by Luca Benzoni and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review article examines the role of labor income risk in determining the value of a person's human capital. We draw on the existing literature to present a model that incorporates various types of shocks to earnings. Within this framework, we highlight the implications of different assumptions about the correlation between market returns and labor income growth for the value of human capital and its riskiness. Further, the article surveys other work that applies similar ideas to assess the value and risk of pension promises. Finally, we discuss how to enrich the environment with heterogeneity in preferences and stock market exposures; endogenous labor supply and retirement decisions; health shocks; and human capital investment.
Author : Tom Krebs
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 55 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (962 download)
Download or read book Under-insurance in Human Capital Models with Limited Enforcement written by Tom Krebs and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses a macroeconomic model calibrated to U.S. data to show that limited contract enforcement leads to substantial under-insurance against human capital risk. The model economy is populated by a large number of risk-averse households who can invest in risk-free physical capital and risky human capital. Expected human capital returns are age-dependent and calibrated to match the observed life-cycle profile of median labor income. Households have access to a complete set of credit and insurance contracts, but their ability to use the available financial instruments is limited by the possibility of default (limited contract enforcement). According to the baseline calibration, young households are severely under-insured against human capital (labor income) risk and the welfare losses due to the lack of insurance are substantial. These results are robust to realistic variations in parameter values.
Author : Gary S. Becker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Human Capital written by Gary S. Becker and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A diverse array of factors may influence both earnings and consumption; however, this work primarily focuses on the impact of investments in human capital upon an individual's potential earnings and psychic income. For this study, investments in human capital include such factors as educational level, on-the-job skills training, health care, migration, and consideration of issues regarding regional prices and income. Taking into account varying cultures and political regimes, the research indicates that economic earnings tend to be positively correlated to education and skill level. Additionally, studies indicate an inverse correlation between education and unemployment. Presents a theoretical overview of the types of human capital and the impact of investment in human capital on earnings and rates of return. Then utilizes empirical data and research to analyze the theoretical issues related to investment in human capital, specifically formal education. Considered are such issues as costs and returns of investments, and social and private gains of individuals. The research compares and contrasts these factors based upon both education and skill level. Areas of future research are identified, including further analysis of issues regarding social gains and differing levels of success across different regions and countries. (AKP).
Author : Gary Stanley Becker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Human Capital and the Personal Distribution of Income written by Gary Stanley Becker and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464816476
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book The Human Capital Index 2020 Update written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human capital—the knowledge, skills, and health that people accumulate over their lives—is a central driver of sustainable growth, poverty reduction, and successful societies. More human capital is associated with higher earnings for people, higher income for countries, and stronger cohesion in societies. Much of the hard-won human capital gains in many economies over the past decade is at risk of being eroded by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic. Urgent action is needed to protect these advances, particularly among the poor and vulnerable. Designing the needed interventions, targeting them to achieve the highest effectiveness, and navigating difficult trade-offs make investing in better measurement of human capital now more important than ever. The Human Capital Index (HCI)—launched in 2018 as part of the Human Capital Project—is an international metric that benchmarks the key components of human capital across economies. The HCI is a global effort to accelerate progress toward a world where all children can achieve their full potential. Measuring the human capital that children born today can expect to attain by their 18th birthdays, the HCI highlights how current health and education outcomes shape the productivity of the next generation of workers and underscores the importance of government and societal investments in human capital. The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 presents the first update of the HCI, using health and education data available as of March 2020. It documents new evidence on trends, examples of successes, and analytical work on the utilization of human capital. The new data—collected before the global onset of COVID-19—can act as a baseline to track its effects on health and education outcomes. The report highlights how better measurement is essential for policy makers to design effective interventions and target support. In the immediate term, investments in better measurement and data use will guide pandemic containment strategies and support for those who are most affected. In the medium term, better curation and use of administrative, survey, and identification data can guide policy choices in an environment of limited fiscal space and competing priorities. In the longer term, the hope is that economies will be able to do more than simply recover lost ground. Ambitious, evidence-driven policy measures in health, education, and social protection can pave the way for today’s children to surpass the human capital achievements and quality of life of the generations that preceded them.
Author : Tom Krebs
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Human Capital, Trade Liberalization, and Income Risk written by Tom Krebs and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from Mexico, the authors study empirically the link between trade policy and individual income risk and the extent to which this varies across workers of different human capital (education) levels. They use longitudinal income data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk parameters in different manufacturing sectors in Mexico between 1987 and 1998, a period in which the Mexican economy experienced substantial changes in trade policy. In a second step, they use the variations in trade policy across different sectors and over time to estimate the link between trade policy and income risk for workers of varying education levels. The authors' findings are as follows. The level of openness of an economy is not found to be related to income risk for workers of any type. Furthermore, changes in trade policy (that is, trade policy reforms) are not found to have any effect on the risk to income faced by workers with either low or high levels of human capital. But workers with intermediate levels of human capital are found to experience a statistically and economically significant increase in income risk immediately following liberalization of trade. The findings thus point to an interesting non-monotonicity in the interaction between human capital, income risk and trade policy changes.
Author : Centers of Disease Control
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9289052651
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Key Policies for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities written by Centers of Disease Control and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-09-27 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence indicates that actions within four main themes (early child development fair employment and decent work social protection and the living environment) are likely to have the greatest impact on the social determinants of health and health inequities. A systematic search and analysis of recommendations and policy guidelines from intergovernmental organizations and international bodies identified practical policy options for action on social determinants within these four themes. Policy options focused on early childhood education and care; child poverty; investment strategies for an inclusive economy; active labour market programmes; working conditions; social cash transfers; affordable housing; and planning and regulatory mechanisms to improve air quality and mitigate climate change. Applying combinations of these policy options alongside effective governance for health equity should enable WHO European Region Member States to reduce health inequities and synergize efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Author : Ms.Era Dabla-Norris
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513547437
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264302077
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (643 download)
Download or read book States of Fragility 2018 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-17 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three years into the 2030 Agenda it is already apparent that those living in fragile contexts are the furthest behind. Not all forms of fragility make it to the public’s eye: fragility is an intricate beast, sometimes exposed, often lurking underneath, but always holding progress back. Conflict ...
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813566
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book World Development Report 2019 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264985166
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (649 download)
Download or read book States of Fragility 2020 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-09-17 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: States of Fragility 2020 sets a policy agenda for fragility at a critical turning point: the final countdown on Agenda 2030 is at hand, and the pandemic has reversed hard-fought gains. This report examines fragility as a story in two parts: the global state of fragility that existed before COVID-19, and the dramatic impact the pandemic is having on that landscape.
Author : Santiago Levy Algazi
Publisher : Inter-American Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 1597823058
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (978 download)
Download or read book Under-Rewarded Efforts written by Santiago Levy Algazi and published by Inter-American Development Bank. This book was released on 2018-07-11 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why has an economy that has done so many things right failed to grow fast? Under-Rewarded Efforts traces Mexico’s disappointing growth to flawed microeconomic policies that have suppressed productivity growth and nullified the expected benefits of the country’s reform efforts. Fast growth will not occur doing more of the same or focusing on issues that may be key bottlenecks to productivity growth elsewhere, but not in Mexico. It will only result from inclusive institutions that effectively protect workers against risks, redistribute towards those in need, and simultaneously align entrepreneurs’ and workers’ incentives to raise productivity.
Author : Richard J. Butler
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461549272
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)
Download or read book The Economics of Social Insurance and Employee Benefits written by Richard J. Butler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended for junior and senior undergraduate students, and master level students in human resources, risk management and insurance, industrial relations or public policy. The subject of the book is non-wage benefits paid to workers. Hence, it excludes discussion of needs-based programs such as welfare, food stamps, Supplementary Security Income, and Medicaid. It includes benefits mandated by the government including the major social insurance programs: workers' compensation, unemployment insurance and Social Security benefits. It also includes those benefits voluntarily provided by firms including: group medical care, disability benefits, paid sick time, pension benefits, life insurance, and assorted other fringe benefits. The book is divided into three parts. Part I (chapters 1 through 6) briefly introduces these programs and discusses some of the insurance and economic concepts that are useful in both evaluating the current programs, and in understanding what changes might mean for future costs and benefits. The next two parts of the book deal respectively with social insurance programs (Part II, chapters 7-10), and other employer provided benefits (Part III, chapters 11-16). Throughout, private sector human resource practice and public sector human resource policy is linked to various "ben~fit" models: the human capital model, the passive participant model, the insurance' model, the managed care model, and the integrated health benefits model.
